INDEX

TOPIC NO. TOPICS FROM UHS SYLLABUS PAGE NO.

Table of Specifications 1

1 Measurement 2

2 Motion and Force 9

3 Work, Energy and Power 22

4 Circular Motion 30

5 Oscillations 38

6 Waves 45

7 Light 53

8 Heat and Thermodynamics 60

9 Electrostatics 68

10 Current – Electricity 75

11 Electromagnetism 82

12 Electromagnetic Induction 91

13 Deformation of Solids 101

14 Electronics 106

15 Modern Physics 114

16 Nuclear Physics 121

Cracking the MDCAT PHYSICS P a g e | 75

10.Current the current I passing through the conductor is

calculated by:
Electricity l=
ΔQ
§ Learning Outcomes Δt
Ampere: It is the amount of current due to
§ Definitions and Statements flow of charge at the rate of one coulomb per
second.
§ Fully Solved Textual Exercise Conventional Current: It is a convention to
§ Important MCQs consider the direction of current as the
direction in which, positive charges flow, This
direction was supposed by the early scientists
LEARNING OUTCOMES and still it is being continued, Due to this
reason, the current due to flow of positive
Students should be able to
charges is called conventional current.
Electronic Current: The truth is that these are
In this topic the student should be able to:
the electrons (and not the positive charges)
a) Understand the concept of current and use
Q
which leave their atoms of a metallic wire.
l= Since the motion of electrons is opposite to
t
b) Describe and understand Ohm’s Law and that of positive charges (ions), hence the
use V = IR current due to motion of electrons is called
c) Recall series and parallel combination of electronic current.
resistors and use R = R1 + R2 + ………… and Note: Since the effect of motion of
1 1 1 electrons is the same as the effect of motion
+ + + ............
R R1 R2 of positive charges, hence mostly we use the
d) Explain resistance and resistivity and use term conventional current.
R=
ρl Free Electrons: In a metal the valence
A electrons are not attached b individual atoms
e) Define potential difference and e.m.f and but are free to move about within the
W
use V= conductor. Such electrons are known as free
Q
electrons.
f) Describe power dissipation in resistors and
Sources of Current: Every source of current
use
converts some non-electric energy into
V2 2
P = Vl, P =
R
, P = l R. electrical energy. A few examples of such
g) Know and use Kirchhoff’s First Law as sources are given as below:
conservation of change. (i) Cells-convert chemical energy into
h) Know and use Kirchhoff’s Second Law as electrical energy.
conservation of energy. (ii) Electric generators – convert het
i) Use Kirchhoff’s Law to solve problems. energy into electrical energy.
(iii) Thermocouples – convert heat energy
into electrical energy.
Definitions and Statements (iv) Solar cells – convert sunlight (energy)
directly into electrical energy.
Electric Current: Motion of electric charges is Effects of Current: The presence of electric
called electric current. current can be detected by the various effects
If a net charge AQ passes through any which it produces. The obvious effects of the
cross- section of a conductor in time Δ t, then current are:
(i) Heating effect

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(ii) Chemical effect Conductance and Conductivity ( σ ):

(iii) Magnetic effect Conductance is reciprocal of resistance and
Electrolysis: Certain liquids (such as diluted conductivity ( σ ) is reciprocal of resistivity
sulphuric acid and copper sulphate solution) (ρ )
conduct electricity due to some chemical 1
reactions that take place within them. i.e., σ
ρ
The study of this process is known as Mho (Unit of Conductance): It is reciprocal of
electrolysis. an ohm and is also called “siemen”.
Electrolyte: The liquid which conducts current Mho-metre-1: It is a unit of conductivity.
is known as electrolyte. Temperature Coefficient of Resistance ( α ):
Voltameter: The vessel containing two This is the term defined as the fractional
electrodes and the liquid is known as change of resistance per kelvin.
voltameter. Its value for copper, silver and
Electroplating: This is the process of coating a
aluminium etc. is positive i.e., their resistance
thin layer of some expensive metal (gold,
increases with the increase in temperature.
silver etc.) on an article of some cheap metal. The value of c for germanium, silicon
Ohm’s Law: The current flowing through a etc. is negative i.e., their resistance decreases
conductor is directly proportional to the with increase in temperature.
potential difference across its ends provided Unit of “ α ”: Unit of temperature coefficient
the physical state (such as temperature etc.) of resistance is K1 and defined from’
of the conductor remains constant. Rt -Ro Ω -1
Non-Ohmic Devices: These are the devices α= = K
which do not obey Ohm’s law e.g., filament
Rot ΩK
Colour Code for Carbon Resistors:
bulbs and semiconductor diodes. In both Colo Bla Bro Re Oran Yello Gre Blu Viol Gr Whi

