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2-Sampling, Quantization and Encoding-23!07!2024

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4 views

2-Sampling, Quantization and Encoding-23!07!2024

Uploaded by

agnisom.mahanty2022
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sampling, Quantization and

Encoding
Analog to Digital
x(t)

0
t

Consider the analog Signal x(t).


x[n]

0
n

The signal is first sampled


3

0
n
3

0
n
3

Sample n
3

And Hold n
3

0
n
Assign Closest
Level
3

0
n
3

0
n
3

0
n
3

0
n
3

0
n
Each quantization level corresponds to a unique combination
of bits. The analog signal is transmitted/ stored as a stream of
bits and reconstructed when required.

0
n
Each quantization level corresponds to a unique combination
of bits. The analog signal is transmitted/ stored as a stream of
bits and reconstructed when required.

0
n
00 01 10 11 10 01 00
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
x(t) Original Signal

0
t
x~(t)
Quantized Signal

0
t

It is quite apparent that the quantized signal is not exactly the


same as the original analog signal. There is a fair degree of
quantization error here. However; as the number of quantization
levels is increased the quantization error is reduced and the
quantized signal gets closer and closer to the original signal
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
x~(t)
Quantized Signal

0
t

It is quite apparent that the quantized signal is not exactly the


same as the original analog signal. There is a fair degree of
quantization error here. However; as the number of quantization
levels is increased the quantization error is reduced and the
quantized signal gets closer and closer to the original signal
Quantization Process
Assume we have a voltage signal with amplitudes
Vmin=-20V and Vmax=+20V use L=8 quantization
levels.
Find the Zone Width, Range of Zones, Midpoint of
each quantized samples and encoded bits of each
samples.
Note

According to the Nyquist theorem, the


sampling rate must be
at least 2 times the highest frequency
contained in the signal.
Recovery of a sampled sine wave for different sampling rates
Nyquist sampling rate for low-pass and bandpass signals
Example

A complex low-pass signal has a bandwidth of 200 kHz.


What is the minimum sampling rate for this signal?
Solution
The bandwidth of a low-pass signal is between 0 and f,
where f is the maximum frequency in the signal.
Therefore, we can sample this signal at 2 times the
highest frequency (200 kHz). The sampling rate is
therefore 400,000 samples per second.
Example

A complex bandpass signal has a bandwidth of 200 kHz.


What is the minimum sampling rate for this signal?
Solution
We cannot find the minimum sampling rate in this case
because we do not know where the bandwidth starts or
ends. We do not know the maximum frequency in the
signal.
Encoding
• CTS becomes DTS ,but not in the form best suited for
transmission over a line, radio path etc..

• Encoding process to translate the discrete set of


sample values to a more appropriate form of signal.

• Each discrete set of values are represented by CODE

• Binary Waveform e.g. NRZ unipolar ,NRZ Polar..etc


Line codes- Encode Format- binary
data representation
• In telecommunication, a line code (also called
digital baseband modulation) is a code
chosen for use within a communications
system for baseband transmission purposes.
Line coding is often used for digital data
transport.
Line codes
• Electrical representation of binary data
stream.
a) Unipolar NRZ, RZ Signalling
b) Polar NRZ, RZ signalling
c) Bipolar NRZ signalling
d) Bipolar RZ or AMI
e)Spit phase or Manchester code.
Winter2022-23

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