Pakistan Journal of Engineering and Technology, PakJET

ISSN (p): 2664-2042, ISSN (e): 2664-2050

Volume: 5, Number: 2, Pages: 23- 27, Year: 2022

Transient Stability Analysis of an HPR-1000 Power

Plant using ETAP Software
Muhammad Awais1, Walid Irfan2, Naila Zareen2, and Iftikhar Ahmed1
1
Safety
Analysis Centre, Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority, Pakistan
2
Karachi Institute of Power Engineering, Pakistan (Affiliated with PIEAS)
Corresponding author: Muhammad Awais (e-mail: [email protected])

Received: 5/02/2022, Revised: 01/03/2022, Accepted: 15/05/2022

Abstract- Transient stability analysis has become an important subject, as the world’s demand for electricity is increasing
enormously. Power systems are facing different challenges like degradation of equipment, sudden load changes, switching
operations and installation of new power plants to fulfill the demand and supply mismatch. Transient stability analysis is used
to analyze whether the system will remain in synchronism or not following a disturbance. In this paper, this analysis is
performed for an HPR-1000 nuclear power plant connected to the 500kV network of NTDC (National Transmission &
Dispatch Company) Grid. Different external 3-phase fault scenarios are considered on the 500kV network and simulated
using ETAP (Electric Transient Analyzer Program) software. To analyze the system stability behavior during and after the
fault, generator speed, rotor angle, frequency and bus voltages are monitored. It was observed that the HPR-1000 power
plant-maintained synchronism and remained stable.

