RESEARCH PROPOSAL

Name: MOHIBULLAH RAHMAT

Academic Title: Assistant Professor
Name of University:Kandahar University, Kandahar, Afghanistan.
Education: MEng. in Transportation Engineering, BEng. Civil Engineering
Date of Birth: 25-May-1984
Sex: Male
Nationality: Afghan
Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Mobile: 0093700308110

Title of the research:

EXPLORING THE EFFECTS OF DRIVER BEHAVIOUR ON ROAD

TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN KANDAHAR PROVINCE, AFGHANISTAN
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

Table of Content i
List of Tables ii
List of Figures ii

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Objectives 2

2 LITERATURE FEVIEW
2.1 Definitions and background 3
2.2 Factors Affecting Road Traffic Accidents 3
2.2.1 Human Factors 3
2.2.1.1 Age 4
2.2.1.2 Sleep disorders & daytime fatigue 4
2.2.1.3 Seat Belt 6
2.2.2 Excessive Speed 7

3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Site Selection 9

3.2 Data Collection 9
3.3 Analysis 11

REFERENCES 12

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 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE

2.1 Injury reduction effects of seat-belts for 7
Various types of car crash

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

2.1 Relationship between time (Clock Hour) and the number of 5

Drowsy-driver automobile crashes
2.2 Use of drugs by drivers in Kandahar Province 6
2.3 The fatality rate of pedestrians in crashes with 8
passenger cars as function of the collision speed
3.1 Map of Kandahar Province 9

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

Transportation Systems play a vital and essential role in the development of societies; yet they
come up with certain costs. These costs may include time, environmental impacts, direct costs
for transportation services and accidents. (W. Evans, 2002).

Traffic Accidents are defined by most of the experts as “An unexpected and sudden event which
occurs when a vehicle crashes with another vehicle, person, animal or other stationary
obstruction”.

Most Road Traffic Accidents are termed as “Collisions” which means that these collisions could
have been avoided if several precautions and safety factors were taken into account by all
involved parties. The factors affecting these accidents may differ from each other, still (Garber
and Hoel, 2009) has divided them into four general categories:

• Driver or Operator Action

One of the most contributory factors in many accident situations is the behavior and performance
of the driver. The errors and/or violations of drivers may result due to many features and can
occur in many ways, such as not obeying traffic rules and regulations and being inattentive to the
surroundings and roadway conditions. Furthermore, these “Errors or Failures” can occur due to
high travel speed, drinking, using mobile phones while driving, using drugs, drowsiness,
unfamiliar roadway conditions or other disruptions within the vehicle.

• The Vehicle Condition

Accidents can occur due to mechanical conditions of a vehicle either. Failure of brakes,
deficiencies in electrical system, used tires and the position of the vehicle’s center of gravity may
result in traffic accidents.

• The Roadway Condition

Other major contributing factor for occurrence of Road Traffic Accident is the quality and
condition of the roadway. These factors include the conditions and quality of intersections,
shoulders, pavement, drainage system, traffic control systems, sight distance, vertical and
horizontal alignments and other geometric features of the roadway.

• The Environment
Seasonal variations of weather and climatic changes are also believed to contribute in the
occurrence of Road Traffic Accidents. Wet and icy pavements reduce the friction between the

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tire and road surface which makes the vehicle to skid. Similarly, strong showers, dusty
environments and storms affect visual conditions which result in severe accidents.

1.2. Problem statement

Around the globe Road Traffic Accidents are one of the major contributors of injuries and deaths
as well as economic loss. According to (WHO Annual Report, 2002) road accidents are the
second important factor for the cause of death for youngsters of 5-29 years of age. Due to Road
Traffic Accidents 1.2 million people die each year in the world. In developing countries
approximately 850,000 deaths are estimated to be in people less than 45 years of age. Similarly,
6600 people are seriously injured on daily basis. One tenth of hospital beds are occupied by
those injured in accidents (Madan, VS. 2006).

In addition to deaths and fatalities, the economic losses of road traffic accidents are also vast. It
is believed that the total global cost of Road Traffic Accidents is about 230 billion US-Dollars
per year (Madan, VS. 2006). These costs are higher in developing countries than those for the
developed countries. According to (Jacobs G. et al; 2000) for low-income and middle-income
countries the annual costs of road traffic accidents are believed to be around 65 billion USD.
Road accidents in the developing countries are more than twice compared to developed countries
at 13.4/100, 00 for Europe and 32.2/100,000 for Africa (Peden M. et al; 2004).

