VIBRATION

A vibration is a periodic wiggle in time.

WAVE
• A periodic wiggle in both space and time
• A transfer of energy
TYPES OF WAVES
 MECHANICAL WAVE

the propagation of
vibrations through a
material medium—a
solid, liquid, or gas
 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE

Waves that can travel

through a vacuum
TYPES OF WAVES
LONGITUDINAL WAVE
LONGITUDINAL WAVE
LONGITUDINAL WAVE
TRANSVERSE WAVE
TRANSVERSE WAVE
TRANSVERSE WAVE
Primary Wave
Secondary Wave
Water Wave
 01 02
amplitude wavelength
the distance from the the distance between any
midpoint to the crest (or successive identical parts of
trough) of the wave the wave

Properties of a
wave

03 04
frequency period
How frequently a vibration The time for one complete
occurs vibration
WAVE SPEED
SAMPLE PROBLEM

1. An electric toothbrush completes 90 cycles every

second. What are (a) its frequency and (b) its period?

2. A young girl is on a swing that completes

20.0 cycles in 25 seconds. What are its
frequency and period?
SAMPLE PROBLEM
1. The figure shows a displacement-
distance graph of a wave.
a. What is the wavelength of the
wave?
b. The period of the wave is 1.0 s.
What are the frequency and
speed.
c. What will be the wavelength of
the wave if its frequency is
increased to 5.0 Hz, with no
change in speed?
SAMPLE PROBLEM

1. An electric toothbrush completes 90 cycles every

second. What are (a) its frequency and (b) its period?

2. A young girl is on a swing that completes

20.0 cycles in 25 seconds. What are its
frequency and period?
SAMPLE PROBLEM

1. A vibrating source with a frequency of 20.0 Hz

produces water waves that have a wavelength of 3.0 cm.
Calculate the speed of the waves.

2. A radio station broadcasts its signals at

9.26 x 107 Hz. Find the wavelength if the
waves travel at 3.00 x 108 m/s.
WAVE INTERFERENCE
 INTERFERENCE PATTERNS

CONSTRUCTIVE DESTRUCTIVE
INTERFERENCE INTERFERENCE
when the crest of one wave When the crest of one wave
overlaps the crest of overlaps the trough of
another, their individual another, their individual
effects add together to effects are reduced
produce a wave of
increased amplitude
CONSTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE
DESTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE
WAVE INTERFERENCE
How noise cancellation works?
 DOPPLER EFFECT

change in frequency due to the

motion of the source (or receiver)

Named after the Austrian scientist

Christian Doppler
DOPPLER EFFECT
DOPPLER EFFECT
DOPPLER EFFECT
DOPPLER EFFECT
SOUND
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
An electromagnetic wave is a type of
wave that is created by oscillating
electric and magnetic fields. These waves
are generated by the movement of
charged particles, such as electrons.
They propagate through space and can
travel through a vacuum as well as
through various materials.
Maxwell’s Theory
James Clerk Maxwell

A changing electric field

produces a magnetic
field

A changing magnetic
field produces an
electric field
Heinrich Hertz

In the late 19th century, Hertz

conducted a series of experiments
to demonstrate the existence of
electromagnetic waves, thereby
providing experimental evidence in
support of James Clerk Maxwell's
electromagnetic theory.
WAVE EQUATION
1. Find the range in wavelengths (in vacuum) for visible light
in the frequency range between 4.0x1014 Hz (red light) and
7.9x1014 Hz (violet light).

2. Obtain the wavelengths in vacuum for

(a) blue light whose frequency is 6.34x1014
Hz, and
(b) orange light whose frequency is
4.95x1014 Hz.
3. In a certain UHF radio wave, the shortest distance between
positions at which the electric and magnetic fields are 0.34 m.
Determine the frequency of this UHF radio wave.
Day 4
Day 4
 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Gamma rays Ultraviolet Rays Infrared Radio waves

X-rays Visible Light Microwave

EM WAVE
Gamma Rays
Gamma rays are used in
medical imaging techniques
such as gamma-ray
radiography and single-photon
emission computed tomography
(SPECT)
Gamma Rays
Gamma rays are used are
highly effective at killing
bacteria, viruses, and other
microorganisms. They are used
in the sterilization of medical
equipment, pharmaceuticals,
food products, and packaging
materials to ensure product
safety and prevent
contamination.
X-rays
X-rays are widely used in medical
imaging for diagnosing and
monitoring a variety of health
conditions. X-ray imaging
techniques such as radiography,
computed tomography (CT), and
fluoroscopy provide detailed
images of bones, soft tissues, and
internal organs, allowing healthcare
professionals to detect fractures,
tumors, infections, and other
abnormalities.
X-rays
X-ray scanners are used in security
screening systems at airports,
ports, border crossings, and
government facilities to detect
prohibited items, weapons,
explosives, and contraband
concealed in luggage, cargo, and
parcels. X-ray imaging enables
security personnel to identify
potential threats and ensure
public safety.
Ultraviolet Rays
Ultraviolet (UV) rays are a type of
electromagnetic radiation with
wavelengths shorter than visible
light but longer than X-rays. UV
radiation is naturally emitted by the
sun and can also be produced
artificially through sources such as
UV lamps and lasers. UV rays are
classified into three main
categories based on their
wavelength: UV-A, UV-B, and UV-
C.
Ultraviolet Rays
UV-C radiation is highly effective
at killing bacteria, viruses, and
other microorganisms by
damaging their DNA or RNA,
preventing them from
reproducing. UV-C germicidal
lamps are commonly used in
water treatment plants, air
purification systems, hospitals,
laboratories, and food processing
facilities to disinfect surfaces, air,
and water, ensuring sanitation and
hygiene.
Ultraviolet Rays
UV radiation is employed in
industrial processes such as
UV curing and UV
polymerization to initiate
chemical reactions and cure
or harden materials such as
adhesives, coatings, inks,
and resins.
Visible light
Visible light is a form of
electromagnetic radiation that is
visible to the human eye.
When visible light interacts with
objects, it can be reflected,
absorbed, or transmitted. The
colors we perceive are determined
by the wavelengths of light that are
reflected or emitted by an object.
Visible light
Visible light
Infrared
Infrared
Infrared radiation (IR) is invisible to the
human eye, but it has a wide range of
applications due to its heating and detection
properties.
Infrared
Microwave
Infrared radiation (IR) is invisible to the
human eye, but it has a wide range of
applications due to its heating and detection
properties.
Microwave
Microwave
Radio Wave
Gamma rays are used in medical imaging
techniques such as gamma-ray radiography
and single-photon emission computed
tomography (SPECT)
Radio Wave
Radio Wave
Radio Wave
Radio Wave