SKELETAL CARDIAC SMOOTH

• Attached To The Bones • Located in the heart • Located in blood

• Striated • Striated vessels, hollow organs
• Voluntarily controlled • INvoluntarily • Non-striated
• Leg muscle controlled • INvoluntarily
• heart controlled
• Internal organs
 Maintain body Production of
Movement Respiration
posture Body Heat

Constriction of
Communication Heartbeat organ and
vessels
▪ Muscles make up approximately 40 percent of total weight.
▪ The heart is the hardest-working muscle in the body. It pumps 5 quarts of blood per minute and
2,000 gallons daily.
▪ The gluteus maximus is the body's largest muscle. It is in the buttocks and helps humans
maintain an upright posture.
▪ The ear contains the smallest muscles in the body alongside the smallest bones. These muscles
hold the inner ear together and are connected to the eardrum.
▪ A muscle called the masseter in the jaw is the strongest muscle by weight. It allows the teeth to
close with a force of up to 55 pounds on the incisors or 200 pounds on the molars.
▪ CONTRACTILITY- the ability of the
muscle to shorten forcefully or to contract
▪ EXCITABILITY- the capacity of the muscle
to respond to a stimulus
▪ EXTENSIBILITY- the ability to be
stretched beyond its normal resting state
and still be able to contract
▪ ELASTICITY- the ability of the muscle to
recoil to its original resting length after it
has been streatched
 • Connective tissue sheath that surround the
EPIMYSIUM muscle

FASCICULI • Numerous bundles of muscles

• Loose connective tissue that surrounds the

PERIMYSIUM fasciculi

• Connective tissue covering that surrounds the

ENDOMYSIUM muscle fibers
▪ A single cylindrical cell with several
nuclei
▪ Range in length 1cm -30cm are
generally 0.15mm in diameter
▪ Skeletal muscle fibers contain
several nuclei that are located at the
periphery of the fiber
 ▪ SARCOLEMA
▪ Cell membrane of muscle fiber

▪ T – TUBULES
▪ Tubelike inward folds
▪ Connect the sarcolemma to the terminal
cisternae to form a muscle triad

▪ SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM
▪ Enlarged portion of the smooth endoplasmic
reticulum

MUSCLE FIBER ▪ Has high concentration of Ca+ necessary for

muscle contraction

STRUCTURE
▪ TERMINAL CISTERNAE
▪ Enlarged portions of the sarcoplasmic
reticulum that surrounds the transverse tubule

▪ SARCOPLASM
▪ Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber which contains
many bundles of protein filaments

▪ MYOFIBRILS
▪ Bundles of protein filaments that consists of
myofilaments, actin and myosin
 1 2 3 4
Basic structural and Smallest portion of The organization of Consists of two light
functional unit of a skeletal muscle the actin and myosin staining bands
skeletal muscle capable of contracting filaments gives the separated by a dark
skeletal muscle its staining band.
striated appearance
and ability to contract
 SARCOMERE
▪ Z DISKS
▪ Form a network of protein fibers that serves
as an anchor for actin myofilaments and
separate one sarcomere form the next
▪ I BANDS
▪ Light bands
▪ Consist only of actin
▪ Extends towards the center of the
sarcomere to the ends of the myosin
myofilaments
▪ A BANDS
▪ Dark staining bands that extend the length
of the myosin myofilaments
▪ Actin and myosin overlaps on both ends of
the A band that causes contraction
ACTIN MYOFILAMENTS 3 COMPONENTS

ACTIN

• A protein which forms myofilaments that interact with

actin filaments to form tension

TROPONIN

• Building sites for Ca+

• Globular complex involved in contraction of muscles

TROPOMYOSIN

• a muscle protein of the I band that inhibits contraction

of by blocking the interaction of actin, myosin except
when influenced by troponin
▪ RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
▪ Due to the inside of the membrane being
negatively charged in comparison to the outside
being positively charged.
▪ Inside membrane (-)charged ; outside
membrane (+) charged
▪ ACTION POTENTIAL
▪ Due to the membrane having gated channels
▪ Depolarization- increase in positive charge
EXCITABILITY OF
inside the cell membrane. MUSCLE FIBERS
▪ Threshold- when an action potential is triggered
when there is depolarization change in
membrane potential
▪ Repolarization- starts when the K+ gate channels
open
PISO-
POTASSIUM IN
SODIUM OUT
NERVE SUPPLY
MOTOR
Nerve cell that stimulates the cell
NEURON

