Grade 12

Mathematics

Maths and Science Infinity

CAPS Syllabus
Trigonometry
Trigonometric Functions

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Thulani Mjikwa

Senior Facilitator & Strategic Interventionist

 CONCEPT HOW TO LEARN IT? RELEVANT FORMULAE AND
KEYWORDS
Reduction formula Master the properties of all 4 quadrants. First quadrant: 𝜃

Second quadrant: 180° − 𝜃

Third quadrant: 180° + 𝜃

Fourth quadrant: 360° − 𝜃

Definition of the Trigonometry functions regarding the Simplify

4 quadrants.
Show that:
All angles must be expressed in the form of an acute
angle.

𝜃 is always regarded as an acute angle.

Reduction formula is applied when simplifying

trigonometry expressions that comprises of:
180° ± 𝜃 or 360° − 𝜃
Classify angles according to quadrants they belong to. Practice exam type questions.

Know the reduction formulae very well and know the

correct use.
Always relate to angles to 180° ± 𝜃 or 360° − 𝜃 Practice exam type questions.

90° ± can be used but remember to change the name

(co-functions).

sin(90° − 𝜃) = + cos 𝜃

sin(90° + 𝜃) = + cos 𝜃

cos(90° − 𝜃) = + sin 𝜃

cos(90° + 𝜃) = −sin 𝜃

Note: use 90° ± only if you do not have a choice.

DO NOT TOUCH 270° ±

Negative angle (−𝜃)

sin(−𝜃) = − sin 𝜃

cos(−𝜃) = + cos 𝜃

tan(−𝜃) = − tan 𝜃

Simplifying a trigonometry expression.

3
Identities Square identity 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1

Quotient identity sin 𝜃

tan 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
Special angles Master the properties of equilateral triangles and 45° 30°; 45°; 60° and 90°
isosceles triangles.
0°; 180°; 270° and 360°

Angles that involve: Without the use of a calculator.

30°; 45°; 60° and 90° Leave your answer in surd form.

0°; 180°; 270° and 360°

Use an equilateral triangle to construct and design Practice exam type questions.
special angles.

Use an isosceles triangle of 45° to construct and

design special angles.
Reduce any angle to be one of the following; Practice exam type questions.

30°; 45°; 60° and 90°

Solutions are always expressed as a common fraction

in surd form.

4
Trigonometric equations without Master the Pythagoras’ theorem
using a calculator
Trigonometric ratios.

(𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑠𝑒)2 = (𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒)2 + (𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡)2

𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
sin 𝜃 =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒

𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
cos 𝜃 =
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒

𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
tan 𝜃 =
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
Application of Pythagoras’ theorem Determine: sin 𝜃, cos 𝜃 or tan 𝜃

Ratios of Sine; Cosine and Tangent (SOH CAH TOA).

Sketching a right-angled triangle in the appropriate

quadrant.

Solutions must be always expressed as a common

fraction.
Identify appropriate quadrants where the angle lies. Practice exam type questions.
In the appropriate quadrant correctly draw the right –
angled triangle that describes the trig equation.

5
 Master the Pythagoras’ theorem and trigonometric Practice exam type questions.
ratios.

Sketching a right-angled triangle in the appropriate

quadrant.
Compound – angle identities Express any angle in the form of: (𝜃 + 𝛽) or (𝜃 − 𝛽) sin(𝜃 + 𝛽) = sin 𝜃 cos 𝛽 + sin 𝛽 cos 𝜃

sin(𝜃 − 𝛽) = sin 𝜃 cos 𝛽 − sin 𝛽 cos 𝜃

cos(𝜃 + 𝛽) = cos 𝜃 cos 𝛽 − sin 𝜃 sin 𝛽

cos(𝜃 − 𝛽) = cos 𝜃 cos 𝛽 + sin 𝜃 sin 𝛽

Sum and difference of angles in a given trigonometric Show that

function.
Prove that
Product of Sine and Cosine
Master simplification of compound angles. Practice exam type questions.

Try and spot the “Algebra” in the question and

relate it to the trigonometry.
Express any angle in the form of: (𝜃 + 𝛽) or (𝜃 − 𝛽) Practice exam type questions.

Simplifying the trigonometric identities.

Double – angle identities Express any angle in the form of 2𝜃 sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃

cos 2𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

cos 2𝜃 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 1

cos 2𝜃 = 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

6
 Angles that are multiplied by 2. Show that

Prove that
Master simplification of compound angles. Practice exam type questions.

