Higher Secondary

IT Maths Lab Manual

Academic year 2023-24

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Lab 0 Basic concepts (Compulsory)

Plus One
1. Lab 1 Value of functions

2. Lab 2 Shifting of graphs

3. Lab 3 Domain and range (• In Activity 3.1, problems i,iii,vii,viii,xi,xii,xiii,xiv,xvi and xvii,
• In Activity 3.3 problems 1,2,5,6 and the figure (a))

4. Lab 4 Trigonometric functions (• Activity 4.1, • Activity 4.2, • In Activity 4.3, table excluded)

5. Lab 9 Conic sections (• Activity 9.3, • Activity 9.4, • Activity 9.5)

6. Lab 10 Circles and parabola

7. Lab 11 Ellipse and hyperbola

8. Lab 12 Basics of 3D (• Activity 12.1, • Activity 12.3)

9. Lab 13 Limits (• Activity 13.1, • Activity 13.3)

Plus Two
1. Lab 18 Functions (• Activity 18.1, • Activity 18.2, • Activity 18.3)

2. Lab 19 Invertible functions (• Activity 19.1, • Activity 19.2, • Activity 19.3)

3. Lab 20 Inverse trigonometric functions (• Activity 20.1, • Activity 20.3, • Activity 20.4)

4. Lab 25 Continuity

5. Lab 27 Increasing and decreasing functions

6. Lab 30 Maxima and Minima

7. Lab 31 Maxima and Minima,visualisation of problems (• Activity 31.1, • Activity 31.2)

8. Lab 34 Application of integrals (• Activity 34.1, • Activity 34.2)

9. Lab 36 Differential Equations (• Activity 36.1, • Activity 36.3)

10. Lab 37 Vectors

11. Lab 38 Vectors 2 (• Activity 38.1, • Activity 38.2)

12. Lab 39 Line in space (• Activity 39.2, • Activity 39.3)

13. Lab 42 Linear Programming Problems (• Activity 42.1, • Activity 42.2, • Activity 42.3)

14. Lab 43 Probability

Basic Concepts

Aim

• To familiarise the GeoGebra interface and Toolbar

• To familiarise the concept of domain, range and graphs of standard functions

Concepts

• Domain, range and graphs of functions

Discussion

Many of us are already familiar with the software GeoGebra which leads us to the joy of dy-
namism of Geometry. In Higher Secondary Mathematics, we deal with concepts like Analytic
Geometry, Trigonometry, Calculus etc. in which GeoGebra can contribute a lot in conceptual
understanding.

In this lab, we learn some basic tools and commands of GeoGebra which will help us in our
learning process. We also learn about input commands to plot the graphs of polynomial functions.

Activity 0.1 GeoGebra Interface

Procedure:

• Familiarise the interfaces of GeoGebra

We can draw geometrical figures or graphs in the Graphics View by selecting tools from the
Toolbar or by giving commands in the Input Bar.The algebraic form of the figures or graphs
drawn in the Graphics View is available in the Algebra View. Apart from the Graphics View
and Algebra View, GeoGebra also offers Graphics 2, Spreadsheet, CAS (Computer Algebra
System) and 3D Graphics. All these views can be shown or hidden using “View” menu.

1
0 Basic Concepts 2

• Familiarise the Toolbar and some important tools of GeoGebra

In GeoGebra Graphics View, tools are arranged in 12 sets as shown in the figure below.

All the tools in each set are obtained by clicking on the small arrow at the bottom right
corner of each icon as shown in figure. Keeping the cursor on the tool, a brief description of
the function of the tool is displayed.

When the 3D Graphics View is enabled, the tools will change accordingly.

Activity 0.2 Graph of a Function

Procedure:
• Create a slider a with incre-
ment 1 as follows
Using Slider tool click any-
where on the Graphics
View. We get a window in
which we can edit the name,
minimum value, maximum
value, and increment of the
slider.

IT Maths Lab Manual

0 Basic Concepts 3

• Plot the point A(a, a2 ). (Input: A=(a,a^2) or

(a,a^2) )
Input Box
• Change the value of the slider and observe the move-
ment of A. • To create an Input Box
for the slider a, using
We can change the value of a slider in different ways. the Input Box tool, click
– Click and drag the slider point. anywhere on the Graph-
ics View. We get the ’In-
– Using Move tool click on the slider point and then put Box’ window. Enter
use arrow keys to change the value. any caption (say Slider ).
– Right click on the slider and select Animation From the Linked Object
On drop down menu select a.
– Create an input box for the slider and change • To create an Input Box
the value for the point A, from
• Change the increment of the slider to 0.01.(Right the Linked Object drop
click on the slider → Object Properties → Slider → down menu select A.
Enter 0.01 in the Increment box.) Locus Tool

• We can draw the path

• Observe the movement of the point. traced by the point A us-
• Trace the point A. (Right click on the point→ Trace ing Locus tool. For this,
On ) using the tool click on the
slider a and on the point
Observe the curve traced. What does it repre- A.
sent ?
• Create an Input Box for the point A.

