Time zone

A time zone is an area which observes a uniform standard time for legal,
commercial and social purposes. Time zones tend to follow the boundaries
between countries and their subdivisions instead of strictly following
longitude, because it is convenient for areas in frequent communication to
keep the same time.

All time zones are defined as offsets from Coordinated Universal Time
(UTC), ranging from UTC−12:00 to UTC+14:00. The offsets are usually a
whole number of hours, but a few zones are offset by an additional 30 or 45
minutes, such as in India, South Australia and Nepal.

Some areas of higher latitude use daylight saving time for about half of the
year, typically by adding one hour to local time during spring and summer.

List of UTC offsets Time zones of the world

Time zones of the world

In the table below, the locations that use daylight saving time (DST) are listed in their UTC offset when DST is not in effect. When DST is in effect,
approximately during spring and summer, their UTC offset is increased by one hour (except for Lord Howe Island, where it is increased by 30 minutes). For
example, during the DST period California observes UTC−07:00 and the United Kingdom observes UTC+01:00.
UTC offset Locations that do not use DST Locations that use DST

Baker Island
UTC−12:00
Howland Island

American Samoa Midway Atoll

UTC−11:00 Jarvis Island Niue
Kingman Reef Palmyra Atoll

Cook Islands Johnston Atoll

United States: Andreanof Islands, Islands of Four Mountains, Near Islands,
UTC−10:00 French Polynesia United States: Hawaii
Rat Islands (Aleutian Islands, Alaska)
(most)

UTC−09:30 French Polynesia: Marquesas Islands

UTC−09:00 French Polynesia: Gambier Islands United States: Alaska (most)

Canada: British Columbia (most)

Clipperton Island Mexico: Baja California
UTC−08:00
Pitcairn Islands United States: California, Idaho (north), Nevada (most), Oregon (most),
Washington

Canada: Alberta, British Columbia (southeast), Northwest Territories,

Canada: British Columbia (northeast), Yukon Nunavut (west)
Mexico: Baja California Sur, Nayarit (most), Mexico: Chihuahua (northwest border)
UTC−07:00
Sinaloa, Sonora United States: Colorado, Idaho (most), Kansas (west), Montana, Nebraska
United States: Arizona (most) (panhandle), New Mexico, Nevada (West Wendover), North Dakota (southwest),
Oregon (east), South Dakota (west), Texas (west), Utah, Wyoming

Canada: Manitoba, Nunavut (central), Ontario (west)

Belize El Salvador Chile: Easter Island
Canada: Guatemala Mexico (northeast border)
UTC−06:00 Saskatchewan (most) Honduras United States: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida (panhandle), Illinois, Iowa,
Costa Rica Mexico (most) Kansas (most), Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska (most),
Ecuador: Galápagos Nicaragua North Dakota (most), Oklahoma, South Dakota (most), Tennessee (most), Texas
(most), Wisconsin

Bahamas
Brazil: Acre Jamaica Canada: Nunavut (east), Ontario (most), Quebec (most)
Canada: Atikokan, Mexico: Quintana Cuba
Mishkeegogamang, Roo Haiti
UTC−05:00 Southampton Island Navassa Island Turks and Caicos Islands
Cayman Islands Panama United States: Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida (most),
Colombia Peru Georgia, Indiana (most), Kentucky (most), Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts,
Ecuador (most) Michigan (most), New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio,
Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia

Anguilla Grenada
Antigua and Barbuda Guadeloupe
Aruba Guyana
Barbados Martinique
Bolivia Montserrat
Brazil: Amazonas Puerto Rico
Bermuda
(most), Mato Grosso, Saint Barthélemy
Canada: Labrador (most), New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward
Mato Grosso do Sul, Saint Kitts and Nevis
Island
UTC−04:00 Rondônia, Roraima Saint Lucia
Chile (most)
British Virgin Islands Saint Martin
Greenland: Thule Air Base
Canada: Quebec Saint Vincent and the
Paraguay
(east) Grenadines
Caribbean Sint Maarten
Netherlands Trinidad and Tobago
Curaçao U.S. Virgin Islands
Dominica Venezuela
Dominican Republic

UTC−03:30 Canada: Newfoundland, Labrador (southeast)

