THE NANO WORLD

December 29, 1959

Started the concept of nanotechnology

and nanoscience.
Discussed a method in which scientist can
direct and control individual atoms and
molecules in his talk “There’s plenty of
room at the bottom” during the American
Physical Society meeting at the California RICHARD FEYNMAN
Institute of Technology.
 “Nanotechnology”

After the dawn of the use of

ultraprecision machining (NNI, 2017).

NORIO TANIGUCHI
What is Ultra-Precision Machining?

Ultra-precision machining is an advanced manufacturing process that focuses on achieving

highly precise and accurate dimensions, often at the sub-micron level. This technique involves the
use of cutting-edge machinery, specialized tools, and meticulous control systems to produce
intricate parts with minimal tolerances. The process encompasses various methods, including
diamond turning, micro-milling, micro-drilling, and single-point diamond machining.
HOW SMALL IS A NANOSCALE?
UNANO
WORLD
HOW TO VIEW NANOMATERIALS
Built the first Electron Microscope during the 1930’s, which can magnify objects up to
a million times while the conventional light microscope can magnify objects up to
1,500 times only.

Ernst Ruska Max Knoll

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
In 1986, they developed a mechanical probe that gathers information
from the surface of a material.

Gerd Binnig Calvin Quate Christoph Gerber

Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)
In 1986, they won the Nobel Prize in Physics because of the invention
of Scanning Tunneling Microscope.

Gerd Binnig Heinrich Rohrer

Scanning Tunneling Microscope

This microscope enables scientist to view and manipulate nanoscale particles,

atoms and small molecules.
NANOMANUFACTURING
 NEW APPROACHES TO THE
ASSEMBLY OF NANOMATERIALS
Dip-Pen Lithography (DPL) is the nanoscale equivalent of writing with a quill. In DPN, AFM probes
are inked with a solution of molecules and then scanned along a surface to write a pattern of the ink. The ink
solution forms a small meniscus between the tip of the probe and the surface, which
transports biomolecules from the tip to the surface.
Self-assembly is a process in which particles or materials at the nanoscale
spontaneously arrange predefined components into ordered superstructures which can
be exploited in various applications.
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) is a powerful technology for producing
high-quality solid thin films and coatings.

High Performance Films - Electrical Insulation

Nanoimprint lithography is an emerging nanopatterning method,
combining nanometer-scale resolution and high throughput. In a top-down
approach, a rigid stamp with a surface relief is pressed into a thin film of soft
material on a hard substrate. Use in making chips (sim) and/or nano transistors.
Molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) is a highly specialized technique used for
creating thin films of single-crystal materials in an ultra-high vacuum. It make use of
evaporator cell, to release molecule that diffuse/effuse to a target surface.
Roll-to-roll processing – It is a high-volume practice for constructing nanoscale
devices on a roll of ultra-thin plastic or metal. A rolled substrate is unrolled to undergo
processing. This can range from cutting, lamination, coating, etc. The finished substrate is
then re-rolled when it is completed.
Atomic Layer Epitaxy is based on introducing one gas that will absorb only a
single atomic layer on the surface and following it with another gas that reacts with the
preceding layer. It is a means for laying down one-atom-thick layers on a surface. Use in making
high quality ultra-thin film
With the used of these techniques , nanomaterials
are made more durable, stronger, lighter, water-
repellent, ultraviolet or infrared resistant, scratch
resistant, electrically conductive, antireflective,
antifog, antimicrobial, self-cleaning, among
others.
DISTINCT FEATURES OF
NANOSCALE
1. A SCALE AT WHICH MUCH BIOLOGY OCCURS.
- Many of the inner workings of cells naturally occur at the nanoscale. For example,
hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen through the body, is 5.5 nanometers in
diameter. A strand of DNA, one of the building blocks of life, is only about 2 nanometers in
diameter.

Ex.

The bio-barcode assay (BCA), an indirect

DNA amplification and detection technique,
has recently been developed to detect various
contaminants, including bacteria, biotoxins,
pesticides, and antibiotics in food
SHAPE-MORPHING MICROROBOTS
2. A SCALE OF WHICH QUANTUM EFFECTS DOMINATE PROPERTIES
OF MATERIAL.
- Quantum effects are dominant on the nanoscale. Interatomic coulombic forces also
become important in understanding the properties of matter.