Express any angle in the form of 2𝜃 Practice exam type questions.

Simplifying the trigonometry identities.

Trigonometric equations and The domain is open: (−∞ ; ∞) Sine:
general solutions
Master the periods of different trigonometric functions 𝜃 = 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 + 360°𝑘

and

𝜃 = (180° − 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 ) + 360°𝑘

where: 𝑘 ∈ ℤ
Cosine:
𝜃 = 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 + 360°𝑘

and

𝜃 = (360° − 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 ) + 360°𝑘

where: 𝑘 ∈ ℤ
Tangent:

𝜃 = 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 + 180°𝑘

where: 𝑘 ∈ ℤ

7
 Solution of trigonometry equations without domain General solution
given.

Trigonometry equations have infinite solutions.

Periods of trigonometric functions.

Master how to solve for the reference angle. Practice exam type questions

Master the period for the trigonometry function you Know how to use your calculator to find an angle
are dealing with.
Master that +360°𝑘 is for sine and cosine. Practice exam type questions

Master that +180°𝑘 is for tangent.

Determine the reference angle.

State the periods of the trig ratio you are dealing with.
Restrictions on identities Master how to sketch the graph of original Range: 𝑦 ∈ [−1 ; 1] for sine and cosine
trigonometric functions.
Range: 𝑦 ∈ ℝ for tangent.

Domain: 𝜃 ≠ ±90° + 180°𝑘 for tangent

Domain: 𝜃 ∈ (−∞ ; ∞) for sine and cosine

Conditions of a common fraction regarding a Where is the identity not valid

denominator NOT equal to ZERO.

−1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 for Sine and Cosine.

tan(90° ± 180°𝑘) is undefined where 𝑘 ∈ ℤ

8
 Master the domain and range for different Practice exam type questions
trigonometry functions.

Integrate the concept of numbers in number operations

e.g.:

sin 𝜃
√tan 𝜃, tan 𝜃 ≥ 0 and , cos 𝜃 ≠ 0
cos 𝜃

Master the range and domain of trigonometric Practice exam type questions
functions.

Specify restrictions all times.

Trigonometric graphs Master how to sketch the graph of original 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 sin 𝑏(𝑐𝑥 ± 𝑝) ± 𝑞
trigonometric functions.
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑎 cos 𝑏(𝑐𝑥 ± 𝑝) ± 𝑞

ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑎 tan 𝑏(𝑐𝑥 ± 𝑝) ± 𝑞

Transformation of graphs, that is, translation and Period
reflection.
Amplitude

Frequency
Be always in the know of the domain and range of the Practice exam type questions.
trig graphs.
Know how to sketch a graph.

Know how to read off from a graph.

Master sketching the graphs of: Practice exam type questions.

𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 and ℎ(𝑥) = tan 𝑥

9
 Transformation of graphs.
Trigonometric formulae Know how to substitute into the correct formula and 1
when to use which one. 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶̂
2

sin 𝐴̂ sin 𝐵̂ sin 𝐶̂

= =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴̂
Area rule is for the area of a non-right-angled triangle. Area

Cosine rule is when three sides are given or two Side

sides and the included angle.
Angle
Sine rule is for the rest of the time.
Use these formulae when it is a non-right-angled Apply your knowledge.
triangle.

In a right-angled triangle, it is theorem of Pythagoras.

Expect this question at the end of the trigonometric This is usually the real-life application.
section.

The more sums you practice the better you will

become.

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For: 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃(𝒙 − 𝒑) + 𝒒, 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒃(𝒙 − 𝒑) + 𝒒 and 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒙 − 𝒑) + 𝒒
1
𝑎: 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 = 2 (𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑦𝑚𝑖𝑛 )

𝑏: Co-efficient of an angle used to calculate the period.

Effects of 𝒑 and 𝒒 on the graph.

𝑝 > 0: the graph moves 𝑝 degrees to the left.

𝑝 < 0: the graph moves 𝑝 degrees to the right.

𝑞 > 0: the graph moves 𝑞 units vertically up.

𝑞 < 0: the graph moves 𝑞 units vertically down.

Period:

For: 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑎 cos 𝑏𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑎 tan 𝑏𝑥

360°
Sine graph and Cosine graph: Period = 𝑏

180°
Tangent graph: Period = 𝑏

Scale:

With no transformation:

Period
Sine graph and Cosine graph: 4

Tangent graph: 45°

With transformation:

Sine graph and Cosine graph: (90° − 𝑝), 𝑝 > 0

Tangent graph: (45° − 𝑝), 𝑝>0

Domain: Always given, it is not the same as the period.