Argentina French Guiana

Brazil (most) Suriname Greenland (most)
UTC−03:00
Chile: Magallanes Uruguay Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Falkland Islands

Brazil: Fernando de Noronha

UTC−02:00
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

Greenland: Ittoqqortoormiit
UTC−01:00 Cape Verde
Portugal: Azores

Burkina Faso Mali

Gambia Mauritania Faroe Islands
Ghana Saint Helena, Guernsey
Greenland: Ascension and Tristan da Ireland
Danmarkshavn Cunha Isle of Man
UTC±00:00
Guinea Senegal Jersey
Guinea-Bissau Sierra Leone Portugal (most)
Iceland São Tomé and Spain: Canary Islands
Ivory Coast Príncipe United Kingdom
Liberia Togo
 Algeria Democratic Republic
Angola of the Congo: Équateur, Albania Germany North Macedonia
Benin Kinshasa, Kongo Central, Andorra Gibraltar Norway
Cameroon Kwango, Kwilu, Mai- Austria Hungary Poland
Central African Ndombe, Mongala, Nord- Belgium Italy San Marino
Republic Ubangi, Sud-Ubangi, Bosnia and Kosovo Serbia
Chad Tshuapa Herzegovina Liechtenstein Slovakia
UTC+01:00 Equatorial Guinea
Congo Croatia Luxembourg Slovenia
Gabon Czech Republic Malta Spain (most)
Morocco[a] Denmark Monaco Sweden
Niger France Montenegro Switzerland
Nigeria (metropolitan) Netherlands Vatican City
Tunisia (European)
Western Sahara[a]

Botswana Mozambique
Burundi Namibia
Akrotiri and Dhekelia Israel Palestine
Democratic Republic Russia: Kaliningrad
Bulgaria Latvia Romania
of the Congo (most) Rwanda
Cyprus Lebanon Transnistria
UTC+02:00 Egypt South Africa (most)
Estonia Lithuania Ukraine (most)
Eswatini South Sudan
Finland Moldova
Lesotho Sudan
Greece Northern Cyprus
Libya Zambia
Malawi Zimbabwe

Abkhazia Qatar
Bahrain Russia (most of
Belarus European part)
Comoros Saudi Arabia
Djibouti Somalia
Eritrea Somaliland
Ethiopia South Africa: Prince
French Southern and Edward Islands
UTC+03:00 Antarctic Lands: South Ossetia
Scattered Islands[4] Syria
Iraq Tanzania
Jordan Turkey
Kenya Uganda
Kuwait Ukraine: occupied
Madagascar territories
Mayotte Yemen

UTC+03:30 Iran

Armenia Mauritius
Artsakh Oman
Azerbaijan Russia: Astrakhan,
French Southern and Samara, Saratov,
UTC+04:00
Antarctic Lands: Crozet Udmurtia, Ulyanovsk
Islands[4] Réunion
Georgia Seychelles
United Arab Emirates

UTC+04:30 Afghanistan

French Southern and Maldives

Antarctic Lands: Pakistan
Kerguelen Islands, Saint Russia:
Paul Island, Amsterdam Bashkortostan,
Island Chelyabinsk, Khanty-
UTC+05:00 Heard Island and Mansi, Kurgan, Orenburg,
McDonald Islands Perm, Sverdlovsk,
Kazakhstan: Aktobe, Tyumen, Yamalia
Atyrau, Baikonur, Tajikistan
Kyzylorda, Mangystau, Turkmenistan
West Kazakhstan Uzbekistan

India
UTC+05:30
Sri Lanka

UTC+05:45 Nepal

Bangladesh Kazakhstan (most)

Bhutan Kyrgyzstan
UTC+06:00
British Indian Ocean Russia: Omsk
Territory

Cocos Islands
UTC+06:30
Myanmar

Cambodia Russia: Altai Krai,

Christmas Island Altai Republic, Kemerovo,
Indonesia: Sumatra, Khakassia, Krasnoyarsk,
Java, West Kalimantan, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Tuva
UTC+07:00
Central Kalimantan Thailand
Laos Vietnam
Mongolia: Bayan-
Ölgii, Khovd, Uvs
 Australia: Western Macau
Australia (most) Malaysia
Brunei Mongolia (most)
China Philippines
Hong Kong Russia: Buryatia,
UTC+08:00
Indonesia: South Irkutsk
Kalimantan, East Singapore
Kalimantan, North Taiwan
Kalimantan, Sulawesi,
Lesser Sunda Islands