• Change the definition of the point A as (a, a3 ). (In the Input Box enter (a,a^3))

Observe the curve traced. What does it represent ?

What should be the definition of the point A, so that the curve represents the graph
of the function f (x) = x4 ?

Activity 0.3 Standard Functions

Procedure:

• Draw the graphs of standard functions using inputs

Function Input
x x
x2 x^2 – We can see the name of
|x| abs(x) each function in the Al-
√ gebra View
x sqrt(x)
x3 x^3 – By clicking the bullets,
[x] floor(x) we can hide/show the
1
x 1/x graph of the function
Signum function sign(x)

Observe the graph of each function and find its domain and range

• Input: ceil(x).

Observe the graph of the function obtained and compare this with the graph of the
floor function. Define this function

IT Maths Lab Manual

0 Basic Concepts 4

Activity 0.4 Domain and Range

Procedure:
• Create an integer slider n
(Using Slider tool click anywhere on the Graphics → select Integer → click OK. If we want
we can change the minimum , maximum and increment of the slider.)
• Draw the graph of f (x) = xn
[Input: f(x) = x^n]

Observe the graph of the function xn and find the domain and range for different
values of n
What happens to the graph of the function xn between −1 and 1 as n becomes larger
and larger ? why ?
n Function Domain Range
1 x
2 x2
3 x3

Additional Activities

Activity 0.A Polynomial Function

Discussion:
We discuss how the domain and range of a polynomial function related to its degree.
Procedure:
• Draw the graphs of some polynomial functions.(eg. for getting the graph of
f (x) = x3 + 2x2 − 3, Input: f(x)=x^3+2x^2-3)

Draw the graphs of the following functions and find their domain and range
Sl No Function Domain Range
1 2x3 − 3x + 4
2 −x2 + 2x − 3
3 3x4 + 5

What is your inference about the domain and range of polynomial functions?

Activity 0.B Functions With Rational Powers

Discussion:
1
We discuss the nature of the function f (x) = x n for integer values of n
Procedure:
• Create an integer slider n (min=1, max=10)
1
• Draw the graph of f (x) = x n
( Input: f(x)=x^(1/n))

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0 Basic Concepts 5

Move the slider and observe the graph. Identify the change in domain, range and the
graph when n takes even and odd values.
1
Also draw the graph of xn and compare it with the graph of x n .

IT Maths Lab Manual

Lab 1

Value of Functions

Aim

• To construct an applet to establish geometrically the correspondence of a number and its

image under a function.
• To use this applet to find the images of numbers under various functions.
• To use an applet to visualise the comparison of a function with an input-output machine.
Concepts
• Image of a number a under a function f is denoted by f (a)
• Graph of the function f is the collection of points (a, f (a))
Discussion

For any number a, the ordered pair (a, f (a)) is a point on the graph of the function f , so its
y coordinate gives the value of f (a). We use this idea for constructing our applet. Once such an
applet is constructed, we can simply change the function and use it for different functions.
Sometimes we compare a function with a machine which gives an output, according to the definition
of the function, for a given input. In Activity 1.3 we use an applet which helps us to visualise this
comparison. By this activity we get a clear idea about the domain of the function.

Activity 1.1 Functions

Procedure:
• Draw the graph of f (x) = x2 .
• Create a number slider a with increment 0.01
To show the coordinates of a
• Plot the points A(a, 0), B(a, f (a)), C(0, f (a)). point, right click on the point.
(Give inputs like A=(a,0)). Go to Object Properties → Ba-
• Draw the line segments AB and BC sic → Show Label and select the
using Segment tool. Name and Value option

• Show the coordinates of A, B, and C.

• Now drag the point A along the x axis (either click and drag the point or using slider - click
and drag the slider point to change the value of a) and observe the movement of C on the y
axis.

Using this, find the values of (2.3)2 , (−1.8)2 , (0.9)2 , (2.9)2 . . .

