E MATHS

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JC/SEC/IP/PRI TUITION
SMALL GROUP (1-4 STUDENTS)/ 1 TO 1
BY TOP TUTOR/6 BRANCHES ISLAND

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 1

1. Laws of Indices
No. You need to learn... How to
approach...

1 Laws of indices

2
Standard form (Scientific notation)

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2. Simplifying quadratic fractions

No. You need to learn... How to approach...

1 Simplifying quadratic fractions

2 Quadratic equations
A quadratic equation has the form

where a, b and c are

constants and but b and c may be 0.

3 Solving quadratic equations

2
7𝑥 − 343 = 0
2
7𝑥 −= 343
2
𝑥 = 49 (square root both sides of the equation)
⇒ 𝑥 =± 7

4 2
3𝑥 − 4𝑥 = 0
𝑥(3𝑥 − 4) = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 3𝑥 − 4 = 0
3𝑥 = 4
4
𝑥 = 3

4
Hence, the solutions are 𝑥 = 0 or 3

5 2
2𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 12 = 𝑥 + 𝑥
2

2
𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 12 = 0 (rearrange to ensure that
RHS = 0)
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 6) = 0 (factorise LHS)
⇒ 𝑥 − 2 = 0 or 𝑥 + 6 = 0
𝑥 =2 𝑥 = −6

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6 Completing the square

Solving quadratic equations by completing the
square
Note: Always check if the quadratic equation can be
solved by factorisation. Use the method of completing
the square only if you cannot factorise.
2
Step 1: Arrange the terms containing 𝑥 and 𝑥 on the
LHS and the constant term on the RHS.
2
Step 2: Ensure that the coefficient of 𝑥 is 1. If it is not
1, divide every term by this coefficient to obtain an
equivalent equation in which the coefficient of
2
𝑥 is 1.
Step 3: Add a suitable constant (i.e. the square of
half the coefficient of 𝑥) to both sides of the equation
to make the LHS a perfect square.
Step 4: Square root both sides of the equation.
Step 5: Solve for 𝑥 by making 𝑥the subject

7 Quadratic formula
The solutions to a quadratic equation
2
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 where a, b and c are constants,
can be found using the formula:
2
−𝑏± 𝑏 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑥= 2𝑎

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3. Linear Inequalities
No. You need to learn... How to approach...

1 Linear Inequalities
For an inequality to be true, it has to
satisfy the following
(a) the same number is added to or subtracted
from both sides

(b) both sides are multiplied or divided by the

same positive number.

(c) the direction of the inequality sign is

reversed when both sides are multiplied or
divided by the same negative number.

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4. Congruency and Similarity

No. You need to learn... How to approach...

1 Similar Figures
Two figures are said to be similar if they have the
same shape though different sizes. Figures are
similar only if
● their corresponding sides are proportional
● their corresponding angles are equal
When two figures are similar, the ratio of the areas =
(the ratio of the corresponding dimensions)

When two solids are similar

2 Congruent Triangles
Abbreviation: SSS

Abbreviation: SAS

Abbreviation: ASA or AAS or SAA

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Abbreviation: RHS

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5. Properties of Circles
No. You need to learn... How to approach...

1 Properties of Circles
A chord is a straight line-segment joining two points
on the circumference of a circle while a diameter is a
chord passing through the centre of a circle.

(a) The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes

through the centre of the circle.
(b) If M and N are the midpoints of chords AB and

XY respectively, then and

(c) Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the

centre of the circle.
Hence
AB = XY ⇔ ON = OM
(d) Equal chords of a circle subtend equal angles at
the centre of the circle.
Hence
AB = XY ⇔ = ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = ∠𝑋𝑂𝑌

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(a) A tangent to a circle is a straight line that

touches the circle at only one
Point. This point is called the point of contact.
(b) A tangent is perpendicular to the radius at
the point of contact.
(c) From a Point X outside the circle, two
tangents can be drawn to the circle. If the
point of contacts are Y and Z, then XY = XZ.

a) A chord XY divides the circumference of a circle

into two arcs. Arc XWY is the minor arc while arc
XZY is the major arc.
(b) A chord XY divides the circle into two segments -
the shaded part is the minor segment while the non
shaded part is the major segment.

