Air Pollution
&
Control
Dr. Krishnendu Kr. Pobi
Dept. of BS & HU (Chemistry),
Asansol Engineering College, West Bengal
Mail ID: [email protected]
Contact: +91-9475017775
Vivekananda Sarani, Asansol,
West Bengal-713305
Green House effect
Background of Green House Effects
Heat Transfer
Conduction: It is the process by which heat is transmitted from
one point to another in a material, without the actual motion of
the particles themselves.
Convection: It is process by which heat is transmitted through a
substance from one point to another due to the motion of the
heated particles of the substance.
Radiation: It is the process by which heat is transmitted from
one place to another without heating the intervening medium.
Black-body radiation
Black-body radiation is the thermal
electromagnetic radiation within or
surrounding a body in
thermodynamic equilibrium with
its environment, emitted by a black
body (an idealized opaque, non-
reflective body). It has a specific
spectrum of wavelengths, inversely
related to intensity that depend
only on the body's temperature,
which is assumed for the sake of
calculations and theory to be
uniform and constant.
Wien’s Displacement Law
The product of the wavelength corresponding to which maximum
energy is emitted and the absolute temperature of the black body is
always constant.
𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐓 = b
Where b is Wien’s constant and is 0.2898 cmK in cgs.
Stefan’s Law
The total amount of energy radiated per second per unit area of a black
body is directly proportional to the fourth power of the absolute
temperature of the surface of the body.
𝐸 = 𝜎𝑻4
Where σ is Stefan’s constant and is 5.67×10-5 ergs.cm-2.K-4 in cgs
system.
Stefan-Boltzman Law
Stefan came to that result in
1879 and Boltzman proof that
result theoretically in 1884.
Thus it is famous as Stefan-
Boltzman Law.
The previous law hold only
when,
The body radiating heat
energy is a perfect black
body.
The body does not receive
heat energy from the
surroundings.
Simple Global Temperature Model
Solar Constant S = 1370 W/m2
Where, S= solar constant (1370 w/m2), R= radius of earth (m), α= earth albedo (0.31),
σ = Stefan-Boltzman constant (5.67x10-8 w/m2-K4).
If we consider steady state condition, i.e., the earth’s temperature is not
changing with time, then
Energy absorbed by earth=Energy radiated by the earth
Or, 𝑆𝜋𝑅2 1 − 𝛼 = 𝜎4𝜋𝑅2 𝑇 𝑒4
Or, Te=254K= -19ºC.
But fortunately our earth temperature is not too cold. Some other factors
are responsible for average earth temperature (15ºC or 288K).
Green House Effects
GLOBAL WARMING IS ALSO CALLED:
THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT!
So what is a greenhouse?
How does it work? What
has this got to do with
global warming then??
Green House Effects
• The greenhouse effect is a
term that describes how
natural gases in the earth's
atmosphere reduce the amount
of heat escaping from the earth
into the
atmosphere.
• The more of these gases
there are, the more the Earth
heats up.
The major green house gases
The gases with the properties of greenhouse are known as green
house gases.
Some gases in earth’s atmosphere for example, water (H2O),
carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) have a
very special property .They do not absorb the visible light from the sun,
but they do absorb the infrared light radiated by the Earth's surface. These
are called "greenhouse gases" .
Carbon dioxide (CO2).
Water vapour (H2O),
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Atmospheric Window
A range of wavelengths over which there is
relatively little absorption of radiation by
atmospheric gases.
The major windows are the visible window,
from ∼0.3 to ∼0.9 μm; the infrared window,
from ∼8 to ∼13 μm; and the microwave
window, at wavelengths longer than ∼1 mm.
The infrared window loses much of its
transparency under very humid conditions
due to continuum absorption by water vapor,
and can become completely opaque when
clouds are present.
Sources of Green house gases
Thermal power stations based
on fossil fuels, mainly coal and
mineral oil emitting huge
amount of CO₂.
Numerous factories and
industrial chimney wastes
Automobiles
Deforestation and burning of
fossil fuels.
Sources of activity
Effects of Greenhouse effect
1. Global warming and climate
change.
2. Rise of sea level
3. Worsening health effects
4. Disruption of the water cycle
5. Changing forest and natural areas
6. Challenges to agriculture and the
food supply
7. Effect on the ozone layer
8. Effect on oceanic climate
9. Effects on biodiversity
Why it is Dangerous ?
Global Warming
Endangered Species
Climate Change
What is Global Warming ?
•Heat trapped inside Earth
•General warming effect created
•Increase in air and ocean
temperatures
•Vital issue in society
Causes of Global Warming
•Greenhouse gases increase
through human activity
•Deforestation
•Use of fertilizers
•Burning of organic matter
•Burning of fossil fuels
Consequences of Global Warming
•Climate changes
•Changes in wildlife adaptations
and cycles
•Melting of polar ice caps
•Increase in sea level
•Flooding in coastal areas
•Ocean Acidification
More Consequences…..
•Species becoming
endangered/extinct
•Heavy drought
•Spread of disease
•Rise in tides
•Change in weather patterns
Future Steps for abatement of
Global warming
•Sustainable Natural
resources uses
•Need balance between
environment and industry
•Greenhouse gas emissions
reduced by 80% as per Kyoto
Protocol
Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on
the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and
(part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have
predominantly caused it.
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11
December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. There are
currently 192 parties (Canada withdrew from the protocol, effective
December 2012) to the Protocol.
References
1. Gourkrishna Dusmohapatra, 2014, Basic Environmental Engineering and
Elementary Biology, Vikas publishing house Pvt. Ltd.
2. Patra & Singha, “Basic Environmental Engineering & Elementary
Biology”, Aryan publishing house.
3. https://www.slideshare.net
Assignments
1. What is Global warming ?
2. Which gases are responsible for global warming ?
3. What is atmospheric window ?
4. How green house gases cause global warming ?
5. What are environmental affects caused by the global warming ?
Thank You