UTC+08:45 Australia: Eucla

East Timor North Korea

Indonesia: Maluku Palau
UTC+09:00 Islands, Western New Russia: Amur, Sakha
Guinea (most), Zabaykalsky
Japan South Korea

UTC+09:30 Australia: Northern Territory Australia: South Australia

Australia: Papua New Guinea

Queensland (most)
Guam Russia: Jewish,
Australia: Australian Capital Territory, Jervis Bay Territory, New South Wales
UTC+10:00 Micronesia: Chuuk, Khabarovsk, Primorsky,
(most), Tasmania, Victoria
Yap Sakha (central-east)
Northern Mariana
Islands

UTC+10:30 Australia: Lord Howe Island

Micronesia: Kosrae, Russia: Magadan,

Pohnpei Sakha (east), Sakhalin
UTC+11:00 New Caledonia Solomon Islands Norfolk Island
Papua New Guinea: Vanuatu
Bougainville

Fiji Russia: Chukotka,

Kiribati: Gilbert Kamchatka
UTC+12:00 Islands Tuvalu New Zealand (most)
Marshall Islands Wake Island
Nauru Wallis and Futuna

UTC+12:45 New Zealand: Chatham Islands

Kiribati: Phoenix Tokelau

UTC+13:00 Islands Tonga
Samoa

UTC+14:00 Kiribati: Line Islands

a. Observes UTC±00:00 around Ramadan.[1][2][3]

History
The apparent position of the Sun in the sky, and thus solar time, varies by location due to the spherical shape of the Earth. This variation corresponds to four
minutes of time for every degree of longitude, so for example when it is solar noon in London, it is about 10 minutes before solar noon in Bristol, which is about
2.5 degrees to the west.[5]

The Royal Observatory, Greenwich, founded in 1675, established Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), the mean solar time at that location, as an aid to mariners to
determine longitude at sea, providing a standard reference time while each location in England kept a different time.

Railway time

In the 19th century, as transportation and telecommunications improved, it became increasingly inconvenient for each location to
observe its own solar time. In November 1840, the Great Western Railway started using GMT kept by portable chronometers.[6]
This practice was soon followed by other railway companies in Great Britain and became known as Railway Time.

Around August 23, 1852, time signals were first transmitted by telegraph from the Royal Observatory. By 1855, 98% of Great
Britain's public clocks were using GMT, but it was not made the island's legal time until August 2, 1880. Some British clocks from
this period have two minute hands, one for the local time and one for GMT.[7]

On November 2, 1868, the then British Colony of New Zealand officially adopted a standard time to be observed throughout the
colony.[8] It was based on longitude 172°30′ east of Greenwich, that is 11 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT. This standard was
known as New Zealand Mean Time.[9]

Timekeeping on North American railroads in the 19th century was complex. Each railroad used its own standard time, usually Plaque commemorating the
based on the local time of its headquarters or most important terminus, and the railroad's train schedules were published using its Railway General Time
own time. Some junctions served by several railroads had a clock for each railroad, each showing a different time.[10] Convention of 1883 in North
America
 The control panel of the Time Zone
Clock in front of Coventry Transport
Museum

1913 time zone map of the United States, showing

boundaries very different from today

Charles F. Dowd proposed a system of hourly standard time zones for North American railroads around 1863, although he published nothing on the matter at that
time and did not consult railroad officials until 1869. In 1870 he proposed four ideal time zones having north–south borders, the first centered on Washington,
D.C., but by 1872 the first was centered on meridian 75° west of Greenwich, with natural borders such as sections of the Appalachian Mountains. Dowd's system
was never accepted by North American railroads. Instead, U.S. and Canadian railroads implemented a version proposed by William F. Allen, the editor of the
Traveler's Official Railway Guide.[11] The borders of its time zones ran through railroad stations, often in major cities. For example, the border between its Eastern
and Central time zones ran through Detroit, Buffalo, Pittsburgh, Atlanta, and Charleston. It was inaugurated on Sunday, November 18, 1883, also called "The Day
of Two Noons",[12] when each railroad station clock was reset as standard-time noon was reached within each time zone.