Index Terms-- Grid, Transient Stability, ETAP, Power System, Modeling, Simulation
performance, optimize multiple designs, analyze grid responses
I. INTRODUCTION and compare alternatives. In addition, it also allows planning for
changes and foreseeing probable causes of failures. Therefore,
Power system transient stability is the capability of generators transient stability analysis is paramount whenever there is going
to operate synchronously when the system is disturbed [1]. The to be any addition of a power plant, or a big load or any other
most common disturbances that produce instability in power significant change in the network.
systems include short circuits, loss of tie circuit to a public
utility, loss of a portion of on-site generation, switching Pakistan is generating power through various sources and the
installed capacity has doubled in the last decade with thermal
operations, impact loading on motors and abrupt decrease in having the largest share of 59.42%, hydel with a share of
electrical load on generators [2]. In power system, the demand 30.52%, nuclear power plants having a share of 7.82% and other
for electricity is increasing all over the world. In Pakistan, the renewables with 2.23% as can be seen from Fig. 1 [3]. The
power system is facing challenges as line losses are significant, compound annual growth rate of nuclear power plant
much equipment has completed its design life but is still in contribution is highest among all with 17.9% and expected to
operation and there is gap in planning of demand and increase further owing to the increasing energy demands and
generation. Because of all these problems, the grid is not much having less carbon footprint than thermal power plants as well
reliable and there are frequent outages and blackouts. So, it is [4].
necessary to perform transient stability studies before adding
any new plant to the system.
The advent of simulation softwares have made many
problems easier to solve, which were previously considered as a
major hurdle in achieving the desired objective. In power
system, an ideal network never exists. There are always certain
problems, such as demand and supply mismatch, sudden
application or removal of loads, short circuits, etc. which make
the system deviate from ideal conditions. To compensate for
these changes, it was a common practice in the early days to
install excess generating capacity thus providing much more
cushion than the network would need thereby increasing
electricity generation cost per unit. But now planning and
analysis is highly emphasized and use of simulation softwares
has increased with a rapid pace as it helps to evaluate network
FIGURE 1. Fuel-wise Installed Capacity Breakdown
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited.
23
 It has been observed from last two decades that stability HUB-CH U2
Voltage
22 660 92.7
analysis is being focused and performed before finalizing the Control
system configurations. It is also evident from the literature that Voltage
LAHORE-CS-1 20 791.5 143.3
Control
researchers are focused in this area and have used different Voltage
simulation tools to comprehend and solve this problem. Tahir et LAHORE-CS-2 20 791.5 143.3
Control
al. evaluated IEEE 9 bus system for transient conditions using Voltage
P-QASIM U1 22.1 660 65.9
ETAP software [5]. DS Reddy et al. modelled a combined cycle Control
power plant and performed transient stability analysis to ensure Voltage
P-QASIM U2 22.1 660 65.9
optimization of different operating scenarios of the power plant Control
Voltage
for a suitable economic operation [6]. Bind et al. performed ROUSCH-PP
Control
20 350.1 37.8
transient stability analysis of a 9-bus system under different fault Voltage
conditions, using MATLAB [7]. P. Maniraj performed the SAHIWAL-Gen 20 1300 250.1
Control
transient stability analysis of an IEEE 6 bus system in which TABLE II
three phase fault situation is simulated using ETAP software [8]. TRANSFORMER RATINGS
Kavitha R performed transient stability analysis of IEEE 30 bus MVA Sec.
ID Phase Prim. kV %Z
system using ETAP software [9]. Rating kV
T1 3-Phase 800 22 525 15
In this research work, HPR-1000 power plant which produces
1145 MW electric power is considered for stability analysis in T3 3-Phase 800 22 525 15
NTDCs 500kV Network. Since inclusion of such large plants can T5 3-Phase 425 20 525 14.5
cause significant stability issues to the Grid, therefore, transient T6 3-Phase 800 22.1 525 15
analysis is performed by considering different possible fault T7 3-Phase 800 22.1 525 15
scenarios.
T9 3-Phase 800 22 525 15
T11 3-Phase 425 20.2 525 14.5
II. MODELLING OF POWER SYSTEM NETWORK
T12 3-Phase 500 20 525 14.5
The network understudy is a 500kV network consisting
T13 3-Phase 425 20.2 525 14.5
of an HPR-1000 Power Plant having a generation capacity of
T14 3-Phase 1350 24 525 16
1145 MegaWatt(MW), few thermal, hydel, and Combined Cycle
Power Plant (CCPP) connected to the network.All the major grid T16 3-Phase 425 20 525 14.5
stations of NTDC have been modelled using data of certain T18 3-Phase 425 20 525 14.5
components such as bus voltage ratings, bus types, transformers T20 3-Phase 1350 20 525 16
MVA ratings, primary and secondary voltages of transformers, T22 3-Phase 1350 20 525 16
total connected loads etc. which are used in model development T23 3-Phase 1350 20 525 16
and is given in Table I, II, and III. Different reactors, capacitor T24 3-Phase 1350 20 525 16
and Lump loads (80% motor load and 20% static load) are also T26 3-Phase 800 20 525 15
connected in the network at various buses.
T27 3-Phase 800 20 525 15
TABLE I TABLE III
GENERATION BUSSES RATINGS TOTAL CONNECTED LOAD
Generation Bus ID Type kV MW MVAR Constant kVA Constant Z
MW MVAR MW MVAR
Voltage
BALOKI-PP 20 1053.7 175.0 9349.6001 3738.635 2531.385 -1068.29
Control
Voltage
BHIKKI-PP 20 1026 230.5
Control
Voltage A. ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
HPR-1000- 24 1145 182.3
Control
Voltage HPR Hualong one pressurized water reactor
ENGRO U1 20.2 330 50.8
Control
Voltage ETAP Electric transient analyzer program
ENGRO U2 20.2 330 50.8
Control NTDC National transmission and dispatch company
G.BAROTHA-U1 Swing 20 33.95 105.6 kV Kilo volts
Voltage
G.BAROTHA-U2
Control
20 106.2 82.6 MW Mega watts
Voltage MVAR Mega volts ampere reactive
GUDDU-NEW-PP 22 690 131.7
Control MVA Mega volts ampere
Voltage
GUDDU-PP 20 205.4 27.8 T Transformer
Control
Voltage PP Power plant
HB.SHAH-PP 20 1056.6 313.5
Control
Voltage U Unit
HUB-CH U1 22 660 92.7
Control CS Converting station

