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UNIT 08 » ELECTROMAGNETISM
Electromagnetism:
 Branch of physics which deals with study of magnetic effects produced by motion of
charges is called electromagnetism.
 If a magnetic compass is placed near current
carrying conductor, the magnetic field will Inside the Outside the
conductor conductor
deflects its direction.
 In 1820 Oersted discovered that current E  0 but B  0 B  0 but E  0
passing through a conductor produces
magnetic field around the conductor.

Magnetic Field Due to Current Carrying Straight Conductor:

 Magnetic field produced by current
carrying straight conductor is circular
(concentric circles)
 Magnetic field lasts only as long is
passing through conductor.
 If ‘I’ is current passing through
conductor then at any distance ‘r’ from the
conductor magnetic field given as

 l Bl and B
l
B
2 r r

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Where   4 107 Wbm1 A1 and known as permeability Note:

Of free space.
 r is distance from the
conductor and it is not
radius of wire of conductor.

 Direction of magnetic field depends upon direction of current and it is determined by

right hand rule
“Grasp the conductor in your right hand with thumb pointing in the direction of
current then curling fingers represents the direction of magnetic field.”

Short Cut Method

‫ ۔‬Point your thumb along current .1
Field will be anti clock wise from thumb .2
‫ ۔‬side
Field will be clock wise from opposite of .3
thumb side

Current l is out of the plane of paper Current l is into the plane of paper
From above: From above:
Field is anti-clockwise Field is clockwise
From below: From below:
Field is clockwise Field is anti-clockwise

When two current carrying wires are placed near each other.
When current is in same direction When current is in opposite direction

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 Wires attract each other.  Wires repel each other.

 Since direction of force is always from  Since direction of force is always from
strong field to weak. Hence field is strong field to weak. Hence field is
strong at X and Z strong at Y
( Bnet  B1  B2 ) ( Bnet  B1  B2 )
 Field is weak at Y  Field is weak at X and Z
( Bnet  B1  B2 ) ( Bnet  B1  B2 )

FORCE ON CURRENT CARRYING CONDUCTOR IN A UNIFORM

UNUNUNIFORM
MAGNETIC FIELD:
When a current carrying conductor is placed in magnetic field it will experience force given as

F  lLB sin 

 Force on the conductor is directly proportional

F l
to current passing through conductor.
FL
 Force on the conductor is directly proportional to
length of conductor inside the magnetic field.
 Force on the conductor is directly proportional to
FB
external magnetic field.
 Force on the conductor is directly proportional to sin  where ' ' is angle between
magnetic field and direction of current through conductor.
F  sin 

Magnetic Induction:
Magnetic induction is defined as magnetic force acting on one meter length of conductor,
placed perpendicular to the magnetic field lines when one ampere current is passing through
the conductor.

F
B
lL sin 

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 Its SI unit is Tesla (T  Nm1 A1  kgm s 2 A1 )

 Its dimensions are [MLT 2 A1 ]

Tesla :
Magnetic induction is one tesla if one newton force is acting on one meter length of conductor
placed perpendicular to magnetic field lines when one ampere current is passing through the
conductor.
Vector form:
Magnetic force on current carrying
conductor
Remember
In vector form is given as
The cross product of two vectors will always
F  l ( L  B) be perpendicular to both of the vectors

 Magnetic force is always perpendicular to length of conductor and magnetic field lines
FLL and FLB
 Magnetic force is maximum when conductor is placed perpendicular to magnetic field
lines.
Fmax  lLB

 Magnetic force is zero or minimum when conductor is placed or anti-parallel to

magnetic field lines.

Fmin  lLB sin 0  0

Direction of Force:
How to Apply Right Hand Palm Rule

Direction of force can be determined ‫ کا تھپڑ بنائیں ۔‬Right Hand ‫ سب سے پہلے‬.1

following ‫ کریں ۔‬set ‫ فیلڈ کی طرف‬direction ‫ کی‬Fingers .2
rules. ‫ کرنٹ کی‬direction ‫ کی‬thumb ‫ کرکے‬Rotate ‫ ہاتھ کو‬.3
I. Fleming left hand rule. ‫ کریں ۔‬set ‫طرف‬
II. Right hand rule for cross ‫ہوگی‬ direction ‫کی‬ Palm ‫ تو جس طرف‬.4
product. ‫ عمل کرے گی ۔‬Force ‫اس طرف‬
III. Right hand palm rule.