Ex.

Nanoscale gold illustrates the unique

properties that occur at the nanoscale.
Nanoscale gold can appear red or purple
depending on the size of the particle. Gold
nanoparticles interact differently with light
compared to larger-scale gold particles due to
quantum effects. Nanoscale gold
nanoparticles are being used to connect
resistors, conductors, and other elements of
an electronic chip.
3. NANOSCALE MATERIALS HAVE FAR MORE SURFACE AREAS
THAN SIMILAR MASSES OF LARGER SCALE MATERIALS
- Nanoscale materials have far larger surface area-to-volume ratio than bulk materials. As surface area per
volume increases, materials can become more reactive. A simple thought experiment shows why
nanoparticles have phenomenally high surface areas.

Ex. A semi-conductor chips contains more than

10 million transistors

The larger the surface area the faster the diffusion, more of something can pass through
and also a more rapid exchange of materials.
I. U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative
The best-known and most-funded program is the National Nanotechnology Initiative of the United
States. The NNI was established in 2001 to coordinate US federal nanotechnology R & D. The NNI
budget in 2008 and 2009 were $1.4 billion and $1.5 billion, respectively.
2. European Commission
In February 2008, the EC officially launched the European Nanoelectronics Initiative Advisory
Council (ENIAC).
3. Japan (Nanotechnology Research lnstitute, under the National lnstitute for Advanced Industrial Science
and Technology, AIST) ..
4. Taiwan (Taiwan National Science and Technology Program for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)
5. India (Nanotechnology Research And Education Foundation)
6. China (National Center for Nanoscience and Technology)
7. Israel (Israel National Nanotechnology lnitiativc)
8. Australia (Australian Office of Nanotechnology)
9. Canada (Naitional lnstitute for Nanotechnology or NINT)
10. South Korea (Korea National Nanotechnology Initiative)
11. Thailand (National Nanotechnology Center or NANOTEC)
12. Malaysia (National [Malaysia] Nanotechnology lnitiatives or NNI )
POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN
THE PHILIPPINES (DAYRIT, 2005)

1. ICT and Semiconductors

2. Health an Medicine (Shape morphing microbots - anticancer)
3. Energy (solar panel)
4. Food and Agriculture (agrochemicals nanoformulations,
nanosensors)
5. Environment (air purifier/cleaner/filter)
NANOTECH ROADMAP FOR THE PHILIPPINES
(FUNDED BY PCASTRD-DOST)
1. ICT and semiconductors
2. Health and biomedical
3. Energy
4. Environment
5. Agriculture and food
6. Health and environmental risk
7. Nano-metrology (measurement)
8. Education and public awareness
BENEFITS AND CONCERNS OF USING NANOTECHNOLOGY

1. Nanotechnology is not a single technology; it may become

pervasive.
2. Nanotechnology seeks to develop new materials with specific
properties.
3. Nanotechnology may introduce new efficiencies and paradigms
which may make some natural resources and current practices
uncompetitive and obsolete
4. It may be complicated to detect its presence unless one has the
specialist tools of nanotechnology
BENEFITS AND CONCERNS TO NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS
Areas affected by Possible Benefits Concerns
Nanotechnology
Environment • Improved detection and • High reactivity and toxicity
removal of contaminants • Pervasive distribution in the
• Development of benign environment
industrial processes and • No nano-specific EPA regulation
materials

Health • Improved medicine • Ability to cross cell membranes and

translocate in the body
• No FDA approval needed for
cosmetics and supplements

Economy • Better Products • Redistribution of wealth

• New job • Potential cost of cleanups and
healthcare
• Accessibility to all income levels
Social and Ethical Considerations in Conducting Research on Nanotechnology

1. Who will benefit from it? On the other hand who won’t?
2. For whom and what are your objectives for developing your product?
3. How will it affect social, economic, and political relationships?
4. What problem is your “product” trying to solve?
5. Who will have access to it? Who will be excluded?
6. Are the dangers involved with its development (ex: safety, health, pollution)?
How can you minimize them?
7. Who will own it? How can you assure access to it?
ACTIVITY

Conduct a research on the recent innovations or advancement in

nanotechnology in different countries. Provide pictures and
descriptions. Show and discuss your output in class.
1. USA
2. Russian
3. China
4. Japan
5. Israel