Range: 𝑦𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 , used closed brackets, start with the minimum to maximum value
For which values of 𝒙 will:

𝑓′(𝑥) > 0 Positive gradient 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing

𝑓′(𝑥) < 0 Negative gradient 𝑓(𝑥) is decreasing

𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥) > 0 Case 1: 𝑓(𝑥) > 0 & 𝑔(𝑥) > 0 Positive product

Case 2: 𝑓(𝑥) < 0 & 𝑔(𝑥) < 0

𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥) < 0 Case 1: 𝑓(𝑥) < 0 & 𝑔(𝑥) > 0 Negative product

Case 2: 𝑓(𝑥) > 0 & 𝑔(𝑥) < 0

𝑓(𝑥) > 0 𝑦 – values are greater than zero 𝑦 is above the 𝑥 – axis

𝑓(𝑥) < 0 𝑦 – values are less than zero 𝑦 is below the 𝑥 – axis

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 Gradient is zero At the turning point

𝑓′(𝑥) > 0 and 𝑔′(𝑥) > 0 Both gradients are positive Both graphs are increasing

𝑓′(𝑥) < 0 and 𝑔′(𝑥) < 0 Both gradients are negative Both graphs are decreasing

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) Both graph are equal Both graphs have the same
𝑥 – value and the 𝑦 –
value
𝑥. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 Case 1: 𝑥 × 𝑚 Positive product

Case 2: −𝑥 × −𝑚 Value of 𝑥 multiplied by

the gradient
𝑥. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 Case 1: 𝑥 × −𝑚 Negative product

Case 2: −𝑥 × 𝑚 Value of 𝑥 multiplied by

the gradient
𝑓(𝑥). 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 Case 1: 𝑦 × 𝑚 Positive product

Case 2: −𝑦 × −𝑚 Value of 𝑦 multiplied by

the gradient
𝑓(𝑥). 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 Case 1: −𝑦 × 𝑚 Negative product

Case 2: 𝑦 × −𝑚 Value of 𝑦 multiplied by

the gradient

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Finding the value of an unknown variable:

For one unknown variable:

Substitute the coordinates of one point lying on the curve into the equation and solve for the
variable.

For two unknown variables:

Substitute the coordinates of two points lying on the curve into the equation separately to have
two equations. Solve the two equations simultaneously.

Finding the coordinates of the point of intersection:

Point of intersection: a point where graph 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥).

Equate the two equations

Solve simultaneously

Substitute with integers for the size of an angle.

Co-functions can be used in the case of Sine and Cosine.

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Example 1:
1
Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 sin 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2 sin 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ [0° ; 360°]

1.1 Sketch the graphs of 𝑓 and 𝑔 on the same set of axes.

1.2 Write down the amplitude, range domain and period of 𝑓 and 𝑔.

1.3 The graphs are in the form 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑥:

Compare the amplitudes and range of 𝑓, 𝑔 and 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 and comment on the effect of
𝑎.

Example 2:

Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 + 2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 − 1 , 𝑥 ∈ [0° ; 360°]

2.1 Sketch the graphs of 𝑓 and 𝑔 on the same set of axes.

2.2 Write down the amplitude, range domain and period of 𝑓 and 𝑔.

2.3 The graphs are in the form 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 + 𝑞:

Compare the amplitudes and range of 𝑓, 𝑔 and 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 and comment on the effect of
𝑞.

Example 3:
1
Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 tan 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2 tan 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ [0° ; 360°]

3.1 Sketch the graphs of 𝑓 and 𝑔 on the same set of axes.

3.2 If there is a point with coordinates (45° ; 𝑎), in the graphs of 𝑓, 𝑔 and 𝑦 = tan 𝑥,
Write down the value of 𝑎 in the graphs of 𝑓, 𝑔 and 𝑦 = tan 𝑥.

3.3 The graphs are in the form 𝑦 = 𝑎 tan 𝑥:

Compare and comment on the values of 𝑎 in the graphs of 𝑓, 𝑔 and 𝑦 = tan 𝑥.