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Fleming left and rule Right and rule Right and palm rule

SOME IMPORTANT PRACTICE EXAMPEL FOR

RIGHT
SOME IMPORTANT PRACTICE RIGHT HAND PALMRIGHT
EXAMPLE : HAND PALM
RULE:
Example 1: Find the direction of magneticRURULE
Answer: Direction of force is into the plane
force on the current carrying conductor of paper

Example 2: Find the direction of magnetic Answer: Direction of force is upward

force on the current carrying conductor

Example 3: Find the direction of magnetic Answer: Direction of force is vertically

force on the current carrying conductor downward

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Example 4: Find the direction of magnetic Answer: Direction of force is downward

force on the current carrying conductor (if l is
electronic current)

Example 5: Find the direction of magnetic Answer: Direction of force is out of plane of
force on the current carrying conductor paper

Example 6: Find the direction of magnetic Answer: Direction of force is upward

force on the current carrying conductor

Example 7: Find the direction of magnetic Answer: Since current is anti-parallel to field
force on the current carrying conductor line so magnetic force is zero

Example 8: Find the direction of magnetic Answer: Direction of force towards left
force on the current carrying conductor

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Example 9: Find the direction of magnetic Answer: Direction of force is out of plane of
force on the current carrying conductor paper

MAGNETIC FLUX
“Number of magnetic field lines passing
through certain area is called magnetic flux
that area.”
 Magnetic flux is denoted by B and

B  B. A  BA cos 

(Where  is angle between B and vector area)

 It is a scalar quantity Example:
 Its SI unit is Weber (Wb  T .m  NmA  kgm sA )
2 1 2 1
 Flux passing through A1 is four.
 Its dimensions are [ML T A ]
2 2 1

 Flux passing through A2 is three.

Maximum Flux:
 Magnetic flux is maximum when vector area is parallel to
magnetic field lines. OR
 Magnetic flux is maximum when area or plane is held
perpendicular to magnetic field lines.

Minimum Flux:
 Flux is minimum when vector area is perpendicular to
magnetic field lines. OR
 Flux is minimum when area is held parallel to magnetic
field lines.

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Short Cut Method

 0 30 45 60 90
When plane or surface makes an
angle ‘0’ with magnetic field lines Cos 1 3 1 1 0
then use the relation   BA sin  2 2 2

sin  0 1 1 3 1
2 2 2

Minimum Flux Density:

“Magnetic flux per unit area when area is held
perpendicular to magnetic field lines is called magnetic flux density.”


B SI unit is Tesla (T  Wbm2 )
A

AMPERE’S LAW

 Ampere’s law is stated as

“Sum of all the quantities ( B ,  L) for all path elements into which complete loop has been
divided is equal to  times the total current enclosed by loop.”

Where   is permeability of free space and

n

 ( B,  L ) i   1
i 1
  4 107 Wnm1 A1
 Ampere’s law is used to determined magnetic flux density.

FIELD DUE TO A CURRENT CARRYING SOLENOID

Solenoid :

“Solenoid is a long, tightly wound cylindrical coil which behaves like a bar, magnet when
current passes through it.”
Magnetic field outside the solenoid is non-uniform
and weak (can be neglected)
 Magnetic field produced at the ends of
solenoid is non-uniform and

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 nl Bcenter
Bend  ( Bend  )
2 2
 Magnetic field produced inside the solenoid
strong and nearly uniform.

 Nl
B   nl OR B
L

Where n is number of turns per unit length.

Magnetic field inside the solenoid depends upon,
I. Numbers of turns of solenoid ( B  N )
II. Current passing through solenoid ( B  l )
1
III. Length of solenoid ( B  )
L
IV. Nature of core material (by increasing iron core inside the solenoid magnetic field
increases)
Three important cases:
1. If solenoid is stretched then its length increases but no. of turns remains same so
magnetic field decreases.
2. If solenoid is compressed then its length decreases but no. of turns remains same so its
magnetic field increases.
3. If solenoid is cut into two parts and same current passes through each part then
magnetic field will remain same because both no. of turns and length become half.