Save the file as Activity 1.1

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1 Value of functions 7

Activity 1.2 Values of Functions

Procedure:

• Open the file Activity 1.1 and save as Activity 1.2

• Create an Input Box for f and change the function
using it.
(Select Input Box tool, → Click on Graphics View
→ give a suitable caption (say function)
→ Linked Object → f (x) = x2 → OK)
• Similarly create an Input Box for the slider.

Change the functions accordingly and find the approximate values corrected to 3 decimal
places of the following
1 √ 2
p√ −3
33 1.8 23 5 (3.46) 2

1 We can set the num-

Function x3
ber of decimal places
Input(x) 3 as follows;
Value(f (x)) Options → Rounding
→ Select number of
1 decimal places.
Change the function to f (x) = , and observe how the point
x
C moves as the point A approaches the origin from either side.

Change the function to f (x) = [x] and observe the movement

of C according to A

Activity 1.3 Function Machine

Procedure :
Use Applet ML 1.3
About the Applet
Three switches are provided on the machine
• GREEN :- Click to start the machine.
• RED :- Click to stop the machine.

• BLUE :- Click to reset.

Using Input Boxes we can change the function
and the input number.
The warning light provided on the machine turns
red if the input number is out of the domain of
the function.

IT Maths Lab Manual

1 Value of functions 8

√
Change the function to f (x) = x and find the values of the following.
√ √ q
i) 2 ii) 1.8 iii) 23
What happens if we give a negative number as the input ?

1
Change the function to f (x) = x and find the values of the following.
q
2 −3
i) 3 ii) 7 iii) 23
What happens if the input is 0 ?

Additional Activities

Activity 1.A Temperature Scales

Discussion:
There are various scales to measure temperature. Perhaps the most popular ones are the Fahrenheit
and the Celsius scales.
F (C) is the Fahrenheit temperature corresponding to the Celsius temperature C and they related
to each other as
9
F (C) = C + 32
5
• Plot the graph of the above function (Consider C as
the variable x)

From the graph identify the Celsius temper- While plotting the graph of
ature at which the Fahrenheit temperature become F (C) we have to use x instead of
zero C. So in order to get the graph
From the graph identify the Fahrenheit tem- input 9x/5+32
perature at which the Celsius temperature become
zero

IT Maths Lab Manual

Lab 2

Shifting of Graphs

Aim
To analyse the changes in the graph of a function according to some slight changes in the definition
Concepts
• Graph of a function
Discussion

If we know the graph of the function f (x) we can obtain the graphs of the functions f (x) + a,
f (x + a), −f (x) and f (−x) by translation or reflection.

This idea helps us to imagine the graphs of some functions if the graph of the base function is
known.

This activity gives insight on the concept of a family of curves.

Activity 2.1 Shifting of graphs : f (x) + a

Procedure:
Apply trace to the graph to get
• Draw the graph of f (x) = x 2 a pattern (rightclick → trace
on). To erase the pattern, press
• Create a number slider a with increment 0.1 Ctrl+F

• Draw the graph of g(x) = f (x) + a Change the value of slider by

(Input: f+a) these methods :

Observe how the graph of g(x) changes accord- • Click on the slider point
ing to a and move

• Create Input Boxes for editing function and slider a • Using Move tool, select
the slider and use arrow
Do the above observations for different func- keys
tions such as |x|, [x], x3 etc. • Right click on the slider
• Save this as Activity 2.1 and turn on animation

9
2 Shifting of Graphs 10

Activity 2.2 Shifting of graphs : f (x + a)

Procedure:

• Open a new GeoGebra window.

• Draw the graph of f (x) = x2 .
• Create a number slider a with increment 0.1

• Draw the graph of g(x) = f (x + a). (Input:

f(x+a))

Observe how the graph of g(x)

changes according to a.

• Create Input Boxes for the function f and slider a.

Generalise the above observations with different functions such as |x|, [x], x3 etc.
• You may use the animation option to change the slider.
• Save this as Activity 2.2

Activity 2.3 Reflection of a graph : −f (x)

Procedure:

• Open a new GeoGebra window.

• Draw the graph of f (x) = x2

• Draw the graph of g(x) = −f (x) (Input: -f)

Compare the graphs of f (x) and g(x).

• Create an Input Box for f and change the function to
i) x2 + 2 ii) x2 − 1 iii) |x| − 1 iv) |x − 1|
1
v) [x] vi) x2 + 2x + 1 vii)
x

Compare the graphs of f and g in each case. Write your findings.