Similarly, Afghanistan also witnesses very fatal and deadly Road Traffic Accidents every day in
various parts of the country particularly in the southern region where law enforcement is weak
and human behavior is faraway different from anywhere else in the world. In this part of the
country, there are many reasons for road traffic accidents of which some are: drivers using drugs,
drivers with no license, under-age drivers, lack of knowledge of traffic rules, poor road
condition, right steered vehicles (Afghanistan is Right-Hand Driving Country), very weak traffic
control system, and weak law enforcement. According to Kandahar Traffic Police Department,
in 2011, 2012 there were 377 registered Traffic Accidents in Kandahar city resulting in 408
injuries and 141 deaths; however, a huge number of accidents are not registered due to various
reasons. Based on a survey conducted by (Rahmat, 2013) there were 2454 road accidents in
2010, 2011, and 2012 collectively. These accidents resulted in 1192 severe injuries and 120
deaths.

1.3. Objectives

• To explore the correlation between driver behavior and Road Traffic Accidents (RTAs)
in Kandahar Province.

• To evaluate various patterns of Road Traffic Accidents in Kandahar Province.

• To provide safety recommendations for prevention of RTAs in Kandahar Province.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Background and Definitions:

Throughout the years numerous attempts have been made globally to prevent or reduce the
frequency and severity of Road Traffic Accidents (RTAs). Likewise, researches have been
conducted on a large scale to identify the major causes of these accidents. However, the results
and findings of all researches vary from country to country. Still, some of the common causes of
RTAs which are specified by various researchers and scholars are categorized as follow:

Human Factors: driver behavior, hearing and visual abilities, decision-making abilities,
age, and speed of reaction to incidents.

Vehicle Speed: travelling at high speed.

Distraction: conversation and using mobile phone while driving.

Unawareness: unfamiliarity with traffic rules and regulations as well as with area.

Climate: weather and seasonal changes.

Road design and geometry: poor pavement design and deficient geometric features.

Vehicle Condition: Vehicle design and maintenance

Combination of Factors: sum of multiple causes.

Other influential factors may include: traffic volume; reasons for travelling, economic pressures
on drivers to save time; training of drivers; and road safety publicity campaigns.

2.2 Factors Affecting Road Traffic Accidents:

Some of the very common factors contributing to Road Traffic Accidents which are explained by
various researchers may be summarized as follow:

2.2.1 Human Factors:

Wide variety of researches has found that human factors are responsible for most of Road Traffic
Accidents (Lewin, 1982; Evans, 1991; Berg, 1994). Though, it is believed that driver behavior is
directly connected to type, frequency and severity of accidents still it is very difficult to study
drivers’ behavior completely. (Clarke et al., 1998a) states that due to unpredictability and
rareness of accidents; it is difficult to study behavioral influence of drivers on these accidents so
direct observation is almost impossible. On the other hand, some researchers believe that
studying drivers’ behavior can give us a good insight on most aspects of the accidents and
improving drivers’ behavior can result in reducing the frequency of traffic accidents.

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According to (Elander, et al., 1993) human factors in driving could be composed of two distinct
components which are driving skills and driving style. The driving skills include the knowledge
of driver about the vehicle, traffic rules and ability to drive, where the driving style may concern
individual traditions and habits of the drivers which is the specific way of driving chosen by the
drivers.

Actually, in most of the accidents the contributing factors could be more than one with human
errors one of them. A good and standardized system of (roads, traffic control and vehicle) can
reduce the human factors as it is evident that human beings make errors and mistakes and those
errors and mistakes should not result in deaths (Anonymous, 1998).

2.2.1.1. Age:

It is a well-accepted fact proved by variety of world-wide researches that when compared with
elderly drivers; younger drivers have far worse accidental rates (Schuman et al., 1967; Maycock
et al., 1991; Gregersen and Berg, 1994). Commonly it is believed that the frequency of
violations committed by older drivers are less than the younger drivers, however, older drivers
are likely to commit more errors than younger driver. It is also found that the frequency of
driving is directly related to the number of violating traffic rules (A berg & Rimmo., 1998;
Blockley & Hartley, 1995; Reason et al., 1990).

Gregersen and Berg, 1994, have divided the contributing factors to the high accident risk of the
young drivers into four categories: (1) The level of skills and actual knowledge; (2) The amount
of experience; (3) individual level of maturity and development; (4) social lifestyle and situation.

A study conducted by (Özkan and Lajunen, 2003) to identify the opinions and beliefs of young
drivers about the real causes of the traffic accidents, the causes behind the accidents were listed
as participants themselves, other driver, density and other vehicles around. The findings further
explain that young drivers reasonably accepted their responsibility for their contribution in traffic
accidents and risky driving behaviors.