The North American zones were named Intercolonial, Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific. Within a year 85% of all cities with populations over 10,000 (about
200 cities) were using standard time.[13] A notable exception was Detroit (located about halfway between the meridians of Eastern and Central time), which kept
local time until 1900, then tried Central Standard Time, local mean time, and Eastern Standard Time (EST) before a May 1915 ordinance settled on EST and was
ratified by popular vote in August 1916. The confusion of times came to an end when standard time zones were formally adopted by the U.S. Congress in the
Standard Time Act of March 19, 1918.

Worldwide time zones

Italian mathematician Quirico Filopanti introduced the idea of a worldwide system of time zones in his book Miranda!, published in 1858. He proposed 24 hourly
time zones, which he called "longitudinal days", the first centred on the meridian of Rome. He also proposed a universal time to be used in astronomy and
telegraphy. However, his book attracted no attention until long after his death.[14][15]

Scottish-born Canadian Sir Sandford Fleming proposed a worldwide system of time zones in 1876 - see Sandford Fleming § Inventor of worldwide standard time.
The proposal divided the world into twenty-four time zones labeled A-Y (skipping J), each one covering 15 degrees of longitude. All clocks within each zone
would be set to the same time as the others, but differed by one hour from those in the neighboring zones.[16] He advocated his system at several international
conferences, including the International Meridian Conference, where it received some consideration. The system has not been directly adopted, but some maps
divide the world into 24 time zones and assign letters to them, similarly to Fleming's system.[17]

By about 1900, almost all inhabited places on Earth had adopted a standard time zone, but
only some of them used an hourly offset from GMT. Many applied the time at a local
astronomical observatory to an entire country, without any reference to GMT. It took many
decades before all time zones were based on some standard offset from GMT or Coordinated
Universal Time (UTC). By 1929, the majority of countries had adopted hourly time zones,
though some countries such as Iran, India, Myanmar and parts of Australia had time zones
with a 30-minute offset. Nepal was the last country to adopt a standard offset, shifting slightly
to UTC+05:45 in 1986.[18]

All nations currently use standard time zones for secular purposes, but not all of them apply
the concept as originally conceived. Several countries and subdivisions use half-hour or
quarter-hour deviations from standard time. Some countries, such as China and India, use a World map of time zones in 1928
single time zone even though the extent of their territory far exceeds the ideal 15° of longitude
for one hour; other countries, such as Spain and Argentina, use standard hour-based offsets,
but not necessarily those that would be determined by their geographical location. The consequences, in some areas, can affect the lives of local citizens, and in
extreme cases contribute to larger political issues, such as in the western reaches of China.[19] In Russia, which has 11 time zones, two time zones were removed in
2010[20][21] and reinstated in 2014.[22]

Notation

ISO 8601

ISO 8601 is a standard established by the International Organization for Standardization defining methods of representing dates and times in textual form,
including specifications for representing time zones.[23]

If a time is in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), a "Z" is added directly after the time without a separating space. "Z" is the zone designator for the zero UTC
offset. "09:30 UTC" is therefore represented as "09:30Z" or "0930Z". Likewise, "14:45:15 UTC" is written as "14:45:15Z" or "144515Z".[24] UTC time is also
known as "Zulu" time, since "Zulu" is a phonetic alphabet code word for the letter "Z".[24]
Offsets from UTC are written in the format ±hh:mm, ±hhmm, or ±hh (either hours ahead or behind UTC). For example, if the time being described is one hour
ahead of UTC (such as the time in Germany during the winter), the zone designator would be "+01:00", "+0100", or simply "+01". This numeric representation of
time zones is appended to local times in the same way that alphabetic time zone abbreviations (or "Z", as above) are appended. The offset from UTC changes with
daylight saving time, e.g. a time offset in Chicago, which is in the North American Central Time Zone, is "−06:00" for the winter (Central Standard Time) and
"−05:00" for the summer (Central Daylight Time).[25]