• Save this file as Activity 2.3

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2 Shifting of Graphs 11

Activity 2.4 Reflection of a graph : f (−x)

Procedure:

• Open a new GeoGebra window

• Draw the graph of f (x) = x3

• Draw the graph of g(x) = f (−x) (Input: f(-x))

Compare the graphs of f (x) and g(x)

• Create an Input Box for f and change the function to
1
i) ii) [x] iii) |x|
x
iv) x2 v) (x − 2)2

Compare the graphs of f and g in each case. Write your findings.

What is the speciality of the graphs of odd and even

functions?
A function f (x) is an even func-
Identify odd and even functions discussed in this lab. tion if f (−x) = f (x) and an
odd function if f (−x) = −f (x).
Is there any function which is neither odd nor even?
• Save this file as Activity 2.4

Additional Activities

Activity 2.A Translations of graphs: 1

Procedure:

• Draw the graph of f (x) = x2 .

• Create a number slider a, with increment 0.1
• Draw the graph of g(x) = f (x − a) + a.

Observe how the graph of g(x) changes accord-

ing to a.
• Create an Input Box for g and change the function to
i) f (x − a) − a ii) f (x − a) + 2a
iii) f (x − a) + 3a iv) f (x − a) − 3a

Observe the shift in the graph of g according

to the change in a.

Try to draw the pattern given in the figure.

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2 Shifting of Graphs 12

Activity 2.B Translations of graphs: 2

• Draw the graph of f (x) = x2 .

• Create number sliders a and b , with increment 0.1

• Draw the graph of g(x) = f (x + a) + b.

• By adjusting the values of a and b transform the graph of x2 to that of the following functions.
i) (x + 2)2 − 3 ii) x2 + 6x + 9 iii) x2 − 4x + 6

Activity 2.C Family of curves - using sequence command

Using sequence command, we can represent the family of curves obtained by shifting a graph
Procedure:
• Draw the graph of f (x) = x2 In the Input Command
Sequence[f+i,i,-3,3,0.2], f is
• In the Input Bar, give the command,
function, i is variable, -3 is start
Sequence[f+i,i,-3,3,0.2], which gives the
value, 3 is end value and 0.2 is
graphs of the functions
increment
x2 − 3, x2 − 2.8, x2 − 2.6, . . . , x2 , . . . , x2 + 3

Imagine the family of curves obtained by the follow-

ing input commands and then draw them.
1. Sequence[f(x+i),i,-3,3,0.2]

2. Sequence[f(x-i)+i,i,-3,3,0.2]
3. Sequence[f(x-i)-i,i,-3,3,0.2]
4. Sequence[f(x-i)+2i,i,-3,3,0.2]

Create a slider a and input the command Sequence[f(x-i)+a*i,i,-3,3,0.2]. Observe

the pattern for different values of a.

Create an Input Box for f and observe the pattern for different functions

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3 Domain and Range 14

Activity 3.2 Rational Functions

Procedure:
x2 − 4
• Draw the graph of the function . What is
x−2
the domain of this function?
To open Graphics 2 go to View
• On Graphics 2, draw the graph of the function → Graphics 2
g(x) = x + 2

Observe the graphs of f and g. Are they one and the same? Does it mean that f = g
• Create a slider a
• In Graphics View, plot the point A(a, f (a)) and in Graphics 2 plot B(a, g(a))

• Change the value of a. We can see that the points move along the graphs.

What happens to the points when a reaches 2 ? What do we infer? comment on it.

Activity 3.3 Piecewise Functions

Procedure:

The If command in GeoGebra

• We can draw the graphs of functions with restricted
has the following
domains using If command.
For example If[c,f]
If[-1<=x<=2,x^2] gives the function f (x) = x2 in
[−1, 2] gives the function f only for
(We can also use the Function commad. the values of x satisfying the
Function[x^2,-1,2]) gives the same function. condition c.

If[x<=2,x^2,x>2,2x]
( gives the function If[c,f,g]
x2 if x ≤ 2
f (x) = gives the function f for the val-
2x if x > 2
ues of x satisfying the condition
c and g for all other values of x.

Observe the graphs of the following functions and find their domain and range
(
x2 if x ≤ 2 4. f (x) = x2 in [−2, 1]
1. f (x) =
2x + 1 if x > 2 5. f (x) = x3 in [−2, 2]
(
x3 if x ≤ 0 1
2. f (x) = 6. f (x) = in [−1, 2]
x2 + 1 if x > 0 x
(
x2 + 2 if x < 0
3. f (x) =
−x2 − 2 if x > 0

IT Maths Lab Manual