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∠𝐵 = ∠𝐶(∠𝑠) in the same seg.)

7

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10

∠𝑏 + ∠𝑑 = 180° (opp. ∠s of a cyclic quad)

11

(ext. ∠ of a cyclic quad)

12

∠b=∠ d(∠ s in alternate segments)

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6. Arc Length and Sector Area

No. You need to learn... How to
approach...

1 Arc Length and Sector Area

2 Conversion formulae

θ in 30° 45° 60° 90° 180° 270° 360°

degrees

θ in π π π π π 3π 2π
radian 6 4 3 2 2

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5 Area of minor segment, ACB = Area of sector OACB -

Area of triangle OAB

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7. Trigonometry
No. You need to learn... How to
approach...

1 Pythagoras’ Theorem

2 Definitions in trigonometry

3 Sine rule

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4 Cosine rule

5 Area of a triangle

The area of a triangle given two sides 𝑎 and

1
𝑏, and the 𝐴 = 2
𝑎𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ

6 Area of a parallelogram

The area of a parallelogram given two adjacent

sides 𝑎
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ

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8. Applications of Trigonometry
No. You need to learn... How to approach...

1 Angle of elevation

2 Bearings
The bearing of a point B from a point A is the angle
θ measured from the north-direction to the line of
AB in a clockwise direction.
Note: Bearings are represented in three digits.

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9. Functions and Graphs

No. You need to learn... How to approach...

1 The equation of a quadratic graph is given by

2
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
(a) If 𝑎 > 0, the graph has a ∪−shape and a minimum
value
(b) If 𝑎 < 0, the graph has a ∩-shape and a maximum
value

2 Common graphs

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10. Coordinate Geometry

No. You need to learn... How to approach...

1 Coordinate Geometry
The gradient 𝑚, of a line passing through two points
𝐴(𝑥1, 𝑦1) and 𝐵(𝑥2, 𝑦2) is given by
𝑦2,𝑦1
𝑚= 𝑥2−𝑥1

2 Parallel lines have equal gradients

3 The distance between two points 𝐴(𝑥1, 𝑦1) and

𝐵(𝑥2, 𝑦2) can be found using the formula
2
𝐴𝐵 = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1) + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1)

4 The coordinates of the mid-point of the line

𝑀 ( 𝑥1+𝑥2
2
,
𝑦1+𝑦2
2 )
5

The equation is also expressed as

(𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1)

Note also that if two lines with gradient

𝑚 and 𝑚 are perpendicular to each other, then
1 2
the product of their gradients is

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-1. I.e., 𝑚1𝑚2 = -1

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11. Quartiles and Percentiles

No. You need to learn... How to approach...

1 Quartiles and Percentiles

𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠
● When a series of numbers is written in an
ascending order the middle number is the median
if there is an odd number of items.
● The most frequent number is the mode. Note that
there could be more than one mode.

When the total frequency represented by 0-A is divided

with 100 equal sections, each section is 1 % of the total
frequency and the corresponding score is called a
percentile.

3 The score corresponding to 75% of the total frequency is

the 75th percentile and is called the upper quartile. If its
value (or score) is 𝑄 , then 75% (or ¾) of the total
3
frequency will have scores less than or equal to 𝑄
3

4 Inter quartile range = 𝑄3 − 𝑄1

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12. Matrices
No. You need to learn... How to
approach...

1 Matrices
A table of data showing 3 boxes containing pins of 3
colours.
Blue Pins Yellow Gold Pins
Pins

Box A 7 9 12

Box B 3 2 2

Box B 8 5 7
becomes
⇓

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13. Application of Math in Real-life

Circumstances
No. You need to learn... How to approach...

