2D Strain Analysis

Stress Analysis - Review

y
Stress elements under combined loading

𝜏𝜏
𝜏𝜏
𝜎𝜎 𝜎𝜎 𝜎𝜎 𝜎𝜎
𝜏𝜏 o x 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠: 𝜎𝜎=𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 , 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝜏𝜏
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆: 𝜏𝜏 = 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
z
y 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 Sign convention
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥
𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
o The sign convention for the stresses is easy to
x
𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
remember if we state it as follows:
z
𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦  The normal stresses, 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 are positive if the
𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 directions associated with their subscripts
represent tension.
Notation  The shear stress 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 are positive when the
 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 acts on the x face in the direction of the x-axis. directions associated with their subscripts are
 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 acts on the y face in the direction of the y-axis. plus-plus or minus-minus.
 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 acts on the x face in the direction of the y-axis.
 𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 acts on the y face in the direction of the x-axis.
 Stress Analysis - Review
𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏 𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏

𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏

𝜽𝜽

Normal stresses: 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 , 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 Normal stresses: 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥𝑥 , 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦𝑦

Shear stresses: 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 Shear stresses: 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝜏𝜏𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 +𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 −𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥1 = + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃 + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝜃𝜃
2 2
Transformation equations 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 +𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 −𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦
for plane stress 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦1 = − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃 − 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝜃𝜃
2 2
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 −𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1 =− 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜃𝜃 + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2𝜃𝜃
2
 Stress Analysis - Review
Maximum normal stresses on the Principal Planes: 𝝈𝝈𝟏𝟏 and 𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 2 2
𝜎𝜎1,2 = ± + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
2 2

2 1
𝝈𝝈𝟏𝟏
𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐 𝜽𝜽𝒑𝒑
𝜏𝜏12 = 𝜏𝜏21 = 0

𝝈𝝈𝟏𝟏 𝝈𝝈𝟐𝟐

2𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝 =
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦

The shear stresses are zero on the principal planes!!

 Stress Analysis - Review
Maximum shear stresses on the Maximum Shear Stress Planes: 𝝉𝝉𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 2 2
𝜏𝜏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = ± + 𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
2

s2 s1
𝝉𝝉𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝝈𝝈
𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂
𝝈𝝈𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝜽𝜽𝒔𝒔

𝝈𝝈𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝝉𝝉𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝝈𝝈𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂

𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦

𝜎𝜎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠 = −
2 2𝜏𝜏𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
 Plane Strain
 When a material is in plane strain in the xy plane, the only
deformations that exist are those in the xy plane.

Normal strains:
Shear strain:
Plane Strain versus
Plane Stress

 Under ordinary
conditions plane
stress and plane
strain DO NOT
occur simultaneously.

Exceptions:
 Strain Gauges
 Strains are customarily measured by strain gauges.
 Strain gauge is a sensor whose electrical resistance varies with applied
force. It converts force, pressure, tension, weight, etc., into a change in
electrical resistance which can then be measured easily.
 Strain gauges can be used to pick up expansion as well as contraction.
 They are quite small and they are bonded securely to the surface of the
object so that they change in length in proportion to the strains in the
object itself.
 Strain Gauge Applications
 For monitoring structures such as bridges and buildings.
 In research and development applications, including automotive,
aerospace, medical, oil and gas and power generation.
 Virtually every other sector of industry.

Strain gauges mounted on propeller for Mechanical strain gauge used to measure the
vibration survey tests growth of a crack in a masonry foundation
Strain Gauge Applications
Strain gauges are used to keep the rails
from breaking by eliminating the effects of
any lateral bending that could reduce or
exaggerate a strain reading taken on only
one side of the rail.
 Strain Gauge Applications

 Strain gauges are attached to

dynamometers in order to measure
torque on an engine.
 When the engine starts, the strain
gauge measures the spinning
wheel and converts it into torque.

 Strain gauges are attached to

wind tunnels in order to
measure drag, lift and down-
force for each wheel.
 Plane Strain Transformations

 The strains at a point in a loaded structure vary according to the

orientation of the axes in a manner similar to that for stresses.

Transformation equations

𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 +𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 −𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥1 = + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝜃𝜃
2 2 2
𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 +𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 −𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦1 = − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝜃𝜃
2 2 2

𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦1 𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 −𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

=− 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜃𝜃 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2𝜃𝜃
2 2 2
 Plane Strain Transformations

Principal strains

𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 + 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 − 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 2 𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2 𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

𝜀𝜀1,2 = ± + 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝜃𝜃𝑝𝑝 =
2 2 2 𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 − 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦

Maximum shear strains

𝛾𝛾𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 − 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 2 𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2

𝜀𝜀𝑥𝑥 − 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦
= + 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝜃𝜃𝑠𝑠 = −
2 2 2 𝛾𝛾𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
 Strain Rosettes
 A group of three strain gauges arranged in a particular pattern is called
a strain rosette.
 Because the rosette is mounted on the surface of the body, where the
material is in plane stress, we can use the transformation equations for
plane strain to calculate the strains in various directions.

Rectangular strain gauge rosette Three-element strain-gauge rosette

installed on a structure with lead wires prewired
attached.
 Material property relationships
Important conditions:
The material is uniform throughout the body and has the same properties in all
directions (homogeneous and isotropic material)
The material is linearly elastic (follows Hooke’s law)

Generalized Hooke’s law

1 τ xy
1
ε x = (σ x −νσ y ) εy = (σ y −νσ x ) γ xy =
E E G
E
σx =
E
(ε x +νε y ) σy = (ε y +νε x ) τ xy = Gγ xy
1 −ν 2 1 −ν 2

where E is the Young’s modulus, ν is the Poisson’s ratio and G is the shear modulus
and: E
G=
2(1 + v)
(Materials properties source: www.matweb.com
 Summary of Equations
Transformation equations

Principal strains Maximum shear strain

Generalized Hooke’s law

1
εx = (σ x −νσ y ) εy =
1
(σ y −νσ x ) γ xy =
τ xy
E E G E
G=
E 2(1 + v)
σx =
E
(ε x +νε y ) σy = (ε y +νε x ) τ xy = Gγ xy
1 −ν 2
1 −ν 2