Abstract

This project aims to analyze and design a seismic-resistant multistorey building,

focusing on safety and structural integrity. Following the Gorkha Earthquake on April
25, 2015, the earthquake resistance of buildings has become crucial, particularly in
seismic-prone areas.

The design process involves meeting various requirements, including utility, structural
safety, fire safety, hygiene, and ventilation. We adhere to standards such as IS
456:2000 for concrete, IS 1893:2016 for seismic design, and IS 13920:1993 for ductile
detailing. Advanced software tools like CSI ETABS and CSI SAFE are used for precise
structural analysis and design optimization.

By carefully selecting materials, applying proper construction techniques, and

following seismic guidelines, we aim to enhance the building's resilience. This project
highlights the importance of using advanced technologies and industry best practices
to create safe and sustainable structures that protect occupants in earthquake-prone
regions.

The project will commence within above mentioned criteria and the strength and
serviceability will be checked. If the conditions are okay the final output of the
project as detailed drawings will be obtained else certain changes in the design will
be required.

Table of Contents
Acknowledgement..................................................................................................................................1
Abstract..................................................................................................................................................2
Introduction............................................................................................................................................4
Background.............................................................................................................................................5
Salient Features......................................................................................................................................6
Objectives...............................................................................................................................................7
Limitations of study................................................................................................................................7
Literature Review....................................................................................................................................8
Methodology........................................................................................................................................14
Time Schedule......................................................................................................................................16
Future Works........................................................................................................................................16
Project Budgeting Plan.........................................................................................................................17
Conclusion............................................................................................................................................18
REFERENCES & BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................................................................................................18

Introduction
The project aims to analyze and design multi-storey reinforced concrete residential buildings,
focusing on seismic resistance in earthquake-prone areas like Nepal.
Fulfilling final year requirements for a Bachelor's in Civil Engineering at IOE, the project
emphasizes structural analysis and design for stability and safety in multi-storey RCC
structures, especially against seismic forces.
Utilizing Indian Standard (IS) codes and Nepal's National Building Code (NBC), the project
prioritizes earthquake-resistant design, given its prevalence over wind load. By examining
building behavior under seismic forces, the project proposes robust design strategies to
enhance structural integrity and seismic resilience.
The design of the building will be based on the detailed plans of a proposed RCC building
provided by the project supervisor. The design shall include the design of following
components.

❖ Foundation
❖ Basement Wall
❖ Beams

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 ❖ Columns
❖ Slabs
❖ Lateral load resisting systems
❖ Staircase

Background

As Nepal lies in the earthquake prone zone, the vulnerability of earthquake damage is high.
So, the seismic force has become a major challenge for design and construction.
We have experienced several earthquakes in the past, the most recent violent one being the
Gorkha Earthquake of April 25, 2015, which measured 7.8 on the Richter scale. Proper
analysis and safe design of structures, therefore, carries great importance which is the main
reason why we propose to perform a project on seismic resistant building design.

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Salient Features

• Name of the Project: Structural analysis

and earthquake resistant design of
multistoried Institutional RCC building

• Location:
Province: Koshi
District: Sunsari
City: Itahari
• Type of Building: Institutional Building
• Structural System: Load Bearing and
Earthquake Resistant
• Soil Type: ii
• Seismic zone: v
• No of Storey: 4 (excluding roof cover)
• Dimension of building: Length: 89’-
5”
Breadth: 58’-6”
• Height: 44’- 4” (excluding roof cover)
• Type of Stair: Dog-legged
• Plot area: 16949.25sq.ft.
• Plinth Area: 5401.08sq.ft.
• Infill wall: Brick Masonry Main wall:
10”
Partition wall: 5”
Design
criteria: As
per IS code Size of structural
elements:
o Column: 1’6”x1’6”

• No of columns: 26

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Objectives

The objectives of the project are listed below.

• Identification of structural arrangement of the plan.

• Re-modeling of the building for structural analysis.

• Detailed structural analysis of the building using computer software.

• Design of various structural components.

• Detailing of structural members.

• Acquire knowledge on earthquake engineering.

• To make use of IS codes and NBC

• To be familiar with computer software like AutoCAD, E-tabs, MS- Powerpoint, etc

Limitations of study

• This study covers only the particular proposed area.