Abbreviations

Time zones are often represented by alphabetic abbreviations such as "EST", "WST", and "CST", but these are not part of the international time and date standard
ISO 8601. Such designations can be ambiguous; for example, "CST" can mean (North American) Central Standard Time (UTC−06:00), Cuba Standard Time
(UTC−05:00) and China Standard Time (UTC+08:00), and it is also a widely used variant of ACST (Australian Central Standard Time, UTC+09:30).[26]

Conversions
Conversion between time zones obeys the relationship

"time in zone A" − "UTC offset for zone A" = "time in zone B" − "UTC offset for zone B",

in which each side of the equation is equivalent to UTC.

The conversion equation can be rearranged to

"time in zone B" = "time in zone A" − "UTC offset for zone A" + "UTC offset for zone B".

For example, the New York Stock Exchange opens at 09:30 (EST, UTC offset= −05:00). In California (PST, UTC offset= −08:00) and India (IST, UTC offset=
+05:30), the New York Stock Exchange opens at

time in California = 09:30 − (−05:00) + (−08:00) = 06:30;

time in India = 09:30 − (−05:00) + (+05:30) = 20:00.

These calculations become more complicated near the time switch to or from daylight saving time, as the UTC offset for the area becomes a function of UTC time.

The time differences may also result in different dates. For example, when it is 22:00 on Monday in Egypt (UTC+02:00), it is 01:00 on Tuesday in Pakistan
(UTC+05:00).

The table "Time of day by zone" gives an overview on the time relations between different zones.
 Time of day by zone

UTC offset Monday

UTC−12:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17

UTC−11:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18

UTC−10:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19

UTC−09:30 02:30 03:30 04:30 05:30 06:30 07:30 08:30 09:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30 15:30 16:30 17:30 18:30 19

UTC−09:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20

UTC−08:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21

UTC−07:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22

UTC−06:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23

UTC−05:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00

UTC−04:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01

UTC−03:30 08:30 09:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30 15:30 16:30 17:30 18:30 19:30 20:30 21:30 22:30 23:30 00:30 01

UTC−03:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02

UTC−02:30 09:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30 15:30 16:30 17:30 18:30 19:30 20:30 21:30 22:30 23:30 00:30 01:30 02

UTC−02:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03

UTC−01:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04

UTC±00:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05

UTC+01:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06

UTC+02:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07

UTC+03:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08

UTC+03:30 15:30 16:30 17:30 18:30 19:30 20:30 21:30 22:30 23:30 00:30 01:30 02:30 03:30 04:30 05:30 06:30 07:30 08

UTC+04:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09

UTC+04:30 16:30 17:30 18:30 19:30 20:30 21:30 22:30 23:30 00:30 01:30 02:30 03:30 04:30 05:30 06:30 07:30 08:30 09

UTC+05:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10

UTC+05:30 17:30 18:30 19:30 20:30 21:30 22:30 23:30 00:30 01:30 02:30 03:30 04:30 05:30 06:30 07:30 08:30 09:30 10

UTC+05:45 17:45 18:45 19:45 20:45 21:45 22:45 23:45 00:45 01:45 02:45 03:45 04:45 05:45 06:45 07:45 08:45 09:45 10

UTC+06:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11

UTC+06:30 18:30 19:30 20:30 21:30 22:30 23:30 00:30 01:30 02:30 03:30 04:30 05:30 06:30 07:30 08:30 09:30 10:30 11

UTC+07:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12

UTC+08:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13

UTC+08:45 20:45 21:45 22:45 23:45 00:45 01:45 02:45 03:45 04:45 05:45 06:45 07:45 08:45 09:45 10:45 11:45 12:45 13

UTC+09:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14

UTC+09:30 21:30 22:30 23:30 00:30 01:30 02:30 03:30 04:30 05:30 06:30 07:30 08:30 09:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14

UTC+10:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15

UTC+10:30 22:30 23:30 00:30 01:30 02:30 03:30 04:30 05:30 06:30 07:30 08:30 09:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30 15

