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Module 1 Scientific Measurement 1

Chemistry

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213 views

Module 1 Scientific Measurement 1

Chemistry

Uploaded by

dannflorentino
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GENERAL

CHEMISTRY I

Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System, Inc.


SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Module 1: Scientific Measurement
:
• SI and English systems of measurement
• Fundamental and derived quantities
• Difference between precision and accuracy
• Different sources of errors in measurements (enrichment)
• Significant figures in measurements and mathematical operations
• Scientific notation
• Laboratory skills and tools necessary in chemistry (enrichment)

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
a quantitative comparison
of an object’s physical the magnitude of a
quantity that involves a physical quantity that
number and a unit. may vary as a
nonstandard unit or is
definite as a standard
unit.
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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
NONSTANDARD UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS

an ancient system of measurement is based


on the human body parts to solve practical
problems.

example: dangkal,dipa, salop

, .
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A system of weighs and measures that
was once the de facto standard
throughout much of the world.

, .
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, .
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International System unit
The SI is an acronym for Système international d’unités (International
System of Units) that was created during the 1960s. The International
System of Units was based on the metric or decimal system. The metric
system branched into two—the meter, kilogram, second (MKS) and the
centimeter, gram, second (CGS) systems of measurement while the
SI came up with base units. Thus, each physical quantity (i.e.,
fundamental quantity, derived quantity) in SI has units that vary by
multiples of 10 (i.e., as indicated by the prefix) from a base unit.

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
are the fundamental units of
measurement from which other units can be derived.

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a unit derived from two or more base units.
Generally, derived quantities are combinations of
fundamental quantities. For instance, when a unit of length
(l) is multiplied by another unit of length, it would give the
derived quantity called area (A).

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is a mathematical statement of
two equivalent measurements of different
units that can be expressed in fraction form
(i.e., the value given at the numerator is equal
to the value given in the denominator).

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Conversion between SI and English System Units

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Temperature (T) is the quantitative measure of the hotness
or coldness of matter.

Temperature scales:
the Celsius (°C) scale,
the Fahrenheit (°F) scale
the Kelvin (K) scale
 and the Rankine (R) scale

Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System, Inc.


SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736)
proposed the use of the Fahrenheit scale.
It has no absolute zero. A 0°F temperature does not imply the absence of
heat or kinetic energy in a matter.
The negative reading in the thermometer indicates that there is a
presence of heat but that it is below 0°F.
Anders Celsius (1701–1744) during the 1740s
He introduced Celsius scale.
Phase transitions of water molecules are often linked with three particular measurements in
this scale. At –273°C, water molecules have zero kinetic energy and are at their most
condensed form. Upon reaching 0°C, water molecules in three different phases (i.e., solid,
liquid, gas) coexist. This temperature is called the triple point of water. Last, pure water at an
environment with standard pressure (i.e., 1 atm) boils at 100°C.

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
William Thomson, who was also known as Lord Kelvin
- Kelvin scale
William John Macquorn Rankine (1820–1872)
- Rankine scale

Fig. 1.1 Comparison of the Celsius,


Fahrenheit, Kelvin, and Rankine scales
Adapted
from:
https://climate.ncsu.edu/secc_edu/imag
es/superconductivity-temperature.jpg
(last accessed on 10 February 2016)

Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System, Inc.


SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
To increase the level of confidence on the results of an experiment,
measurements are done for at least three trials. Uncertainty is
associated with the following:

(1)the measuring instrument,


(2) the external factors such as temperature, pressure,
and location where the measurement is made, and
(3) the skill of the person who took the measurement.

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Accuracy is a qualitative term used in determining the
degree of conformity of a test result to a true or
accepted value.
For example, the nutritional label of your banana ketchup claimed to
contain 2 mg sodium (Na); but upon performing triplicate analysis in the
laboratory, the results were 1.843 mg, 1.951 mg, and 2.110 mg Na. These
values are approximately close to the expected value of 2 mg. However,
this is not to establish that this accuracy statistical tool (i.e., mean) should
be used.
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Mean (X), also known as average, is the quotient of the summation of all
data and the number of data involved.
The closer is the mean to the accepted value (i.e., 2 mg Na), the
higher is the accuracy of the data.
In this case, the mean of the three trials is 1.968 mg Na. This value is
close to 2 mg Na; therefore, the measurements or data have high
accuracy, and the claimed Na content of the banana ketchup is true.

Error refers to the absolute value of the difference between the


theoretical value (i.e., the accepted value) and experimental value
(i.e., usually the average value).

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