According to the (Greek National Statistical Service 1994) during 1993, a total of 2033 people
died from road accidents. From this total 311 were aged 20-24, 183 were aged 15-19, and a sum
of 198 was 25-29 years old.

2.2.1.2. Sleep disorders, daytime fatigue and drug usage:

Tiredness, severe daytime sleepiness, fatigue or drowsiness which can be due to sleep disorder or
medical conditions can affect the normal performance of drivers and contribute to traffic
accidents.

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Normally, the average duration of sleep for healthy adults is believed to be ∼7h (Ohayon et al.,
2004). The outcomes of 2002 survey conducted in Ontario Canada (Vanlaar et al., 2008) shows
that from a sample of 750 drivers, >58% admitted to sometimes operating a vehicle while
drowsy or fatigued. Likewise, 14.5% acknowledged to having fallen asleep while driving during
the previous year, and another 2% having had a falling asleep driving incident.

In order to study the relationship between time (Clock Hour) and number of drowsy-driver
automobile accidents a study was conducted by (Langlois et al., 1985 & Bruno, 2004) with the
following findings.

Fig. 2.1: Relationship between time (Clock Hour) and the number of drowsy-driver
automobile crashes
Source: (Langlois et al., 1985 & Bruno, 2004)

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In Kandahar province most of drivers use Tobacco, Cigarettes and even other strong forms of
drugs such as Hashish and Opium on duty. This strongly affects the normal balance of mind and
disables its proper functioning which results in weak driving performance. According to a survey
conducted by Rahmat (2013) almost 86% of drivers use some forms of Tobaccos and/or drugs on
duty (Figure 2.2).

45.1 %

30.6 %

13.9 %
9.8 %

0.4 %
0.3 %

Cigarattes Naswar/Snuff Hashish Opium Others Nothing

Fig. 2.2: Use of drugs by drivers in Kandahar Province

2.2.1.3. Usage of Seatbelt:

The most efficient and protective device available for all occupants of a vehicle within the
vehicle is seat belt. It has been proved that the usage of seat belt can be effective in terms of
reducing the severity of injuries in traffic accidents. The “traffic culture” in communities and
societies is considered to be the main factor for determination of the use of seat belt. This culture
may include drivers’ skills, values and behaviors, as well as the economic status, conditions of
infrastructure and vehicles in the country (Simsekoglu, 2009; Özkan and Lajunen, 2003).

As a matter of fact most of researches have linked drivers’ age, education, gender, and income to
low seat belt use. It has also been found that with increase in education, age and income; the
usage of seat belt also increases. Various findings of the researches show that older drivers use
seat belts more frequently than young driver. (NHTSA, March 2000, Ulmer et al., 1995,
Williams et al. 1996, FDOT, 2001). Similarly, (Wells et al., 2002) found that people with a
college degree used seat belts more frequently compared to those without college degrees in all
gender and race/ethnic categories.

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The reasons behind not wearing seat belts vary from country to country, however, some common
reasons found by researches include: not physically comfortable, traveling short distances, not
habited, no importance to safety, feeling like preparing for accidents etc. (Simsekoglu, 2009;
Lindly, et al., 2001).

The efficiency of seat belts in reduction of fatalities has also been identified by many studies.
(Simsekoglu and Lajunen, 2008b) state that using seat belt can reduce the rate of the fatalities by
41%. With similar findings (Glassbrenner, 2002) states that the correct use of seat belt can lead
in recduction of fatal injuries by 40-50% and the risk of facing severe injuries by 40-50%. The
results of a study conducted by (Boztas and Ozcebe, 2005) show that the effectiveness of seat
belt may change according to the types of accidents.

Table 2.1. Injury reduction effects of seat-belts for various types of car crash
Proportion of all crashes Driver seat-belt effectiveness
Crash type
(%) in different crash types (%)
Frontal 59 43
Struck side 14 27
Non-struck side 9 39
Rear 5 49
Roll-over 14 77
Source: (Boztas and Ozcebe, 2005)

According to The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA, 2003) of USA,
during past 26 years a sum of 135,000 fatalities and 3.8 million injuries has been prevented by
use of seat belts in USA. The estimates further state that if all occupants of the vehicles had used
the seat belts, an additional 5.2 million injuries and 315,000 fatalities would have been
prevented.

2.2.2. Excessive Speed:

Another major contributing factor in traffic accidents is excessive speed. (Aljanahi, 1995) found
that “Accidents are bound to be more serious if they occur at higher speeds.” Based on the
findings of (WHO Annual Report, 2004), higher speed is the core cause of road accidents. The
report further states that in high-income countries about 30% of deaths on roads are caused by
excessive speed. Similarly, in low-income and middle-income countries almost 50% of the road
accidents occur from higher speed. Likewise, the report shows that an increase of only 1km/h in
average speed can result in raising the risk by 3% in an accident involving injury, and this risk
can raise by 4-5% in an accident that result in fatalities.