24
 RPM Revolutions per minute Total Static Load 2502.2 -1070.4 2721.5 91.9
AVR Automatic voltage regulator TABLE VI
SUMMARY OF TOTAL DEMAND AND LOSSES
III. LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS AND ITS RESULT MW MVAR MVA %PF
In ETAP, there are various methods available for load flow Total Demand 11919.4 910.7 11954.2 99.7
analysis, such as Accelerated Gauss-Seidel, Fast-Decoupled, Apparent Losses 171.2 -1757.5
Adaptive Newton Raphson, and Newton Raphson. In this work,
Newton Raphson method is used for load flow analysis of the
network with 99 maximum iterations and 0.0001 solution IV. TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS
precision. Stability or power system stability is defined as the ability of
For load flow analysis Newton Raphson method solves the a system to return to steady state without losing synchronism.
following equations iteratively, Power system stability can be classified into following types as
shown in Fig. 2.
𝐼𝑖 = ∑𝑛𝑗=1|𝑌𝑖𝑗 ||𝑉𝑗 | ∠𝛳𝑖𝑗 + 𝛿𝑗 (1)
𝑃𝑖 − 𝑗𝑄𝑖 = |𝑉𝑗 |∠−𝛿𝑗 ∑𝑛𝑗=1|𝑌𝑖𝑗 ||𝑉𝑗 | ∠𝛳𝑖𝑗 + 𝛿𝑗 (2)
Power System
On separating real and imaginary parts, Stability
𝑃𝑖 = ∑𝑛𝑗=1|𝑌𝑖𝑗 ||𝑉𝐼 ||𝑉𝑗 | cos(𝛳𝑖𝑗 + 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗 ) (3)
𝑄𝑖 = − ∑𝑛𝑗=1|𝑌𝑖𝑗 ||𝑉𝐼 ||𝑉𝑗 | sin⁡( 𝛳𝑖𝑗 + 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑗 ) (4) Steady State Dynamic Transient
Stabilty Stabilty Stabilty
When equation 3 and 4 are expanded using Taylor’s series
about the initial estimate and by neglecting all the higher order
terms, following set of linear equations is obtained,
FIGURE 2. Types of stability
𝜕𝑃2 (𝑘) 𝜕𝑃2 (𝑘) 𝜕𝑃2 (𝑘) 𝜕𝑃2 (𝑘) Steady state stability can be defined as the ability of a system
⋯ ⋯
(𝑘)
∆𝑃2
𝜕𝛿2 𝜕𝛿𝑛
|
𝜕|𝑉2 | 𝜕|𝑉𝑛 | (𝑘)
∆𝛿2 to return to its initial state after small disturbance in the network
⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮
⋮ 𝜕𝑃𝑛 (𝑘) 𝜕𝑃𝑛 (𝑘) | 𝜕𝑃𝑛 (𝑘) 𝜕𝑃𝑛 (𝑘)
⋮ and it usually involves load variations in power system.
(𝑘) ⋯ ⋯ (𝑘)
∆𝑃𝑛 𝜕𝛿2 𝜕𝛿𝑛 𝜕|𝑉2 | 𝜕|𝑉𝑛 | ∆𝛿𝑛
(𝑘) = ⁡ (5) Dynamic stability which usually takes Automatic Voltage
∆𝑄2 𝜕𝑄2 (𝑘) 𝜕𝑄2 (𝑘) 𝜕𝑄2 (𝑘) 𝜕𝑄2 (𝑘) ∆|𝑉2
(𝑘)
|
𝜕𝛿2
⋯
𝜕𝛿𝑛 𝜕|𝑉2 |
⋯
𝜕|𝑉𝑛 | Regulator (AVR) and governor system responses into account
⋮ | ⋮
⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ and is defined as the ability of a system to return to steady state
[∆𝑄𝑛(𝑘)] 𝜕𝑄𝑛 (𝑘) 𝜕𝑄𝑛 (𝑘)
|
𝜕𝑄𝑛 (𝑘) 𝜕𝑄𝑛 (𝑘)
(𝑘)
[∆|𝑉𝑛 |]
⋯ ⋯ following a significant disturbance.
[
𝜕𝛿2 𝜕𝛿𝑛 𝜕|𝑉2 | 𝜕|𝑉𝑛 | ]
Or, in short form, Transient stability can be defined as the ability of a power
system to return to steady state after experiencing a sudden
∆𝑃 𝐽 𝐽2 ∆𝛿 change in generation, load or system characteristics.
[ ]=[1 ][ ] (6)
∆𝑄 𝐽3 𝐽4 ∆|𝑉|
For operation of power plants, stability is important as it may
Where, cause unplanned outage causing significant revenue loss.
∆P and ∆Q represents the difference between specified and Transient stability analysis is used to evaluate the system
calculated values or real and reactive powers respectively. performance as well as the power transfer capability of
transmission lines when subjected to a fault by observing certain
J1, J2, J3, and J4 are the Jacobian matrix elements. parameters such as rotor angle, frequency, speed, and bus
voltage.
∆δ and ∆|V| are the bus angle vectors and voltage magnitude.
After running simulation for load flow analysis, following is the In the present study, two fault cases are considered. In each
summary of load flow analysis as shown in Table IV, V, and VI. case, a three-phase fault is inserted each time with a different bus
TABLE IV location in the network. The simulation is run initially for 1
SUMMARY OF TOTAL GENERATION
second for pre-fault steady state values. The fault is inserted at
selected locations for duration of 100 milli seconds (5 cycles) at
MW MVAR MVA %PF
1 second. The fault is cleared at 1.1 second along with the
Source (Swing tripping of a transmission line as shown in Table VII. The
1296.4 18.1 1296.5 99.9
Buses)
simulation is run for a total time of 20 seconds subsequently. For
Source (Non-
Swing Buses)
10623.1 892.5 10660.5 99.6 each case, certain parameters such as bus frequency, bus voltage,
TABLE V generator speed, generator relative rotor angle etc. are monitored
SUMMARY OF TOTAL LOADING and the graphs are plotted for a total time of 20 seconds.
MW MVAR MVA %PF
Total Motor
9349.6 3738.6 10069.3 92.8 TABLE VII
Load
FAULT SCENARIOS