• Our project does not include the architectural design of building.

• The drawings of plans don’t include service drawings like electrical, sanitary, water

supply etc.

• The design is fully based on the terms and conditions of NBC and IS codes and other

associated codes.

• Our project mainly focuses on the structural analysis and design phase of the
building.

• We are adopting seismic coefficient method for analysis of building.

• Design of lift may not be included in our project.

• Estimating and costing won’t be carried out.

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Literature Review

Every engineering design is the outcome of the past experiences and observations. It is
necessary to justify the result of the analysis and design properly with reference to the
preexisting standard results or the past experiences. Structural design is the methodical
investigation of the stability, strength and rigidity of structures. The basic objective in
structural analysis and design is to produce a structure capable of resisting all applied loads
without failure during its service life. Safe design of structures can be achieved by applying
the proper knowledge of structural mechanics and past experiences. It is needed to provide
authentic reference to the design made i.e. the design should follow the provision made in
codes of practices. Use of codes also keeps the designer to the safe side in case the structure
fails within its service life. For this design, certain references and criteria are taken from the
literatures discussed below.

I. Nepal National Building Code (NBC:000- 1994):

Nepal National Building Code was prepared during 1993 as part of a bigger project
to mitigate the effect of earthquakes on the building of Nepal. It deals primarily
with matters relating to the strength of buildings. However, there are some
chapters on site considerations and safety during construction and fire hazards.
This code aims to bring uniformity to the building construction by providing some
byelaws and mandatory rules. But its development is relatively recent and it still
lacks many documents required to support it. To compensate for this
unavailability, the code frequently refers to Indian Standard codes. The four
different levels of sophistication of design and construction that are being
addressed in this National Building Code are as follows.
i. International state-of-art ii. Professionally engineered structures iii.
Buildings of restricted size designed to simple rules-of-thumb iv.
Remote rural buildings where control is impractical.
This project belongs to the second part of NBC i.e. Professionally Engineered
Structures. As the National Building Code defines the use of international codes
which meets the requirements stated in NBC, different Indian Standard codes are
used for the design and analysis purpose.

II. Indian Standard (IS) Codes of Practice:

For the analysis and design of the building references have been made to Indian
Standard code since National Building Codes of Nepal do not provide sufficient
information and refers frequently to the Indian standard codes. Indian Standard
codes used in the analysis and design of this building are described below:
1. IS:875- 1987 (Reaffirmed 2003)- Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than
Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures:

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A building has to perform many functions satisfactorily. Amongst these
functions are the utility of the building for the intended use and occupancy,
structural safety, fire safety; and compliance with hygienic, sanitation,
ventilation and daylight standards. The design of the building is dependent
upon the minimum requirements prescribed for each of the above
functions.
The minimum requirements pertaining to the structural safety of the
building are being covered in this code by way of laying down minimum
designed load which have to be assumed for dead loads, imposed load,
snow load and other external loads, the structure is required to bear. Strict
conformity to loading standard recommended in this code claims to ensure
the safety of the buildings and thereby reduced the hazards to life and
property caused by unsafe structures as well as eliminates the wastage
caused by the assumption of unnecessary heavy loading.
This code is divided into five different parts for five different kinds of
loadings. The different parts of the code are:

Part 1: Dead Loads- Unit Weight of Building Materials and Stored Materials:
This part deals with the dead load to be assumed in the design of the
building. These loads are given in the form of unit weight of materials.
The unit weight of the materials that are likely to be stored in the
building are also given in the code for the purpose of the load
calculation due to stored materials.
This code covers the unit weight or mass of the materials and parts and
components in the building that apply to the determination of the dead
load in the design of building.
Table 1 of this code covers unit weight of the building materials and
Table 2 of the code covers the unit weight of the building parts or the
components.