UTC+11:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16

UTC+12:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17

UTC+12:45 00:45 01:45 02:45 03:45 04:45 05:45 06:45 07:45 08:45 09:45 10:45 11:45 12:45 13:45 14:45 15:45 16:45 17

UTC+13:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18

UTC+13:45 01:45 02:45 03:45 04:45 05:45 06:45 07:45 08:45 09:45 10:45 11:45 12:45 13:45 14:45 15:45 16:45 17:45 18

UTC+14:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19

UTC offset Tuesday

Nautical time zones

Since the 1920s, a nautical standard time system has been in operation for ships on the high seas. As an ideal form of the terrestrial time zone system, nautical time
zones consist of gores of 15° offset from GMT by a whole number of hours. A nautical date line follows the 180th meridian, bisecting one 15° gore into two 7.5°
gores that differ from GMT by ±12 hours.[27][28][29]
However, in practice each ship may choose what time to observe at each location. Ships may decide to adjust their clocks at a convenient time, usually at night, not
exactly when they cross a certain longitude.[30] Some ships simply remain on the time of the departing port during the whole trip.[31]

Skewing of time zones

Ideal time zones, such as nautical time zones, are based on the mean solar time of a particular meridian located in the
middle of that zone with boundaries located 7.5 degrees east and west of the meridian. In practice, however, many time
zone boundaries are drawn much farther to the west, and some countries are located entirely outside their ideal time zones.

For example, even though the Prime Meridian (0°) passes through Spain and France, they use the mean solar time of 15
degrees east (Central European Time) rather than 0 degrees (Greenwich Mean Time). France previously used GMT, but
was switched to CET (Central European Time) during the German occupation of the country during World War II and did
not switch back after the war.[32] Similarly, prior to World War II, the Netherlands observed "Amsterdam Time", which
was twenty minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time. They were obliged to follow German time during the war, and kept
it thereafter. In the mid-1970s the Netherlands, as other European states, began observing daylight saving (summer) time.

One reason to draw time zone boundaries far to the west of their ideal meridians is to allow the more efficient use of Difference between sun time and
afternoon sunlight.[33] Some of these locations also use daylight saving time (DST), further increasing the difference to clock time during daylight saving
local solar time. As a result, in summer, solar noon in the Spanish city of Vigo occurs at 14:41 clock time. This time:
westernmost area of continental Spain never experiences sunset before 18:00 clock time, even in winter, despite lying 42 1h ± 30 min behind
degrees north of the equator.[34] Near the summer solstice, Vigo has sunset times after 22:00, similar to those of
0h ± 30m
Stockholm, which is in the same time zone and 17 degrees farther north. Stockholm has much earlier sunrises, though.[35]
1h ± 30 m ahead
A more extreme example is Nome, Alaska, which is at 165°24′W longitude – just west of center of the idealized Samoa
Time Zone (165°W). Nevertheless, Nome observes Alaska Time (135°W) with DST so it is slightly more than two hours 2h ± 30 m ahead
ahead of the sun in winter and over three in summer.[36] Kotzebue, Alaska, also near the same meridian but north of the
3h ± 30 m ahead
Arctic Circle, has two sunsets on the same day in early August, one shortly after midnight at the start of the day, and the
other shortly before midnight at the end of the day.[37]

China extends as far west as 73°E, but all parts of it use UTC+08:00 (120°E), so solar "noon" can occur as
late as 15:00 in western portions of China such as Xinjiang.[38] The Afghanistan-China border marks the
greatest terrestrial time zone difference on Earth, with a 3.5 hour difference between Afghanistan's UTC+4:30
and China's UTC+08:00.

DST observed
DST formerly observed
DST never observed

A visualization of the mismatch between clock time and solar time in different locations. In blue areas, clock time
lags behind solar time; in red areas, the reverse is true. The two are synchronized in the white areas.

Daylight saving time

Many countries, and sometimes just certain regions of countries, adopt daylight saving time (DST), also known as summer time, during part of the year. This
typically involves advancing clocks by an hour near the start of spring and adjusting back in autumn ("spring forward", "fall back"). Modern DST was first
proposed in 1907 and was in widespread use in 1916 as a wartime measure aimed at conserving coal. Despite controversy, many countries have used it off and on
since then; details vary by location and change occasionally. Countries around the equator usually do not observe daylight saving time, since the seasonal
difference in sunlight there is minimal.

