Introduction to Computing (CS 101)

Statements, Operators and Expressions

T. Venkatesh & John Jose

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
 Numeric Data Type
Numeric Data Type

Integral Fractional

char short int long int float double long

double
char short int long int

• char, short, int, long int

– Signed and unsigned
• float, double, long double
 C Statements
• Statements are terminated with a semicolon ';'
char acharacter;
int j = 18, k = -20;
printf("Initially,given j=18 and k=-20\n");

▪ Group of statements (compound statement) are enclosed by

curly braces: { and }.
▪ Mark the start and the end of code block.
 C Programming : Sum of A and B
#include <stdio.h>

int main(){ Start of the BLOCK

int A,B, S; Statement 1
printf(“Enter two
numbers ”); Statement 2
scanf(“%d %d”,&A,&B);
Statement 3
S=A+B;
Statement 4
printf(“Res=%d”, S);
Statement 5
return 0;
} Statement 6
End of the BLOCK 4
 Comments in C
• Single line of comment: // comment here
• More than single line of comment or expanded:
/* comment(s) here */
• Compiler exclude comment lines while translation
• Comments are used to add readability of the code

#include <stdio.h> // for printf()

/* main() function, where program
execution starts */
int main(){
/* declares variable and initializes it*/
int i = 8;
printf(“value of i=%d\n”,i);
return 0;
}
 Declaring Variables
• Before using a variable, we must give the compiler some
information about the variable by declaring it.
• The declaration statement includes the data type of the
variable.
• Examples of variable declarations:
int length ;
float area ;
length
• Visualization of the declaration
int length ; FE07 Garbage value
• When we declare a variable
– Space is set aside in memory to hold a value of the
specified data type
– That space is associated with the variable name
– That space is associated with a unique address
 Using Variables: Initialization
• Variables may be given initial values, or initialized, when
declared.
length
int length=7; 7
diameter
float diameter=5.9; 5.9
initial
char initial =‘A’;
‘A’
 Using Variables: Initialization

• Put initialized variables on a separate line

• Comment the initialization for better readability
– Example:
int height; /* rectangle height */
int width=6; /* rectangle width */
int area; /* rectangle area */

int height, width = 6, area ;

[Not an error , but not a good practice]
 Using Variables: Assignment

• Variables may have values assigned to them through the use

of an assignment statement.
• This operator (=) does not denote equality.
• It assigns the value of the right-hand side of the statement
(the expression) to the variable on the left-hand side.
• Only single variables may appear on the left-hand side of the
assignment operator.
• Examples:
diameter = 5.9 ;
area = length * width ;
 Arithmetic Operators in C
Name Operator Example
Addition + num1 + num2
Subtraction - initial - spent
Multiplication * fathoms * 6
Division / sum / count
Modulus % m%n
 Division
• Integer division
– If both operands of a division expression are integers,
you will get an integer answer.
• The fractional portion is thrown away.
• Examples :
17 / 5 = 3
4 / 3 = 1
35 / 9 = 3
• Division by zero is mathematically undefined.
• If you allow division by zero in a program, it will cause a
fatal error and program will terminate execution.
 Division
• Float division
• Division where at least one operand is a floating point
number will produce a floating point answer.
• Examples:
17.0 / 5 = 3.4
4 / 3.2 = 1.25
35.2 / 9.1 = 3.86813
• The integer operand is temporarily converted to a floating
point, then the division is performed.
 Modulus
• The expression m % n yields the integer remainder after m
is divided by n.
• Modulus is an integer operation, both operands must be
integers.
• Examples :
17 % 5 = 2
6 % 3 = 0
9 % 2 = 1
5 % 8 = 5
• Used to determine if an integer value is even or odd
5 % 2 = 1 odd 4 % 2 = 0 even
 C Example 1: Area of Rectangle

#include <stdio.h> START

int main(){ Input W, L

int L,W,Area;
printf(“Enter L & W ”);
Area  L x W
scanf(“%d %d”,&L,&W);
Print Area
Area=L*W;

printf(“Area=%d”,Area); STOP
return 0;
}
 C Example 2: Area of Circle
#include <stdio.h>
#define PI 3.142 START
int main(){
Input W, L
float r, Area;
printf(“Enter radius”);
scanf(“%f”,&r); Area  PI x r x
r
Area=PI*r*r; Print Area

printf(“Area=%f”,Area);
return 0; STOP
}
The literal PI value get replaced by 3.142
 C Example 3: Temp Conversion

#include <stdio.h>
START
int main(){
Input Tc
float Tc,Tf;
printf(“Enter Tc”);
scanf(“%f”,&Tc); Tf  1.8 x Tc + 32

Tf=(1.8*Tc)+32; Print Tf

printf(“Tf=%f”,Tf);
return 0; STOP
}
 C Example 4: Force Between Two bodies
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
float F, m1,m2,r;
START
float G=6.673e-11;
printf(“Enter m1 m2”); Input m1, m2, r
scanf(“%f %f”,&m1,&m2);
printf(“Enter r”);
F G*m1*m1 /r2
scanf(“%f”,&r);