Part 2: Imposed Loads

Imposed load is the load assumed to be produced by the intended use
or occupancy of a building including the weight of moveable partitions,
distributed, concentrated loads, loads due to impact and vibrations and
dust loads (Excluding wind, seismic, snow, load due to temperature
change, creep, shrinkage, differential settlements etc.)
This part of the code deals with imposed load of the building produced by
the intended occupancy or use. Minimum imposed load that should be
taken into consideration for the purpose of structural safety of the
buildings are given in the code but it do not cover the incidental to
construction and special cases of vibration, such as moving machinery,
heavy acceleration from cranes hoist etc.
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 Part 3: Wind Loads
This part deals with the wind load to be considered when designing the
building, structure and component thereof. This code gives the wind
force and their effect (Static and Dynamic) that should be taken into
account when designing buildings, structures and components thereof.
In the code wind load estimation is done by taking into account the
random variation of the wind speed with time.
Part 4: Snow Loads
This part of the code deals with snow loads on roofs of buildings. Roofs
should be designed for the actual load due to snow or the imposed load
specified in Part 2 whichever is more sever. Since location of the
building is within Kathmandu Valley, there is no possibility of snowfall.
Hence the snow load is not considered in the design.
Part 5: Special Loads and Load Combinations
This code loads and loads effects (Except the loads covered in Part 1 to
4 and seismic load) due to temperature changes, internally generated
stress due to creep shrinkage, differential settlement etc. in the building
and its components, soil and hydrostatic pressures, accidental loads etc.
This part also covers the guidance for the load combinations.

2. IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures
(General Provision and Building):
This code deals with the assessment of seismic loads on various structures
and earthquake resistant design of buildings. Its basic provisions are
applicable to buildings; elevated structures; industrial and stack like
structures; bridges; concrete masonry and earth dams; embankment and
retaining structures and other structures. Temporary supporting structures
like scaffoldings etc. need not be considered for the seismic loads. It is
concerned with the methods of determining seismic loads and the effects
of various irregularities in a building can have upon its seismic response.
This standard does not deal with the construction features relating to
earthquake resistant design in building and other structures.

3. IS 13920: 1993 (Reaffirmed 2003) Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete

Structures Subjected to Seismic Force- Code of Practice:
This standard covers the requirements for designing and detailing of
monolithic reinforced concrete buildings so as to give them adequate
toughness and ductility to resist sever earthquake shock without collapse.
The provision for the reinforced concrete construction given in the code
are specifically to the monolithic reinforced concrete construction. For
precast and prestressed concrete members, its use is limited only if they
can provide the same level of ductility as that of monolithic reinforced
concrete construction during or after earthquake. The code includes the
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 detailing rules for flexural members, column and frame member subjected
to bending and axial loads and shear walls.

4. IS 456: 2000 (Reaffirmed 2005) Plain and Reinforced Concrete – Code of

Practice: This Indian Standard code of practice deals with the general structural
use of plain and reinforced concrete based on Limit State Design Method.
According to the code, plain concrete structures referred to those structures
where reinforcement if provided is ignored for determination of the strength of
the structure. This code does not cover special requirements for the structures
like bridges, chimneys, hydraulic structures, earthquake resistance buildings etc.
but allows the use of separate code for those structures in conjunction with this
code.

5. IS 4326: 1993 (Reaffirmed 2003) Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction

of Buildings – Code of Practice:
This standard deals with the selection of materials, special features of
design and construction for earthquake resistant buildings including
masonry construction using rectangular masonry units, timber
construction and buildings with prefabricated flooring or roofing elements.

6. IS 5525: 1969 (Reaffirmed 1990) Recommendations for Detailing of

Reinforcement in Reinforced Concrete Works:
This standard deals with the general requirements of detailing of
reinforcement in reinforced concrete structures with some suitable
modifications whenever necessary. This code includes the common
method of detailing of reinforcement based on good practice with
deviations made in special cases to comply with IS 456.

7. IS 1642: 1989 (Reaffirmed 1994) Fire Safety of Buildings (General): Details of

Construction – Code of Practice:
This standard lays down the essential requirements of fire safety of
buildings with respect to details of construction.