Computer systems
Many computer operating systems include the necessary support for working with all (or almost all) possible local times based on the various time zones.
Internally, operating systems typically use UTC as their basic time-keeping standard, while providing services for converting local times to and from UTC, and
also the ability to automatically change local time conversions at the start and end of daylight saving time in the various time zones. (See the article on daylight
saving time for more details on this aspect).
Web servers presenting web pages primarily for an audience in a single time zone or a limited range of time zones typically show times as a local time, perhaps
with UTC time in brackets. More internationally oriented websites may show times in UTC only or using an arbitrary time zone. For example, the international
English-language version of CNN includes GMT and Hong Kong Time,[39] whereas the US version shows Eastern Time.[40] US Eastern Time and Pacific Time
are also used fairly commonly on many US-based English-language websites with global readership. The format is typically based in the W3C Note "datetime".

Email systems and other messaging systems (IRC chat, etc.)[41] time-stamp messages using UTC, or else include the sender's time zone as part of the message,
allowing the receiving program to display the message's date and time of sending in the recipient's local time.

Database records that include a time stamp typically use UTC, especially when the database is part of a system that spans multiple time zones. The use of local
time for time-stamping records is not recommended for time zones that implement daylight saving time because once a year there is a one-hour period when local
times are ambiguous.

Calendar systems nowadays usually tie their time stamps to UTC, and show them differently on computers that are in different time zones. That works when
having telephone or internet meetings. It works less well when travelling, because the calendar events are assumed to take place in the time zone the computer or
smartphone was on when creating the event. The event can be shown at the wrong time. For example, if a New Yorker plans to meet someone in Los Angeles at 9
AM, and makes a calendar entry at 9 AM (which the computer assumes is New York time), the calendar entry will be at 6 AM if taking the computer's time zone.
There is also an option in newer versions of Microsoft Outlook to enter the time zone in which an event will happen, but often not in other calendar systems.
Calendaring software must also deal with daylight saving time (DST). If, for political reasons, the begin and end dates of daylight saving time are changed,
calendar entries should stay the same in local time, even though they may shift in UTC time. In Microsoft Outlook, time stamps are therefore stored and
communicated without DST offsets.[42] Hence, an appointment in London at noon in the summer will be represented as 12:00 (UTC+00:00) even though the
event will actually take place at 13:00 UTC. In Google Calendar, calendar events are stored in UTC (although shown in local time) and might be changed by a
time-zone changes,[43] although normal daylight saving start and end are compensated for (similar to much other calendar software).

Operating systems

Unix

Most Unix-like systems, including Linux and Mac OS X, keep system time in time_t format, representing the number of seconds (excluding leap seconds) that
have elapsed since 00:00:00 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) on Thursday, January 1, 1970.[44] By default the external representation is as UTC (Coordinated
Universal Time), though individual processes can specify time zones using the TZ environment variable.[45] This allows users in multiple time zones to use the
same computer, with their respective local times displayed correctly to each user. Time zone information most commonly comes from the IANA time zone
database. In fact, many systems, including anything using the GNU C Library, can make use of this database.

Microsoft Windows

Windows-based computer systems prior to Windows 2000 used local time, but Windows 2000 and later can use UTC as the basic system time.[46] The system
registry contains time zone information that includes the offset from UTC and rules that indicate the start and end dates for daylight saving in each zone. Interaction
with the user normally uses local time, and application software is able to calculate the time in various zones. Terminal Servers allow remote computers to redirect
their time zone settings to the Terminal Server so that users see the correct time for their time zone in their desktop/application sessions. Terminal Services uses the
server base time on the Terminal Server and the client time zone information to calculate the time in the session.

Programming languages

Java

While most application software will use the underlying operating system for time zone information, the Java Platform, from version 1.3.1, has maintained its own
time zone database. This database is updated whenever time zone rules change. Oracle provides an updater tool for this purpose.[47]

As an alternative to the time zone information bundled with the Java Platform, programmers may choose to use the Joda-Time library.[48] This library includes its
own time zone data based on the IANA time zone database.[49]

As of Java 8 there is a new date and time API that can help with converting time zones. Java 8 Date Time (https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/datetime/)

JavaScript

Traditionally, there was very little in the way of time zone support for JavaScript. Essentially the programmer had to extract the UTC offset by instantiating a time
object, getting a GMT time from it, and differencing the two. This does not provide a solution for more complex daylight saving variations, such as divergent DST
directions between northern and southern hemispheres.