14
Example 4:
1
Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 2𝑥, ℎ(𝑥) = sin 4𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = sin 2 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ [0° ; 360°]

4.1 Sketch the graphs of 𝑓, ℎ and 𝑔 on the same set of axes.

4.2 Write down the period of 𝑓, ℎ and 𝑔

4.3 The graphs are in the form 𝑦 = sin 𝑘𝑥:

Compare the periods of 𝑎 in the graphs of 𝑓, ℎ, 𝑔 and 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 , then comment on
the effect of 𝑘.

Example 5:

Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = cos(𝑥 − 60°), ℎ(𝑥) = cos(𝑥 + 30°) and 𝑔(𝑥) = sin(𝑥 − 90°) ,
𝑥 ∈ [0° ; 360°].

5.1 Sketch the graphs of 𝑓, ℎ and 𝑔 on the same set of axes.

5.2 The graphs are in the form 𝑦 = cos(𝑥 + 𝑝):

Compare the graphs of 𝑓, ℎ, 𝑔 and 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 , then comment on the shifting.

15
Activity 1
Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 2𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = sin(𝑥 + 60°) for 𝑥 ∈ [−90°; 180°].
1.1 Solve for 𝑥 if 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) and 𝑥 ∈ [−90°; 180°]. (5)
1.2 Sketch the graphs of 𝑓 and 𝑔 on the same system of axes for 𝑥 ∈ [−90°; 180°].
Clearly show ALL intercepts with the axes, points of intersection as well as
turning points. (6)
3
1.3 Write down the period of 𝑔 (2 𝑥). (1)

1.4 Determine ℎ if ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥 − 45°) − 1. (2)

[14]
Activity 2
Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = sin(𝑥 − 30°) and 𝑔(𝑥) = cos 3𝑥 𝑥 ∈ [−90°; 90°].
2.1 Write down the period of 𝑔. (1)
2.2 Draw the sketch graphs of 𝑓 and 𝑔 on the same system of axes for
𝑥 ∈ [−90°; 90°]. Clearly show ALL intercepts with the axes, points of intersection
as well as turning points and end points of both curves. (6)
2.3 Use the graphs to determine the value(s) of 𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ [−90°; 90°], where:
2.3.1 𝑓(𝑥) > 𝑔(𝑥) (2)
2.3.2 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥) > 0 (2)
2.4 Determine the range of ℎ(𝑥) = 2𝑓(𝑥) − 1. (2)
[13]
Activity 3
Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + sin 𝑥 and g(𝑥) = cos 2𝑥
3.1 Calculate the points of intersection of the graphs of 𝑓 and g for 𝑥 ∈ [180°; 360°]. (7)
3.2 Draw sketch graphs of 𝑓 and g for 𝑥 ∈ [180°; 360°] on the same system of axes
on the DIGRAM SHEET. (4)
3.3 For which values of 𝑥 will 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ g(𝑥) for 𝑥 ∈ [180°; 360°]. (3)
[14]

16
Activity 4
Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 cos 𝑥 and g(𝑥) = tan 2𝑥
4.1 Sketch the graphs of 𝑓 and g on the same system of axes on DIAGRAM SHEET,
for 𝑥 ∈ [−90°; 90°]. (6)
4.2 Solve for 𝑥 if 2 cos 𝑥 = tan 2𝑥 and 𝑥 ∈ [−90°; 90°]. Show ALL working details. (8)
4.3 Use the graph to solve for 𝑥: 2 cos 𝑥 tan 2𝑥 > 0. (4)
𝑥
4.4 Write down the period of 𝑓 ( ). (2)
2

4.5 Write down the equations of the asymptotes of g(𝑥 − 25°), where 𝑥 ∈ [−90°; 90°]. (2)
[22]
Activity 5
The sketch below shows the graphs of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑞 + cos 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = sin 𝑝𝑥 for
𝑥 ∈ [−180°; 180°].

5.1 Write down the values of 𝑝 and 𝑞. (2)

5.2 Write down the range of 𝑓. (1)
5.3 Use the graphs to answer the following:
5.3.1 Explain how you would solve the equation (2 sin 𝑥 − 1) cos 𝑥 = 1. (2)
5.3.2 Give ONE solution to the equation in Activity 5.3.1. (1)
[6]

17
Activity 6
Sketched below are the graphs of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = tan(𝑥 − 45°) and g(𝑥) = 3 sin 𝑥 for
𝑥 ∈ [−180°; 180°].