F=(G*m1*m2)/(r*r); Print F

printf(“Tf=%f”,F);
STOP
return 0;
}
 Expression Evaluation
• B-E-DM-AS Rule
• B : Bracket or Parenthesis ( )
– Only ( ) used for expression
– Curly braces {}, and square bracket [] used for some
other purpose.
• E : Exponentiation or Order (O)
• DM: Division and Multiplication
• AS : Addition and Subtraction
 Arithmetic Operators Precedence Rule
Operator(s) Precedence & Associativity
() Evaluated first. If nested (embedded),
innermost first.
* / % Evaluated second. If there are
several, evaluated left to right.
+ - Evaluated third. If there are
several, evaluated left to right.
= Evaluated last, right to left.
 Expression Evaluation

• Evaluate 8+3*4/2
– DM have higher priority as compared to AS
– All DM get evaluated left to right
8+3*4/2 = 8+ 12/2 = 8+6 = 14
• Evaluate 15-(6+1)+30/(3*2)
15-(6+1)+30/(3*2)= 15-(7)+30/(6)
15-7+5=8+5=13
• Evaluate (95/19)2+3
– (95/19)2+3 = (5)2+3 = 25+3 =28
 Using Parentheses

a+b*c
• Would multiply b * c first, then add a to the result.
• Use parentheses to change the order in which an
expression is evaluated.
• If you really want the sum of a and b to be multiplied by c,
use parentheses to force the evaluation to be done in the
order you want.
(a + b) * c
 Evaluating Expressions
Given integer variables a, b, c, d, and e, where a = 1, b = 2,
c = 3, d = 4, evaluate the following expressions:

a + b - c + d

a * b / c + d

1 + a * b % c
 Evaluating Expressions
Given integer variables a, b, c, d, and e, where a = 1, b = 2,
c = 3, d = 4, evaluate the following expressions:

a + b - c + d =3-3+4=0+4=4

a * b / c + d = 2/3+4=0+4=4

1 + a * b % c =1+2%3=1+2=3
 Increment and Decrement Operators
• The increment operator ++
• The decrement operator --
• Precedence: lower than (), but higher than * / and %
• Associativity: right to left
• Increment and decrement operators can only be applied to
variables, not to constants or expressions
• If we want to add one to a variable, we can say:
count = count + 1 ;
count++ ; OR ++count ;
• Both do the same thing. They change the value of count by
adding one to it.
 Post-Increment Operator
• The position of the ++ determines when the value is
incremented. If the ++ is after the variable, then the
incrementing is done last (a post-increment).

int amount, count ;

count = 3 ;
amount = 2 * count++ ;

• amount gets the value of 2 * 3, which is 6, and then 1 gets

added to count.
• After executing the last line, amount is 6 and count is 4.
 Pre-Increment Operator
• If the ++ is before the variable, then the incrementing is
done first (a pre-increment).

int amount, count ;

count = 3 ;
amount = 2 * ++count ;
• 1 gets added to count first, then amount gets the value of
2 * 4, which is 8.
• After executing the last line, amount is 8 and count is 4.
 Example

int ans, val= 4 ;

Code Val Ans
4 garbage
val = value + 1 ;
val++ ;
++val ;
ans = 2 * val++ ;
ans = ++val / 2 ;
val-- ;
--val ;
ans = --val * 2 ;
ans = val-- / 3 ;
 Example
int ans, val= 4 ;
Code Val Ans
4 garbage
val = val + 1 ; 5
val++ ; 6
++val ; 7
ans = 2 * val++ ; 8 14
ans = ++val / 2 ; 9 4
val-- ; 8
--val ; 7
ans = --val * 2 ; 6 12
ans = val-- / 3 ; 5 2
 Practice Question 1
Given int a = 1, b = 2, c = 3 ;
What is the value of this expression?
++a * b - c--
What are the new values of a, b, and c?

Expression: ++a * b - c--

Value =1
What are the new values of a, b, and c?
a =2 b=2 c=2
 Practice Question 2
Given int a =1, b =2, c =3, d =4 ;
What is the value of this expression?
++b / c + a * d++
What are the new values of a, b, c, and d?

Expression: ++b / c + a * d++

Value = 1+4 =5
What are the new values of a, b, c, and d?
a=1, b=3, c=3, d=5
 Assignment Operators
= += -= *= /= %=
Statement Equivalent Statement
a = a+2 ; a += 2 ;
a = a-3 ; a -= 3 ;
a = a*2 ; a *= 2 ;
a = a/4 ; a /= 4 ;
a = a%2 ; a %= 2 ;
b = b+(c+2); b += c + 2 ;
d =d*(e-5); d *= e - 5 ;
Example:
int i = 1, j = 2, k = 3, m = 4 ;
What is the value of i += j + k * m?
Ans: i=15
Thanks