cases, the graph of voltage V versus current I ur

Valu
ck
0
wn
1
d
2
ge
3
w
4
en
5
e
6
et
7
ey
8
te
9
is not a straight line. e

Resistance (R) and Resistivity ( ρ ): It is very Usually me coiour code consists of 4

bands, The fourth band gives resistance
important to note that resistance is the
tolerance.
characteristic of a particular wire whereas the
Note: Colour code may be remembered
resistivity is the property of the material of
through this meaningless sentence i.e.,
which the wire is made.
BBROY Goes Balakot Via Gujran Wala.
If we put A – 1m2 and L = 1m, then the
Tolerance: By tolerance, means the possible
L
formula R = ρ becomes R = ρ or ρ = R i.e., variation from the marked value. If the 4th
A band is silvern, the tolerance of that resistor
resistivity can be defined as the resistance of is 10%. If it is golden, then tolerance is 20%.
a metre cube of a material. Rheostat: It is a wire wound variable
Ohm (Unit of Resistance): Resistance of a resistance and consists of a bare manganin
resistor (or a conductor) is said to be one ohm wire, wound over an insulating cylinder.
if a current of one ampere flows through it A rheostat can be used as (I) a variable
when a potential difference of one volt is resistor and (ii) a potential divider.
applied across its ends. Thermistor: A thermistor is a heat sensitive
Ohm-metre (Ω − m) : It is the unit of resistor. Most thermistors have negative
resistivity and is defined by the formula temperature coefficient of resistance.
A Thermistors have wide applications as
ρ = R by putting A = 1m2, L = 1m i.e., unit of
L temperature sensors i.e., they convert
m2 changes of temperature into electrical
ρ = Ω× = Ω× m
m voltage.

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Power of a Voltage Source: The rate at which the sum of all the currents flowing away from
the battery is supplying electrical energy is the point.
called power output or simply the electrical In figure, l1+l2=l3+l4
power of the battery. Note: Kirchhoff’s 1st rule is also called point
Electric supplied V ΔQ rule. It is clear that this rule talks of the
Electric power = = = VI
Time taken Δt conservation of charge.
Watt (Unit of Electrical Power): If V is in volt Wheatstone Bridge: It is a circuit consisting of
and I is in ampere, then power (= VI) is in four resistances R1, R2, R3 and R4 connected in
watt. a special way alongwith a galvanometer and a
Thus 1 watt 1 volt x 1 amp battery.
Internal Resistance (r): A cell offers some A current flows in a circuit such that
resistance due to the electroyte (liquid) no deflection is shown by the galvanometer.
present between the two electrodes of the This happens when the following condition is
cell. This is called internal resistance r of the satisfied i.e.,
cell. R1 R3
=
Electromotive Force (emf E): We know that in R2 R 4
a circuit the source of current (cell etc.) must Thus if three resistances are known
supply energy Δ W to the positive charges so and fourth is unknown, then the last can be
that they can move to the point of higher found out.
potential. The emf E of the source is defined Potentiometer: It is a potential measuring
as the energy supplied by the cell to a unit instrument. It usually do not draw any current
charge i.e., from the circuit and is thus considered as very
ΔW accurate instrument for the measurement of
E=
Δq potentials.
The emf is also defined as the We can measure emf of a cell by
potential difference across the terminals of potentiometer. Also we can compare the
battery when no current is being drawn from emfs E1, E2 of the two cells. If the balancing
it. lengths are l1 and l2 found separately for the
Volt (unit of emf): Electromotive force is not a two cells, then
force and we do not measure it in newtons. E1 l3
=
The unit of emf E is joule/coulomb or volt as E2 l4
ΔW Note: Other potential measuring instruments
clear from the formula E =
Δq are voltmeter and cathode ray oscilloscope.
Terminal Potential Difference (V): This is the (CRO)
potential difference across the terminals of Fully Solved Textual Exercise
the battery when current is drawn from it. Encircle the correct answer.
This potential difference V is less than the emf Multiple choice questions.
E because some voltage is dropped across the 1. Seven resistances are connected as shown in the
internal resistance r. figure. The equivalent resistance between A and B is:
Note 1: The emf is the “cause” and potential
difference is the “effect.”
Note 2: The emf is always present even when
no current is drawn from the battery but then
potential difference across the conductor is
zero.
Kirchhoff’s 1st Rule: The sum of all the
currents flowing towards a point is equal to

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(a) 3Ω (b) 4Ω 9. Thermocouple is an arrangement of two different

