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Fluid Dynamics Gate Notes 50

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8 views6 pages

Fluid Dynamics Gate Notes 50

Uploaded by

estee.ukeje
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Fluid Dynamics

Fluid Dynamics is the beginning of the determination of forces which cause motion in
fluids. This section includes forces such as Inertia, Viscous, Bernoulli's theorems,
Vortex motion, forced motion, etc. Fluid dynamics also include the momentum
correction factor, jet impact, etc.

Dynamics is that branch of mechanics that treats the motion of bodies and the action of
forces in producing or changing their motion. The analysis in fluid dynamics is also
carried out in different domains like aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, etc.

Difference Between Fluid Dynamics and Fluid


Kinematics
Fluid dynamics and kinematics are branches of fluid mechanics in which fluid flow
analysis has been carried out by different means. Only the way of analysis and a few
parameters differ in fluid kinematics and dynamics. Based on these, the difference
between them can be listed as follows:

• In fluid dynamics, motion-causing forces are considered, but these forces are
ignored in fluid kinematics.
• In fluid dynamics, continuity and energy equations are used for the analysis,
while in fluid kinematics, these equations are not used.

Types of Flow Rate

• Mass flow rate: dm/dt = Mass/Time taken to accumulate the same mass
• Volume flow rate - Discharge
o More commonly, we use volume flow rate, Also known as discharge. The
symbol normally used for discharge is Q.
o discharge (Q) = Volume/Time

Continuity Equation in Fluid Dynamics


This principle of conservation of mass says matter cannot be created or destroyed. This
is applied in fluids to fixed volumes, known as control volumes (or surfaces) when the
properties of fluid remain the same. The control volume is defined as the space for
which flow analysis is carried out, and in this space, fluid flow mass enters and out are
considered for the analysis.

• For any control volume, the principle of conservation of mass defines,

Mass entering per unit time = Mass leaving per unit time + Increase of mass in control
volume per unit time
• All fluid particles rotate at the constant angular velocity ω as a solid body.
Therefore, a flow of forced vortex is called a solid body rotation.
• Tangential velocity is directly proportional to the radius.
o v=rω
o ω = Angular velocity.
o r = Radius of fluid particle from the axis of rotation.
• The surface profile of vortex flow is parabolic.
• In a forced vortex, the total energy per unit weight increases with an increase in
radius.
• A forced vortex is not irrotational; rather, it is a rotational flow with constant
vorticity 2ω.

An example of forced vortex flow is rotating a vessel containing a liquid with constant
angular velocity flow inside the centrifugal pump, etc.

Energy Equations in Fluid Dynamics


Energy equations in fluid dynamics are used for flow analysis, and energy equations in
the flow consist of the Bernoulli equation, Euler's equation, Naviour-stokes equation,
etc. This is the equation of motion in which the forces due to gravity and fluid pressure
are considered. The common fluid mechanics equations used in fluid dynamics are
given below

Gravity force Fg, Pressure force Fp, Viscous force Fv, Compressibility force Fc, and
Turbulent force Ft.

Fnet = Fg + Fp + Fv + Fc + Ft

• If the fluid is incompressible, then Fc = 0

∴ Fnet = Fg + Fp + Fv + Ft

This is known as the Reynolds equation of motion.

• If the fluid is incompressible and turbulence is negligible, then Fc = 0, Ft = 0

∴ Fnet = Fg + Fp + Fv

This equation is called as Navier-Stokes equation.

• A viscous effect will also be negligible if the fluid flow is considered ideal. Then

Fnet = Fg + Fp

This equation is known as Euler’s equation.


Euler’s equation can be written as:

dp/ρ + gdz + vdv = 0

Bernoulli’s Equation

It is based on the law of conservation of energy. This equation is applicable when the
following assumptions have been made:

• Flow is steady and irrotational


• Fluid is ideal (non-viscous)
• Fluid is incompressible

It states that in a steady, ideal flow of an incompressible fluid, the total energy at any
point is constant.

Total energy consists of pressure, kinetic, and potential or datum energy. These
energies per unit weight of the fluid are:

• Pressure energy = p/ρg


• Kinetic energy = v2/2g
• Datum energy = z

Bernoulli’s theorem is written as:

p/ρg + v2/2g + z = constant

Bernoulli’s equation can also be obtained from Euler’s equation

Assumptions in the application of Bernoulli’s equation

• Flow is steady
• Density is constant (incompressible)
• Friction losses are negligible
• It relates the states at two points along a single streamline (not conditions on two
different streamlines)

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