1 Profit and Loss can also be expressed in percentage form:

2 Discount is the difference between selling price and marked

price. Cost price is not involved in discount

3 Simple Interest is the amount earned based on the original

principal amount. Simple Interest remains the same throughout
the financial period.

4 Compound interest is the amount earned based on

accumulated interest and principal amount. Compound interest
is not the same throughout the financial period as it fluctuates.

5 Hire purchase is payment of an initial deposit

followed by balance payment in regular instalments.
Total Hire Purchase Amount
= Deposit + Instalments + Interest

6 Commission is payment (charge) for buying or selling

something on behalf of another person

7 Utility bills are measured in terms of “KiloWatt hour”

(kWh). Each kWh costs a certain amount. For

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 24 2

instance, electricity may cost $0.30/kWh. This means

one kilowatt hour of electricity costs $0.30.

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14. Inequalities
No. You need to learn... How to approach...

1 There are 4 types of inequality arrows, namely the

> Greater than
< Lesser than
≥ Greater than or equal to
≤ Lesser than or equal to

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 26

15. Mensuration
No. You need to learn... How to
approach...

1 Areas and Perimeters

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2 ● Parallelogram

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● Rhombus

● Circle

3 ● Cuboid

● Sphere

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4 ● Prism
✔ Volume = base area × height
✔ Surface Area = Perimeter of base × height + 2 Base Areas

5 ● Cylinder

6 ● Pyramid (square base)

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Surface Area = base area + 4 Triangle Areas

7 Circular Cones

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16. Angles and Polygons

No. You need to learn... How to
approach...

1 Acute Angle
This angle is less than 90 degrees.
For instance

Obtuse Angle
This angle is more than 90° but less than 180°

2 Reflex Angle
This angle is more than 180° but less than 360°

3 Supplementary Angles
This is a pair of angles that add up to 180° .
For Example:

120° and 60° are supplementary angles because they add up

to 180° .

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4 Complementary Angles

5 Regular Polygons
This polygon has all equal sides. All of its interior angles are
the same with one another.
Sum of interior angles
= (n - 2) x 180° where n > 3
n = number of sides of a polygon.

3 sided = Triangle
4 sided = Quadrilateral
5 sided = Pentagon
6 sided = Hexagon
7 sided = Heptagon
8 sided = Octagon
9 sided = Nonagon
10 sided = Decagon

6 Irregular Polygons

⇒ is an irregular polygon due to different sides

and different angle sizes.

7 ● Isosceles
2 sides and 2 angles are the same

● Obtuse
One angle is obtuse, more than 90°.

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8 ● Parallelogram

Opposite sides are of same length and are parallel to each

other.
● Rhombus

There are 2 pairs of parallel lines of equal lengths

● Trapezium

There is only one pair of parallel sides.

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17. Venn Diagrams

No. You need to learn... How to approach...

1 Symbols of Venn Diagrams

This symbol represents a set and all of its

elements.
For instance, 𝑥 = {2, 7, c, d, 8} means set 𝑥 contains elements
2, 7, c, d and 8.

This symbol means "is an element of".

For instance means that d is an element of set J.

This means “is not an element of”.

This is a universal set that has all elements in

the set.

This is an empty set or null set with no

elements inside.

This means number of elements in a set.

4
The inverted " ∩ " symbol means intersect.

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Similarly,

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18. Probability
No. You need to learn... How to approach...

1 Probability

2 ● Independent Events
This means outcome of one event does not influence the
outcome of the next subsequent or following event.

● Dependent Events
This means that the outcome of one event affects the
outcome of the next or following outcomes

3 ● Mutually Exclusive
Two events are mutually exclusive when both cannot occur
simultaneously. An example would be taking the taxi or
taking the bus.

4
Tree Diagram

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19. Vectors
No. You need to learn... How to approach...

1 Vectors
A vector is represented in the form of

2 Operation of position vectors

3 Equal Vectors

4 Negative vectors

5 Operations
Addition

Multiplication

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