NEUROMUS
Synapse where the fiber of a nerve connects
CULAR with a muscle fiber
JUNCTION

Refers to the cell to cell junction between a

SYNAPSE nerve cell or an effector cell (gland/muscle)

MOTOR Group of muscle fibers that a motor neuron

UNIT stimulates
 PRE-SYNAPTIC TERMINAL

• End of a neuron cell axon fiber

SYNAPTIC CLEFT

• Space between the pre-synaptic terminal and post

synaptic membrane

POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE

NERVE SUPPLY • Muscle fiber membrane

SYNAPTIC VESICLE

• Pre-synaptic terminal that stores and releases

neurotransmitters

NEUROTRANSMITTERS

• Chemicals that stimulate or inhibit postsynaptic

cells
• Acetylcholine- neurotransmitter that stimulates
skeletal muscles
▪ TETANUS
▪ Sustained contraction that occurs when frequency of relaxation is
so rapid that no relaxation occurs
▪ RECRUITMENT
▪ Stimulation of several motor units
 Have a
considerable
Contract slowly Fatigue slowly
amount of
myoglobin

Used by long
Use aerobic Are dark in
distance
respiration color
runners
 Contract quickly

Fatigue quickly

SKELETAL MUSCLE Use anaerobic respiration

FIBERS:
2. FAST TWITCH Energy from glycogen

Light color

Used by sprinters
• A muscle has a blend of types , with one type dominating.
• Humans have both fibers
• The distribution of fibers is genetically determined
▪ Aerobic production of ATP during most
exercise and normal condition
▪ Anaerobic production of ATP during
intensive short-term work
▪ Conversion of a molecule called creatinine
phosphate to ATP
▪ Conversion of two ADP to one ATP and one
AMP (adenosine monophosphate) during
exercise
▪ TENDON
▪ Connects skeletal muscle to the bone

▪ APONEUROSES SKELETAL MUSCLE

▪ Broad sheetlike tendons
ANATOMY
▪ RETINACULUM
▪ Band of connective tissue that holds down the
tendons at each wrist and ankle
▪ TENDON
▪ RETINACULUM
SKELETAL MUSCLE
ANATOMY
▪ BELLY
▪ Part of the muscle between the origin
and the insertion
▪ AGONISTS
▪ Group of muscles working together

▪ ANTAGONISTS
▪ Group of muscles that oppose together
 ▪ LOCATION
▪ A pectorals muscle is in the chest

▪ SIZE
▪ large or small; short or long

▪ SHAPE
▪ Triangular, quadrate, rectangular, round

▪ ORIENTATION OF FASCICLES
▪ Straight (rectus); Angle (oblique)

MUSCLE ▪ ORIGIN AND INSERTION

▪ The sternocleidomastoid has its origin on the
NOMENCLATURE sternum and clavicle and its insertion on the
mastoid process of the temporal bone

▪ NUMBER OF HEADS
▪ 2 head origin (biceps) 3 head origin (triceps)

▪ FUNCTION
▪ Abductors- abduction
▪ Adductors- adduction
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ktv-CaOt6UQ&t=308s- crash course muscular system:
muscle cells
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I80Xx7pA9hQ- crash course muscular system 2:
organismal level
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVcgO4p88AA- muscle contraction
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nTZnBdeIb5c- sliding filament theory
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VVL-8zr2hk4-
How your muscular system work
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WrV510gUlco- action potential generation in skeletal
muscles
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3JkAe838Zo- action potential + cross bridge
formation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hY2fa6Q98-k&t=75s- muscle song