International Conference on Current Trends in Computer, Electrical, Electronics and Communication (ICCTCEEC-2017)

Output Maximization by Modeling and Simulation

of Hybrid Wind/Photovoltaic Standalone
Generation

Rakshith P Jahnavi R Bhat, Ashwini M, Rakshitha C R and

Asst. professor, Vinay kumar sharma
EEE Department, VVCE 8th sem
Mysore, India EEE Department, VVCE
[email protected] Mysore, India
[email protected]

Abstract— This paper illustrate the hybrid system of both day, the demand for the electricity increases but the source is
Wind energy system and Photovoltaic module, which is simulated not enough to meet the load demand. So these energy sources
in MATLAB/SIMULINK software. In which a SEPIC (DC/DC can be used to bridge the gap between supply and demand
converter) converter is used to convert the varying DC voltage to during peak loads [2]. The PV system is powered by the solar
a constant output voltage by using its control mechanism. MPPT energy, which is abundantly available in nature. When the
is in charge for extracting the maximum possible output power light incident on the PV cells which converted into electrical
from the photovoltaic and the wind energy system. In this paper energy by solar energy harvesting means [3]. In the WES,
Incremental conductance (InCond) method is used as the wind turbine is used to convert wind energy to rotational
algorithm in our MPPT block. The simulated system proposed
mechanical energy and this mechanical energy available at the
uses a three-level, three phases, twelve pulse inverter for
turbine shaft is converted to electrical energy using a
converting DC voltage generated by the photovoltaic model and
the wind energy system to AC voltage at desired frequency and permanent magnet synchronous generator(PMSG) due to its
voltage level. The usage of three-level inverter reduces Total advantages like it eliminates gear box, low maintain cost and
Harmonic Distortion (THD) in output voltage. Solar PV system simple in control mechanism [4][5]. The output of the PV
primarily powers DC and AC loads with battery storage option. system and WES is given to DC-DC SEPIC converter, due to
Lead-acid batteries are used due to their large availability in its own advantages and it gives non- inverted output voltages
many sizes, low cost and well firm performance characteristics. [7]. The output of the generator is AC therefore universal
The importance of developing MPPT (Maximum Power bridge is used before the output of the WES is given it to the
Tracking) algorithms is demonstrated by analyzing the effect of SEPIC. A simple control technique which is also cost effective
shading on the PV system efficiency. and has been projected to track maximum power point, is
called maximum power point tracking technique (MPPT) and
The main concentration here is to develop a system to make this is used under incessantly changing atmospheric and
use of the renewable energy source (i.e., Photovoltaic and Wind shading conditions because MPP varies with change in
power) which is available in the vicinity to provide power to the temperature, wind speed and irradiation. Incremental
isolated loads and increases the efficiency of the system by conductance (INCond) is a method, which is frequently found
implementing MPPT technique. algorithm in use because of its easy in implementation and
effective tracking [6]. To feed to the load AC supply is
Index Terms- Photovoltaic (PV), Wind Energy System
(WES), SEPIC converter, Maximum Power Point Tracking
necessary hence three phase three level twelve pulse inverter
(MPPT), Three-level Inverter, Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). is used to convert DC to AC, and it reduces the THD [8]. If
excess of power is generated, that will be stored in the battery
and it supplies the load when there is no supply [9].
I. INTRODUCTION
A simulation model is developed in Matlab/Simulink. This
Renewable energy sources have become a popular kind of small scale stand-alone power generating systems can
substitute electrical energy source where power generation in also be used in remote areas where conventional power
conventional ways is not practical [1]. Among various generation is impractical.
renewable sources Solar and Wind are the world’s fastest
growing energy resources, with no emission of pollutants,
energy conversion is done through Wind and PV. As day-by-

978-1-5386-3243-7/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE.

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 International Conference on Current Trends in Computer, Electrical, Electronics and Communication (ICCTCEEC-2017)