FORCE ON MOVING CHARGE IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

 Force acting on a current carrying conductor in magnetic field is actually force acting on
moving charges.
No. of charge carries per unit volume = n
No. of charge carries in volume AL of the conductor = n AL
Charge on each particle = q
Total charge in the conductor of volume =nqAL
L
Time taken by charges to pass through conductor
v
nqAL
Current passing through the conductor  nqAv
L
v

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When charges are moving in the magnetic field they experiences the magnetic force and the
resultant of magnetic forces acting on moving charges is the magnetic force acting on current
carrying conductor
 If a charge q is moving with velocity v in a magnetic field B is given as

F  qvB sin 
 is angle between v and B

 Magnetic force depends upon

I. Charge of the particle Note:
F q
Magnetic force on moving
II. Velocity of the particle charges is independent of
F v length area or dimensions of
the conductor.

III. Magnetic field FB

F  sin 
IV. Direction of motion of charged particle.

Maximum Force:
Force acting on a moving charge is maximum when charge is moving perpendicular to
magnetic field lines.
Fmax  qvB sin 90  qvB

Minimum Force:
Force acting on a particle is zero or minimum when
I. Charge is zero (neutral particle ) F  (0)vB sin   0
II. Charged particle is at rest (v= 0) F  q(0) B sin   0
III. Magnetic field is zero (B – 0) F  qv(0)sin   0
IV. Charge is moving either parallel or anti-parallel to magnetic field lines.
F  qvB sin    qvB sin180  0

Vector Form:
Magnetic force on moving charge in vector form is given as

F  q (v  B )

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 Magnetic force is always perpendicular to velocity of charge and magnetic field.

 Work done by magnetic force is always zero
( Fm is perpendicular to velocity and displacement)
 Magnetic force is only deflecting force and it cannot accelerate or decelerate the
charge.
 When charge in moving in uniform magnetic field its speed, K.E angular velocity, time
period, frequency and angular momentum remain constant
 Angular acceleration and torque by magnetic force is zero.
 Only direction of velocity, momentum, acceleration and magnetic force are changing.

Direction of Force: How to Apply Right Hand Palm Rule

Direction of force acting on a moving ‫ کا تھپڑ بنائیں ۔‬Right hand ‫ سب سے پہلے‬.1

charge in a magnetic field is determined ‫ کریں ۔‬set ‫ فیلڈ کی طرف‬direction ‫ کی‬Fingers .2
by
‫ کرنٹ کی‬direction ‫ کی‬thumb ‫ کرکے‬Rotate ‫ ہاتھ کو‬.3
‫ کریں ۔‬set ‫طرف‬
I. Right hand palm rule
‫ ہوگی اس طرف‬direction ‫ کی‬Palm ‫ تو جس طرف‬.4
II. Fleming left hand rule ‫ عمل کرے گی ۔‬Force

Remember
For negative charges left hand
palm rule will be used

Example: find the direction of magnetic force Answer: Direction of force is into the plane of
acting on a moving charge in magnetic field paper

Example: find the direction of magnetic force Answer: Direction of force is into the plane of
acting on a moving charge in magnetic field paper

Example: find the direction of magnetic force Answer: Direction of force is vertically
acting on a moving charge in magnetic field downward

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Example: find the direction of magnetic force Answer: Direction of force is into the plane of
acting on a moving charge in magnetic field paper

Example: find the direction of magnetic force Answer: Direction of force is towards left
acting on a moving charge in magnetic field

Example: find the direction of magnetic force Answer: Direction of force is towards left
acting on a moving charge in magnetic field

Example: find the direction of magnetic force Answer: Direction of force is towards right
acting on a moving charge in magnetic field

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Example: find the direction of magnetic force Answer: Charge is moving parallel to field lines
acting on a moving charge in magnetic field so force is zero

Example: find the direction of magnetic force Answer: Direction of force is downward
acting on a moving charge in magnetic field

Example: find the direction of magnetic force Answer: Direction of force is into the plane of
acting on a moving charge in magnetic field paper

TRAJECTORY OF A CHARGE PARTICLE IN MAGNETIC FIELD

1. Straight Path:
When charge is moving either
parallel or anti-parallel to
magnetic field lines its
trajectory will be straight line.