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In a similar way, studies show that speed and severity of injuries are also directly related. This
relationship is particularly very critical for cyclists and pedestrians. If a pedestrian is hit by a
vehicle traveling at 30km/h or below, the survival chance of the pedestrian is 90%, but this
chance decrease to less than 50% if the car travels at 45km/h. And there is no chance of
surviving if the speed increases to 80km/h (Wegman & Aarts, 2006). In a similar study, (Rósen
et al., 2011) has found the following relationship between speed and fatality rate of pedestrains
(Fig. 2.2).

Fig. 2.3. The fatality rate of pedestrians in crashes with passenger cars as function of the
collision speed
Source: (Rosén et al., 2011).
Other studies carried out by Australian researchers (e.g. Kloeden et al., 1997; 2001; 2002) also
indicate that vehicles driving faster than average speed has a higher crash rate than vehicles
driving slower.

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 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Site Selection:

This study is aimed to cover Kandahar Province with more focus on Kandahar City. Kandahar
City has a total area of 54, 022 km2 and the population is estimated over 1,000,000 living in the
center and 17 districts of the province.

Fig. 3.1: Map of Kandahar Province

3.2 Data Collection:

The core objective of this research is to explore the effects of driver behavior on road traffic
accidents in Kandahar Province. Therefore, it is planned that the standard and/or modified Driver
Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ) will be used to evaluate the drivers’ behavior. DBQ is one of the
most used instruments for evaluating driver behavior. In this study the modified version of the
DBQ by Lajunen et al., (2004) will be used; however, further modifications can also be made if
required.

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Respondents will be asked to show that how often they themselves do each of the violations and
errors when driving. Responses will be on a six-point scale from “Never” to “Nearly all the
time”.

1=Never 2=Hardly Ever 3=Occasionally 4=Quite Often 5=Frequently 6=Nearly All The Time

Begin each question with “How often do you”

Aggressive Violations
7. Sound your horn to indicate your annoyance to another road user
17. Become angered by another driver and give chase with the intention of giving him/her a
piece of your mind
25. Become angered by a certain type of a driver and indicate your hostility by whatever means
you can

“Ordinary” Violations
10. Pull out of a junction so far that the driver with right of way has to stop and let you out
11. Disregard the speed limit on a residential road
20. Overtake a slow driver on the inside
23. Drive so close to the car in front that it would be difficult to stop in an emergency
28. Disregard the speed limit on a motorway

Errors
5. Queuing to turn left onto a main road, you pay such close attention to the main stream of
traffic that you nearly hit the car in front of you
6. Fail to notice that pedestrians are crossing when turning into a side street from a main road
8. Fail to check your rear-view mirror before pulling out, changing lanes, etc.
9. Brake too quickly on a slippery road or steer the wrong way in a skid
13. On turning left nearly hit a cyclist who has come up on your inside
14. Miss “Give Way” signs and narrowly avoid colliding with traffic having right of way
16. Attempt to overtake someone that you had not noticed to be signaling a right turn
27. Underestimate the speed of an oncoming vehicle when overtaking

Lapses
1. Hit something when reversing that you had not previously seen
2. Intending to drive to destination A, you “wake up” to find yourself on the road to destination
B
4. Get into the wrong lane approaching a roundabout or a junction
12. Switch one thing, such as the headlights, when you meant to switch on something else, such
as the wipers
19. Forget where you left your car in a car park
22. Misread the signs and exit from a roundabout on the wrong road
26. Realize that you have no clear recollection of the road along which you have just been
traveling

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The questionnaire may also include some socio-demographic questions such as vehicle type (taxi
or PC), steering (right hand or left hand), age, marital status, education, driving experience,
driving license, hours driving per day, addiction to drugs, usage of seatbelt, reason for not
wearing seatbelt, usual speed inside the city etc.
The questionnaires will be administered through face to face interviews in randomly selected
places (e.g. university, social gatherings, restaurants, on road drivers, recreational areas, national
stadium, fitness clubs etc.). The sample size for this particular research is targeted to be at least
1,000 drivers.

On the other hand, attempts will be made to collet road traffic accident data from Kandahar City
Traffic Police Department, as well as from Mirwais Regional Hospital which is the largest
hospital in the South-West region of the country.

3.3. Analysis:

The data will be statistically analyzed via SPSS and other analytical/statistical packages and the
discussions will be made based on the outputs.

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