II. OBJECTIVE converts it to 420V AC. The input to the battery should be a
The main objective of the project is to implement a power constant voltage for smooth charging of the battery. In the
system (i.e., hybrid of both photovoltaic and wind power) in absence of this input power, battery can supply the load for
SIMULINK software and to apply various methods and limited period.
techniques to maximize the output power of the system.
x To trace the maximum power point of operation the B. PV Cell Modeling
PV panel and wind power system irrespective of the
changes in the environmental conditions. Photovoltaic cell is the bone of the PV system and
x PMSG is used as the generator to convert mechanical semiconductor material such as silicon and germanium are
energy into electrical energy. used. When photons hit the surface of solar cell, the electrons
x To simulate a single ended primary inductance and holes are generated by breaking the covalent bond inside
converter (SEPIC) to maintain a constant DC output the atom of semiconductor material and in response electric
voltage. field are formed by creating positive and negative terminals.
x Significance of using SEPIC converter in handling
the impact of shading effect on output voltage of the When these terminals are connected by a conductor an electric
system. current will start flowing. This electricity is used to power a
x A 12-pulse inverter is to be designed which is used to load. A single cell will generate very low voltage of about
reduce the total harmonics distortion (THD) in the 0.4V, so when we need higher voltage, we connect PV cell in
system. series and if load demand is high current then we connect PV
x To show how 12 pulse 3 level Inverter is cell in parallel.
advantageous than 6 pulse 3 level Inverter by FFT
analysis. The Model type we have selected here is Sun Power SPR-305-
WHT. The specifications given are as follows:
x Battery is used to store the excess power generated
No. of cells per module=96, Irradiance=1000W/m2, Constant
and later supply it to the load if required.
temperature =250 C, Voc = 64.2V, Isc = 5.96A, Vmp =54.7,
Imp =5.58A.
III. METHODOLOGY

A. System Architecture

The block diagram of the proposed architecture is shown in

Fig.1. (1)

SOLAR SEPIC
PANEL CONVERTER No. of parallel string

3 LEVEL LOAD
INVERTER

WIND SEPIC
TURBINE CONVERTER
(2

BATTERY

C. Wind Energy System Modeling

Fig.1 Block diagram of proposed architecture
Wind turbine converts kinetic energy of air i.e. wind power
The input source is solar power for solar system, and into mechanical power i.e. rotating motion of the turbine that
for wind speed for wind system. Due to the atmospheric can be used directly to run the generator. Power captured by
changes, the output of the solar system and wind may increase wind turbine blade is a concomitant of the blade shape, the
or decreases. Therefore, the output of the solar panel and the pitch angle, speed of rotation, radius of the rotor. The equation
wind turbine is fed through a SEPIC converter with a closed for the power generated is shown below.
loop PI controller to keep the output of the solar panel and the
wind turbine voltage to a constant value of 500V DC.
The battery will be charged from this output. The output of PM = πρCP(λ,β)R2V3 (3)
the SEPIC is fed to a 3 level 3 phase 12 pulse inverter which

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 International Conference on Current Trends in Computer, Electrical, Electronics and Communication (ICCTCEEC-2017)

Where, Inverter produces the harmonics and affects the power

PM– Power captured by wind turbine factor the system. Therefore, reduction of the total harmonics
ρ – Air density (THD) is very important specially for high power applications.
β –Pitch angle (in degrees) The main objective of the PWM is to control the inverter
R– Blade radius (in meters) output voltage and to reduce the harmonic content in the
V– Wind speed (in m/s) output voltage.

.
D. DC-DC Converter
IV. SIMULATION IN MATLAB
The most efficient manner of regulating voltage
through a circuit is by a DC-DC converter. Buck-boost PV array delivers a maximum of 25 kW at 1000 W/m2 sun
converters are cheaper because they have one inductor and a irradiance and wind system delivers a maximum of 20kW at
11.7m/s wind speed. The SEPIC converter increases the
capacitor in their design. On the other hand, these converters
voltage from PV and WES natural voltage (272 V DC at
are put up with a high amount of input current ripple, which
maximum power) to 500 V DC. The switching duty cycle is
can cause harmonics. This often makes the buck-boost optimized by the MPPT controller that uses the-Incremental
expensive or inefficient. The output voltage of buck-boost Conductance technique. A 5kHz 3-level 3-phase 12 pulse
converters is inverted which is again a disadvantage. A Cuk Inverter(VSC), inverts the 500 V DC to 420 V AC and keeps
converter uses an extra capacitor and an inductor hence it in unity power factor. A 10-kvar capacitor bank filters
solving both of these problems. Nonetheless, both Cuk and harmonics produced by Voltage Source Constant (VSC).
buck-boost converter cause large amounts of electrical stress
on the components, this can result in device failure or The simulation model of the hybrid system is as shown in
overheating. SEPIC converters solve both of these problems Fig. 2
[7].
The duty cycle of SEPIC converter is varied by using
MPPT algorithm. A SEPIC converter is used on the load side
and a solar panel and the WES is used to power this converter.