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2. Circular Path:
When charge is moving
perpendicular to magnetic
field then its trajectory will be
circular.

Angular frequency
Radius of circular path OR Time Period Frequency
Angular Velocity

mv qB 2 m qB
r w T f 
qB m qB 2 m

3. Helical Path:
When charge is moving neither parallel, anti-
parallel nor perpendicular
( is other than 0 ,90 or180 ) then its trajectory is
helical or helix.

COMPARISON BETWEEN ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELD

Electric Force Magnetic Force
1. Electric force is given as F e  qE Magnetic force is given as F m  q(V  B)
2. Electric force only depends upon charge Magnetic force depends upon charge, velocity,
and electric field and independent of magnetic field and direction of motion.
velocity and direction of motion.
3. Electric force is always along the direction Magnetic force is always perpendicular to
of electric field. direction of magnetic field and velocity.
4. Electric force can accelerate, decelerate Magnetic force is only deflecting force and
and deflect the charge. cannot accelerate or decelerate the charge.

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LORENTZ FORCE
“If a charge q is moving with velocity v in a region where electric field is E and magnetic field is
B then the net force on the charge is vector sum of electric force qE and magnetic force
q(v  B) .”
F  qE  q(v  B)

It is known as Lorentz force.

Velocity Selector:
 v, E and B are set mutually perpendicular.  Only these charges passes
undeviated for which
 E and B are applied in such a way that they may
exert force on moving charge in opposite Fm  Fe
direction. qvB sin 90  qE
E
v
B

Example: Alpha particles ranging in speed from == to

2000 --- enter into a velocity selector where electric field Solution:
intensity is === and magnetic induction is 0.20T. The particles E
v
which move undeviated will have speed B
300
(a) 1000ms 1 (b) 1250ms 1 v  1500ms 1
0.2
(c) 1500ms 1 (d) 2000ms 1
Example: A velocity selector has magnetic field of 0.30T and a
perpendicular electric field of 10000V m 1 is applied. Then the
Solution:
particles which move undeviated will have speed
E
(a) 330ms 1 (b) 3300ms 1 v
B
(c) 33000ms 1 (d) 3000ms 1 1000
v  33000ms 1
Example: If a charge q is moving in a velocity selector. The 0.3

charge will move in a straight path if

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E
(a) v  (b) E is perpendicular to B.
B
(c) Fm  Fe (d) All of these ✓

CHARGE TO MASS RATIO OF AN ELECTRON

q
 Charge to mass ratio ( ) of a particle only depends upon nature of particle.
m
q m
 In case of neutron or any other neutral particle = 0 and = 
m q
q q q
 ( )electron  ( ) proton  ( ) particle
m m m

Determination of Charge to Mass Ratio of an Electron:

 To determined charge to mass ratio of electron beam of electrons is projected in
uniform magnetic field in perpendicular direction.
 Magnetic field exerts the force on electrons and
bends the in a circular path.
Fm Fc

mv 2
qvB 
r
q v

m Br
 Radius of circular path depend upon four factors: (Mass, velocity, charge, magnetic
field)
1 1
rm r v r r
q B
 To determine the radius of circular path beam of electrons is projected in a glass bulb
filled with H 2 gas at a low pressure due to ionization and de-excitation path of electrons
becomes visible.
 If beam of electrons is accelerated through potential difference V then
Gain in K.E: Gain in Momentum: Gain in Velocity:
K .E  qv p  2mqV 2qv
v
m

 Putting value of V in eq (i) q 2V


m B2 r 2

 Accurately known value of e/m for electron is 1.7588 1011 Ckg 1

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Example: A charge particle is moving in a circular path in a

Perpendicular magnetic field. By increasing the magnetic field
Charge to mass ratio of the particle will
Solution:
(a) Increase (b) decrease
Charge to mass ratio only depends
(c) Remain same ✓ (d) None
upon nature of particles.

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