8. IS 2950 (Part I): 1981 (Reaffirmed 1998) Code of practice for design and
construction of Raft Foundations:
Raft foundation is a substructure supporting an arrangement of columns or
walls in a row or rows and transmitting the loads to the soil by means of a
continuous slab with or without depressions or openings. Such types of
foundations are found useful where soil has low bearing capacity. This
standard covers the design of raft foundation based on conventional
method (for rigid foundation) and simplified methods (flexible foundation)
for residential and industrial buildings, store-houses, silos, storage tanks,
etc., which have mainly vertical and evenly distributed loads.
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III. Indian Standard Special Publications (SP):
For the clarification and explanation for the clauses and equations mentioned in
Indian Standard Codes, Bureau of Indian Standard has published some special
publications including charts and tables for required values like material
properties and explaining examples of designs. Following design aids will be used
for the design of the structure:

1. SP 16: Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS 456-1978:

This handbook explains the use of formulae mentioned in IS 456 and
provides several design charts and interaction diagrams for flexure,
deflection control criteria, axial compression, compression with bending
and tension with bending for rectangular cross-sections (for circular section
in case of compression member) which can greatly expedite the design
process if done manually. This design aid is particularly useful for the
preliminary design.

2. SP 22: Explanatory Handbook on Codes for Earthquake Engineering (IS 1893:

1975 and IS 4326: 1976):
The theoretical background behind many of the code provisions have been
elaborated herein. Additionally, many worked out examples explaining the
use of equations and charts in the code can also be found in this
handbook.

3. SP 24: Explanatory Handbook on Indian Standard Code of Practice for Plain and
Reinforced Concrete IS 456: 1978
SP 16 is meant to aid the calculation process, while SP 24 is meant to aid
the conceptual understanding of the IS 456 code. It contains clause by
clause explanation of the original code. The logic and justification behind
the various equations and assumptions in the code are well explained here.

4. SP 34: Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing:

The compilation of provisions and guidelines regarding reinforcement
detailing scattered throughout IS codes 456, 4326, 5525 and 13920 can be
found in this handbook. Searching for that information in the original codes
can be very time consuming. This handbook presents all that information in
a well-organized manner.

IV. Textbooks on RCC Design and Earthquake Engineering:

Many available books related to design of reinforced concrete structure and
earthquake engineering written by distinguished authors such as Pillai and
Menon, SN Sinha and AK Jain are based on the Indian Standard Codes of Practice
and provides sufficient theoretical background with illustrative examples. So, for
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 the analysis and design, reference from such textbooks are very helpful. Books
related to foundation engineering will also be valuable in the design of building
foundation. Besides these, other books related to structural mechanics (Statics
and Dynamics) will also be helpful for performing and verifying the analysis
output from computer software.

Apart from these references there may requires data related to the past
earthquake, the earthquake zoning map and soil condition of the site. These data
may be obtained from the government authorities and other concerning
organizations.

The reports on the same project prepared by the students of previous batches was also an
important reference to the project.

Methodology
Nepal is dominated by the Himalaya – the highest, youngest and seismically very active
mountain range. Hence, building construction in Nepal should consider the seismic loading.
In Nepal, design of buildings is mainly based upon the guidelines provided by the Nepal
National Building Codes: 000- 1994. But in most of the cases NBC refers to the Indian
Standard Building Codes and other foreign building codes and permit the use of such codes.
The design based on the foreign codes must fulfill the requirement that the finished
structure must meet or exceed both qualitatively and quantitatively the requirements of
NBC:000- 1994. Hence for this project, analysis and design of the given building is aimed to
be done using Indian Standard Codes of Practice and design aids (Special Publications of
Bureau of Indian Standard) which follows the limit state design method.

Limit state design (LSD) is also known as Load and Resistance factor Design. Limit state is a
condition of a structure beyond which it no longer fulfills the design criteria. The objective of
design based on the limit state concept is to achieve and acceptable probability that a
structure will not become unserviceable in its lifetime for the use for which it is intended i.e.
structure will not reach limit state within its lifetime. The limit state that concern with the
safety of people and safety of structure is known as limit state of collapse. It includes the
loss of equilibrium of structure, failure by excessive deformation, fatigue, rupture, loss of
stability of the structure or any part of it including supports and foundations. The limit state
that concern with the functioning of the structure or structural members under normal use,
or comfort of people or appearance of the construction works is classified as limit state of
serviceability.