(c) 4.5Ω (d) 5Ω metals:
2. Three resistors of resistance R each are combined (a) To convert heat energy into electrical energy
in various ways. Which of the following cannot be (b) To produce more heat
obtained? (c) To convert heat energy into chemical energy
(d) To convert electric energy into heat energy
2R
(a) 3RΩ (b) Ω Important MCQ’s
4
R 2R ELECTRIC CURRENT, SOURCES AND EFFECTS
(c) Ω (d) Ω
3 3 1. Most practical applications of electricity involve:
3. Calculate current in 2Ω resistor: (A) Charges at rest (B) Charges in motion
(C) Electrons at rest (D) Atoms in motion
(E) Molecules in motion
2. The current that flows through the coil of a motor
causes:
(A) Its shaft to (B) Its brushes to
revolve rotate
(C) Motor to move (D) Its shaft to rotate
(E) None of these
(a) 1A (b) 1.29 A 3. SI unit of current describes the flow of charge at the
(c) 0.73 A (d) 1.43 A rate of:
6
4. 10 electrons are moving through a wire per (A) One ampere per second
second, the current developed is: (B) One coulomb per second
(a)
-19
1.6 x 10 A (b) 1A (C) One electron per second
18
(c)
-13
1.6 x 10 A (d)
6
10 A (D) 6.25 x 10 electrons per second
5. When a wire is stretched and its radius becomes (E) Both (B) and (D)
r/2, then its resistance will be: 4. In case of metallic conductors, the charge carriers
(a) 16 R (b) 4R are:
(c) 2R (d) 0 (A) Protons (B) Electrons
6. A wire of a uniform cross-section, A length L and (C) Antiprotons (D) Positrons
resistance R is cut into two equal parts. The resistivity (E) Both (A) and (B)
of each part will be: 5. The charge carriers in an electrolyte are:
(a) doubled (A) Positive ions (B) Negative ions
(b) halved (C) Either (A) or (B) (D) Both (A) and (B)
(c) remains the same (E) neither (A) nor
(d) one forth (B)
6. In gases, the charge carriers are:
7. The resistivity of two wires is ρ 2 which are
(A) Electrons (B) Positive ions
connected in series. If there dimensions are same (C) Negative ions (D) Both (A) and (C)
then the equivalent resistivity of the combination will (E) Both (A) and (B)
be: 7. The conventional current is the name given to
(a) ( ρ1 + ρ2 ) current due to flow of:
(A) Positrons (B) Positive charges
1 1
(b) + (C) Negatives (D) Both (A) and (C)
ρ1 ρ 2 charges
ρ1 + ρ 2 (E) None of these
(c) 8. A current of 1 ampere is passing through a
2 conductor. The charge passing through it in half a
ρ1 minute is:
(d)
ρ2 (A) One Coulomb (B) 0.5 Coulomb
8. The powers of two electric bulbs are 100 w and (C) 30 Coulomb (D) 2 Coulomb
200w. Which are connected to power supply of 220 V. (E) None of these
The ratio of resistance of their filament will be: 9. The positive charge moving in one direction is
(a) 1:2 (b) 2:1 equivalent in all external affects to a:
(c) 1:3 (d) 4:3 (A) Negative charge moving in the same direction.
(B) Positive charge moving in the opposite
direction.

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(C) Negative charge moving in the opposite 18. The effects of bends in a wire on its electrical
direction. resistance are:
(D) Positive charge moving in the same direction. (A) Zero (B) Much larger
(E) None of these (C) Larger (D) Smaller
10. In a metal, the valence electrons are: (E) None of these
(A) Attached to individual atoms 19. An electric field is generated along the wire when:
(B) Not attached to individual atoms (A) Its resistance is very high
(C) Free to move within the metal (B) A constant potential is maintained across the
(D) Both (A) and (C) wire
(E) Both (B) and (C) (C) Net current through the wire is zero
11. The free electrons in metals: (D) A constant potential difference is maintained
(A) Are in random motion and their speed across the wire
depends upon temperature. (E) Either (A) or (D)
(B) Move in a particular direction. 20. 1.0 x 107 electrons pass through a conductor in
(C) Move with speed to light. certain interval of time. The amount of charge will be:
-12 -26
(D) Move such that their speed does not depend (A) 1.6 x 10 (B) 1.6 x 10
upon temperature. Coulomb Coulomb
25 26
(E) None of these (C) 6.0 x 10 (D) 1.6 x 10
12. The rate at which the free electrons pass through Coulomb Coulomb
any section of a metallic wire from right to left is: (E) None of these
(A) Greater than the speed at which they pass 21. The amount of charge passing through a wire in
-12
from left to right. 1.0 µ s is 1.6 x 10 Coulomb. The current flowing
(B) Less than the speed at which they pass from through the wire is:
left to right. (A)
-6
1.6 x 10 amp (B)
-18
1.6 x 10 amp
(C) The same at which they pass from left to right. (C) 1.6 micro amp (D) Either (A) or (C)
(D) Any of above (E) Either (A) or (B)
(E) None of these 22. The amount of charge passing through a wire in
13. If the ends of a wire are connected to a battery, an certain interval of time is 1.6 pico coulombs. The
electric field E will be set up at: number of electrons are then:
(A) The ends of the wire only (A) 10
7
(B) 10
15