6.1 Write down the equations of the asymptotes of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) for 𝑥 ∈ [−90°; 180°]. (2)
6.2 Describe the transformation for graph of 𝑓 to ℎ if ℎ(𝑥) = tan(45° − 𝑥). (2)
6.3 The period of g is reduced to 180° and the amplitude and 𝑦-intercept remain the
same. Write down the equation of the resulting function. (2)
[6]

18
Activity 7
The graphs of the functions 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 tan 𝑥 and g(𝑥) = 𝑏 cos 𝑥 for 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 270° are shown in
the diagram below. The point (225°; 2) lies on 𝑓. The graphs intersect at points P and Q.

7.1 Determine the numerical values of 𝑎 and 𝑏. (4)

7.2 Determine the minimum value of 𝑔(𝑥) + 2. (2)
1
7.3 Determine the period of 𝑓 ( 𝑥) (2)
2

7.4 Show that, if the 𝑥-coordinate of P is 𝜃, then the 𝑥-coordinate of Q is (180° − 𝜃). (4)
[12]

19
Activity 8
The graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = −2 sin 𝑥 is drawn below.

8.1 Write down the period of 𝑓. (1)

𝑓(𝑥)
8.2 Write down the amplitude of ℎ if ℎ(𝑥) = . (2)
4

8.3 Draw the graph of 𝑔(𝑥) = cos(𝑥 − 30°) for 𝑥 ∈ [−180°; 180°] on
DIAGRAM SHEET. (3)
8.4 Use the graph to determine the number of solutions for −2 sin 𝑥 = cos(𝑥 − 30°),
𝑥 ∈ [−180°; 180°]. (1)
8.5 For which values of 𝑥 is g(𝑥) ≥ 0? (2)
8.6 For which values of 𝑥 is 𝑓′(𝑥) < 0 and g′(𝑥) > 0? (3)
[12]

20
Activity 9
the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 3𝑥 is drawn below for 𝑥 ∈ [−90°; 180°]

9.1 Write down the period of 𝑓. (1)

9.2 Write down the solutions for sin 3𝑥 = 1 on interval [−90°; 180°]. (2)
9.3 Give the maximum value of ℎ if ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 1. (2)
9.4 Draw the graph of 𝑔(𝑥) = 3 cos 𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ [−90°; 180°] on the grid on
DIAGRAM SHEET. (3)
9.5 Use the graphs to determine how many solutions there are to the equation
sin 3𝑥
− cos 𝑥 = 0 on interval [−90°; 180°]. (2)
3

9.6 Use the graph to solve: 𝑓(𝑥). g(𝑥) < 0. (4)

[14]

21
Activity 10
The graphs of 𝑓(𝑥) = sin(𝑥 + 30°) and g(𝑥) = −2 cos 𝑥 for −90° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 180° are given
below. The graphs intersect and point P AND point Q.

10.1 Calculate 𝑓(0) − g(0). (1)

10.2 Calculate the 𝑥-coordinate s of P and Q. (7)
10.3 For which values of 𝑥 will 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ g(𝑥)? (2)
10.4 Graph ℎ is obtained by the following transformation of ℎ(𝑥) = 2𝑓(𝑥 + 60°).
Describe the relationship between g and ℎ. (2)
[12]

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 1.2 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 2𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = sin(𝑥 + 60°) for 𝑥 ∈ [−90° ; 180°]
𝑦

0,5

𝑥
−75° −60° −45° −30° −15° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° 105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180°
−90°

−0,5

−1

23
 2.2 𝑓(𝑥) = sin(𝑥 − 30°) and 𝑔(𝑥) = cos 3𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ [−90° ; 90°]
𝑦

0,5

𝑥
−75° −60° −45° −30° −15° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° 105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180°
−90°

−0,5

−1

24
 3.2 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + sin 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = cos 2𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ [180° ; 360°]
𝑦

𝑥
−90° −75° −60° −45° −30° −15° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° 105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180°

−1

−2

25
 4.1 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 cos 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = tan 2𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ [−90° ; 90°]
𝑦

𝑥
−90° −75° −60° −45° −30° −15° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° 105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180°

−1

−2

26
 8.3 𝑔(𝑥) = cos(𝑥 − 30°) for 𝑥 ∈ [−180° ; 180°]

𝑥
−180° −135° −90° −45° 45° 90° 135° 180°

−1

−2

27
 9.4 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 cos 𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ [−90° ; 180°]
𝑦
3

𝑥
−75° −60° −45° −30° −15° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° 105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180°
−90°

−1

−2

−3

28