ECMA-402, the standard on Internationalization API for JavaScript, provides ways of formatting Time Zones.[50] However, due to size constraint, some
implementations or distributions do not include it.[51]

Perl

The DateTime object in Perl supports all time zones in the Olson DB and includes the ability to get, set and convert between time zones.[52]

PHP
The DateTime objects and related functions have been compiled into the PHP core since 5.2. This includes the ability to get and set the default script time zone,
and DateTime is aware of its own time zone internally. PHP.net provides extensive documentation on this.[53] As noted there, the most current time zone database
can be implemented via the PECL timezonedb.

Python

The standard module datetime included with Python stores and operates on the time zone information class tzinfo. The third party pytz module provides access to
the full IANA time zone database.[54] Negated time zone offset in seconds is stored time.timezone and time.altzone attributes. From Python 3.9, the zoneinfo
module introduces timezone management without need for third party module.[55]

Smalltalk

Each Smalltalk dialect comes with its own built-in classes for dates, times and timestamps, only a few of which implement the DateAndTime and Duration classes
as specified by the ANSI Smalltalk Standard. VisualWorks provides a TimeZone class that supports up to two annually recurring offset transitions, which are
assumed to apply to all years (same behavior as Windows time zones). Squeak provides a Timezone class that does not support any offset transitions. Dolphin
Smalltalk does not support time zones at all.

For full support of the tz database (zoneinfo) in a Smalltalk application (including support for any number of annually recurring offset transitions, and support for
different intra-year offset transition rules in different years) the third-party, open-source, ANSI-Smalltalk-compliant Chronos Date/Time Library is available for use
with any of the following Smalltalk dialects: VisualWorks, Squeak, Gemstone, or Dolphin.[56]

Time in outer space

Orbiting spacecraft may experience many sunrises and sunsets, or none, in a 24-hour period. Therefore, it is not possible to calibrate the time with respect to the
Sun and still respect a 24-hour sleep/wake cycle. A common practice for space exploration is to use the Earth-based time of the launch site or mission control,
synchronizing the sleeping cycles of the crew and controllers. The International Space Station normally uses Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).[57][58]

Timekeeping on Mars can be more complex, since the planet has a solar day of approximately 24 hours and 40 minutes, known as a sol. Earth controllers for some
Mars missions have synchronized their sleep/wake cycles with the Martian day, because solar-powered rover activity on the surface was tied to periods of light and
dark.[59]

See also
Geography portal

World portal

Daylight saving time

ISO 8601
Jet lag
Lists of time zones
Metric time
Time by country
Time in Europe
Time zone abolition
World clock
International Date Line

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Further reading
Biswas, Soutik (February 12, 2019). "How India's single time zone is hurting its people" (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-4716835
9). BBC News. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
Maulik Jagnani, economist at Cornell University (January 15, 2019). "PoorSleep: Sunset Time and Human Capital Production" (https://www.dr
opbox.com/s/5ojttz8d9leco4n/jagnani_jmp.pdf?dl=0) (Job Market Paper). Retrieved February 12, 2019.
"Time Bandits: The countries rebelling against GMT" (https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-pacific-33938952/time-bandits-the-countries-r
ebelling-against-gmt) (Video). BBC News. August 14, 2015. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
"How time zones confused the world" (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33815153). BBC News. August 7, 2015. Retrieved February 12,
2019.
Lane, Megan (May 10, 2011). "How does a country change its time zone?" (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-13334229). BBC News.
Retrieved February 12, 2019.
"A brief history of time zones" (https://www.bbc.com/news/av/science-environment-12787502/a-brief-history-of-time-zones) (Video). BBC
News. March 24, 2011. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
 The Time Zone Information Format (TZif) (https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8536). doi:10.17487/RFC8536 (https://doi.org/10.17487%2FR
FC8536). RFC 8536 (https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8536).

External links
Media related to Time zones at Wikimedia Commons

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