The analysis and design of the building in this project will be carried out following the below
listed methods:

i. The design and analysis process requires knowledge of structural mechanics and
design theories which were acquired in previous semesters (1 st to 6th semesters).
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 Reinforced Concrete Design and Earthquake resistant design are being studied in
this semester (7th semester). It is planned to learn structural analysis and design
software (SAP 2000) during this Semester (7th Semester).

ii. After completing these basic requirements, detailed design of the structure will be
accomplished according to the following steps:

• The provided architectural drawing of the apartment building is studied,

analyzed and required modifications are made to make the economic seismic
resistant design as per the guidance of Supervisor.

• Estimation and idealization of the loads i.e. dead load and live load will be
done based on the Indian Standard Code of Practice IS:875-1987 (Code of
Practice for
Design Loads (Other than Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures, Part 1, 2
and
3).

• Estimation of the seismic load will be based on IS:1993-2002 (Criteria for

Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, Part 1). For Kathmandu Valley,
Seismic zone is considered as Zone V and medium (II) soil type. For the
detailing of the designed reinforcement IS:13920-1993 (Ductile Detailing for
Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces- Code of Practice)
will be referred

• After the estimation of probable loads, preliminary design will be done to

determine the approximate shape and size of structural members from
deflection control criteria provided in codes for beams, slabs and taking load
from tributary area in case of column. Thus, provided size may be changed
after complete structural analysis.

• Modeling of the structure will be done using the software SAP2000 which is
published by American software company Computers and Structures. This
software is freely available for academic purpose.

• Analysis of the structure will also be carried out using SAP2000 which analyses
the structure based on the Finite Element Method. The results of design
obtained from SAP2000 will be also verified using other software packages.

• All the calculations for the design will be based on IS:456-2000 (Plain and Reinforced
Concrete- Code of Practice), IS:4326-2003 (Earthquake Resistant Design and
Construction of Buildings- Code of Practice), IS:5525-1999 (Recommendations for
Detailing of Reinforcement in Reinforced Concrete Works) and IS:13920-1993. Beside
these codes design aids Indian Standard Special Publications (SP 16, SP 22, SP 24 and
SP 34) along with the textbooks by Pillai and Menon, SN Sinha, AK Jain etc. will be
referred.
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 • Final outcome of the analysis and design will be the structural drawing including
detail ductile detailing of the reinforcement bars based on IS 13920 and other related
Indian Standard codes.
• If sufficient time is left at the end, estimation of cost for the construction of the
building will also be carried out.

After the complete analysis and design, required modifications for the provided architectural drawing
including size of structural members, partition walls etc. will be carried out and all the drawing will be
printed in appropriate format for inclusion with the final report.

Time Schedule

Total project work has been divided to two phases. The project has been allocated to the
completed in the time being of 7th and 8th semester of Civil Engineering. The first phase of
the project which includes the theoretical study of RCC design, documents related to seismic
design and codes, architectural corrections needed in the drawing and preliminary design of
the structure has been completed during the 7th semester. Also, a proposal for the project is
submitted.

Future Works

Some works have been completed and others will be done on second phase. The second
phase of the project will have begun at the start of the 8 th semester. The second phase of the
project will be comprised of the following tasks:

• Idealization of structure
• Load assessment
• Modeling and Analysis of structure
• Design
• Drawing and Detailing

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Project Budgeting Plan
The Budget of around Rs.40000 will be required which includes all the expenses like stationary cost,
software training costs, transportation, etc.

The provided general budget will be spent as follows:

General Budget Application Plan

25000

20000

15000

10000 Amount in Rs

5000

0
Stationaries Software Training Transportation Miscellaneous
ACTIVITIES

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Conclusion

On completion of this project, knowledge about design of RCC buildings using standard
codes can be acquired.

The proposal presented here defines the various aspects of the building construction. It
considers the earthquake risk to multi-storied buildings and considers to find the safer
design principles. With above mentioned procedures and design principles multistoried
building design and analysis will be carried out.

REFERENCES & BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Jain, A.K. Reinforced Concrete Limit State Design, 6th Edition, 2002
• Sharma, Neelam, R.C.C. Design and Drawing,3rd Edition,2014
• IS: 875 (Part 1, Part 2):1987, IS: 1893(part 1):2002, IS 456:2000.
• NBC 105:1994, Seismic Design of Buildings in Nepal

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