25
Case No. 3-Phase Fault Location Transmission Line Outage

1. HPR-1000 500kV bus

HPR-1000 - JAMSHORO From Fig. 5, it can be seen that the bus voltage dropped to
500kV S/C out zero as the fault was on the HPR-1000 500kV bus which is a
near end fault and has a huge impact on the generators. As the
HPR-1000 - JAMSHORO
2. JAMSHORO 500kV bus
500kV S/C out
fault is cleared at 1.1 s the voltage reaches a steady state to its
initial value after some oscillations at around 6 s.

V. RESULTS OF ANALYSIS
A. Case 1
For case 1, a 3-phase fault was inserted on the 500kV bus of
HPR-1000. This is a near end fault and its severity is much more
than a far end fault. For this scenario, the observed parameters of
HPR-1000 power plant include generator rotor angle, frequency
and bus voltage. It can be seen from Fig. 3 that, when the 3-
phase fault occurred at the 500kV bus of HPR-1000 power plant,
the frequency increases by 0.6% at the time of fault and there is a
spike in frequency for a short interval of time. As the fault is
cleared, the frequency reaches its steady value after some
damping oscillations thus maintaining stability.
FIGURE 5. Bus Voltage

B. Case 2

For case 2, the observed parameters of HPR-1000 power

plant include generator speed, rotor angle and bus voltage. It can
be seen from Fig. 6 that when the 3-phase fault occurred at
JAMSHORO bus, the speed of generator increases to 1512.50
RPM from its initial value of 1500 RPM at the time of fault
which is indicated by the spike in the plot at 1.1 s. As the fault is
cleared, the speed reaches its initial value after some oscillations
at 7 s and stability is maintained.

FIGURE 3. Bus Frequency

Similarly, from Fig. 4, it can be seen that the generator rotor

angle deviated from its initial value and reached 70 degrees
within short interval of time. As the fault is cleared at 1.1 s the
rotor angle reaches a steady state value at 6 s after some
oscillations.

FIGURE 6. Generator Speed

Similarly, from Fig. 7, it can be seen that the generator rotor

angle deviated from its initial value and reached 88 degrees
within short interval of time. As the fault is cleared at 1.1 s the
rotor angle reaches a steady state value at 7 s after some
oscillations.

FIGURE 4. Generator Rotor Angle

26
 VI. CONCLUSION

In present study, NTDC 500kV network is modelled with HPR-

1000 in ETAP software which is really helpful in analyzing the
transient stability of system. The load flow analysis is performed
afterwards using Newton Raphson method to obtain the initial
conditions as it serves as the basis for transient stability analysis.
The transient stability analysis performed in different scenarios
demonstrates that the system remains in synchronism after the
occurrence of a fault. Parameters of HPR-1000 such as speed,
frequency, voltage and rotor angle for different fault scenarios
show that HPR-1000 will remain stable and maintain
synchronism under different fault scenarios.
FIGURE 7. Generator Rotor Angle
VII. REFERENCES
From Fig. 8, it can be seen that in this case as the fault was away
from the 500kV bus of HPR-1000, so the bus voltage did not [1] P. Kundur, N. J. Balu, and M. G. Lauby, Power system stability and control,
drop to zero as was seen in the previous case. As the fault is New York: McGraw-hill, 1994. pp.30-46
cleared at 1.1s, the voltage increases to its initial value after some [2] IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
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[3] Chapter 14, Economic Survey of Pakistan 2020-21, pp. 285–296, July 2021.
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FIGURE 8. Bus Voltage
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[8] P. Maniraj and M. Yuvaraj, “Transient Stability Analysis for 6 Bus System
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above discussed scenarios is shown in Table VIII. It was
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parameters also returned to a steady state value which can be [9] Kavitha R, “Transient Stability of IEEE-30 bus system using E-TAP
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No Location Outage Parameter
1 HPR-1000 HPR-1000 to 3 Bus Stable
500kV Bus JAMSHORO Frequency
S/C 4 Generator Stable
Angle
5 Bus Voltage Stable
2 JAMSHORO HPR-1000 to 6 Generator Stable
500kV Bus JAMSHORO Speed
S/C 7 Generator Stable
Angle
8 Bus Voltage Stable

27