E. Maximum Power Point Tracking technique

The efficiency of a solar PV cell and WES is very low in

order to increase it, methods such as Maximum Power Point
Tracking (MPPT) is used. There are numerous MPPT
algorithms, which have been published. The aspects from
which they differ is complexity, sensors required, cost or
efficiency. MPPT technique is used to obtain the maximum
possible power from a varying source in photovoltaic systems
and WES the I-V curve is non-linear thereby making it
difficult to be used to power a certain load. The change in the
MPP voltage in incremental conductance algorithm can be
determined with the slope of the curve power vs. voltage
(current) of the PV module and WES, and by comparing the
increment of the power vs. the increment of the voltage Fig. 2 Simulink model of the hybrid system.
(current) between two consecutives samples. The above Simulink model is made to run for 1 second and
observation of the following sequence of events was made
F. Multilevel Inverter through scopes available. Various irradiance changes and the
wind speed are applied in order to illustrate the good
performance of the MPPT controller. This can be observed in
An inverter is used to convert DC to AC power at a desired Fig.3 (a) and Fig.3 (b), and the respective I-V and P-V
AC voltage. The better method for powerful output can be characteristics of PV Module and the WES can be observed in
done by using pulse width modulation control (PWM). By Fig. 4.
implementing this method, a constant dc input voltage is
disposed into the inverter. Also an unflappable ac output
voltage is accessed by regulating the on and off duration of the
inverter units. PWM techniques are represented by fixed
amplitude [8].

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Fig.3 (a) Input to the solar system (Irradiance in W/m2)

Fig.5 (a) PV system output with fluctuation.

Fig.3 (b) Input to the wind system (wind speed in m/s)

Fig. 5(b) Wind system output with fluctuation.

The output voltage before using SEPIC converter is

shown in Fig.5 (a) and Fig.5 (b). Output voltage of the hybrid
system after maximum power point tracing are manifested in
the Fig.6. We can observe that the fluctuations in the output
voltage are eliminated and it is maintaining a constant voltage
at 500V DC.

Fig.4 (a) I-V and P-V characteristics of PV Module

Red dots on blue curves indicate module manufacturer

specifications (Voc, Isc, Vmp, Imp) under standard test
conditions. Fig.6 Output Voltage of SEPIC Converter

A 5 kHz 3-level 3-phase 12 pulse Inverter is designed

by using a block in Matlab Simulink library. The output
voltage waveform of the Inverter is as shown in Fig.7 and
Fig.8

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Fig.7 Output Line Voltage of 3 phase Inverter

Fig.10 FFT Analysis (12 Pulse)

PV array are exposed to the shading condition, this

can be seen in Fig.11. As we can observe from Fig. 11
partially shaded PV modules generate less voltage than the
unshaded module, which can be observed in Fig.12.
Fig.8 Output Phase to ground Voltage of three phase Inverter The SEPIC converter plays a significant role and converts all
the input voltages to 500V DC output keeping the Output
The power quality improvement was done in power unaffected.
simulation by using multilevel Inverter, which reduces the
harmonics. FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) analysis was carried The simulation of the whole system is carried out in different
out for both 6th pulse and 12pulse 3phase Inverter and the irradiance levels.
value of 3rd and 5th harmonics were observed. With increase of
pulse in the inverter (from 6 to 12), the total harmonic
distortion (THD) has found to be reduced (nearly by half the
value) and efficiency of the system has increased.

Fig.9 FFT Analysis(6Pulse)

Fig. 11 Partial Shading Condition

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 International Conference on Current Trends in Computer, Electrical, Electronics and Communication (ICCTCEEC-2017)

Fig.13 Output of the battery a) SOC (%) b) Current (A) c) Voltage (V)

VS. Time(s)

We can observe that during charging, state of charge (SOC) of

Fig.12 Analyses of Voltage and Power at different Irradiance
the battery is gradually increasing and also during charging
current is negative. As state of charge of battery is increased
The variation in output voltage, Output power, SEPIC voltage battery voltage exceeded to its nominal voltage.
with respect to the input irradiance is noted down in a table
form at in Table 1.
V. CONCLUSION
TABLE 1
In this hybrid model maximum power was achieved by using
maximum power point tracking system. The PV and WES
ANALYSIS OF VOLTAGE AND POWER AT DIFFEREANT
output characteristics are simulated under different irradiation
IRRADIANVE levels and wind speed.
SEPIC converter is used to maintain constant voltage of 500V
Irradiance PV Array SEPIC Output Output at different irradiance levels and wind speeds. The output of
(w/m2) voltage output Power voltage the inverter is 415V at 50Hz AC. The harmonic distortions
(V) voltage (V) (kw) (V) present in the load current and voltage waveforms were
observed and calculated the THD through FFT analysis tool in
1000 310 500 10 415
Matlab/Simulink. The system generates total power of 10kW.
900 280 500 10 415 The functionality of the proposed power converter has been
800 250 500 10 415 demonstrated by simulation and the obtained results are
700 240 500 10 415 satisfactory.
600 230 500 10 415
References
500 220 500 10 415
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400 215 500 10 415 Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review, 2000, 31
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200 250 500 10 415 simple maximum power point tracking control,ǁ IPEMC 2006, IEEE,
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[4] T. Taftichat, K. Agbossou, ―Output power maximization of a
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[5] ] S. Rahmani, Ab. Hamadi, A. Ndtoungou, ―Performance evaluation of

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