(B) Mid point of the wire only (C) 10

10
(D) 10
16

(C) Every point within the wire (E) None of these

(D) At nodes only 23. In order to have a constant current through a
(E) one of these wire, the potential difference across its ends should:
14. The magnitude of drift velocity is of the order of: (A) Be zero (B) Be main maintained
-6 -1 -3 -1
(A) 10 ms (B) 10 ms constant
3 -1 6 -1
(C) 10 ms (D) 10 ms (C) Goes on (D) Go on decreasing
(E) None of these increasing
15. The term drift velocity is used when the ends of a (E) Both (A) and (D)
wire are: 24. When two spherical conducting balls at different
(A) Connected to a laser source potentials are joined by a metallic wire, after some
(B) Connected to a voltage source time:
(C) Not connected to a voltage source (A) Both the conductors are at the same
(D) At different values of potential (B) Potential difference remain constant
(E) Both(B)and(D) (C) Potential difference becomes zero
16. When a constant potential difference is applied (D) Both (A) and (B)
across the conductor, the drift velocity of electrons: (E) Both (A) and (C)
(A) Increases (B) Decreases 25. The example/s of non-electrical energy is/are:
(C) Remains constant (D) Either of these (A) Chemical energy (B) Mechanical
(E) None of these energy
17. When resistance of a current carrying wire (C) Heat energy (D) Both (A) and (B)
increases due to rise in temperature, the drift velocity (E) All of these
of electrons: 26. Conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy
(A) Decreases (B) Increases can be achieved by:
(C) Remains constant (D) Either of these (A) Primary cell (B) Secondary cell
(E) None of these (C) Both (A) and (D) Photovoltaic cell

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(E) Solar cell (C) Colour of the liquid

27. The device which can convert heat energy into (D) Both (A) and (C)
electrical energy is called: (E) Both (A) and (B)
(A) Thermistor (B) Thermometer 37. Two dissimilar metals joined at their ends kept at
(C) Thermostat (D) Thermocouple constant temperature constitute:
(E) Both (C) and (D) (A) Cell (B) Voltmeter
28. When two spherical conducting balls at different (C) Thermocouple (D) Potentiometer
potentials are joined by a metallic wire, the current (E) None of these
starts: 38. Electrolysis is the study of conduction of electricity
(A) Decreasing from zero to maximum through:
(B) Increasing from zero to maximum (A) Solids (B) Liquids
(C) Decreasing from maximum to zero (C) Gases (D) Plasma
(D) Increasing from maximum to zero (E) All of these
(E) Both (A) and (D) 39. The vessel containing the two electrodes and
29. The obvious effect/s of current is/are: certain liquid is known as:
(A) Heating effect (B) Magnetic effect (A) Voltmeter (B) Electrolyte
(C) Chemical effect (D) Both (B) and (C) (C) Voltameter (D) Calorimeter
(E) All of these (E) Thermometer
30. As the current flows through the wire: 40. The voltameter usually contains:
(A) It generates heat in the wire (A) Water only
(B) It produces sound in the wire (B) Dilute solution of CuSO4
(C) Resistance of the wire decreases (C) CuSO4 in solid form
(D) Voltage across the ends is increased (D) Phosphorous
(E) None of these (E) None of these
31. Heat (H) produced in the wire of resistance R in 41. The current through a wire is defined as:
time t when a current l is passed through it, is given (A) The rate at which current passes a point.
by: (B) The rate of transfer of charge through a
2 2
(A) H = IR t (B) H = lRt circuit.
2 2
(C) H = l Rt (D) H = l R/t (C) The amount of charge passing a point per unit
(E) None of these time.
32. Heating effect of current is utilized in: (D) Both (A) and (B)
(A) Electric motor (B) Electric toaster (E) Both (B) and (C)
++ --
(C) Electroplating (D) Electric kettle 42. Copper sulphate is dissociated into Cu and SO4
(E) Both (B) and (D) ions when it is:
33. The passage of current is accompanied by a (A) In solution form (B) In solid form
magnetic field in the surrounding space: (C) In gaseous form (D) Both (A) and (C)
(A) Always (B) Sometimes (E) None of these
accompanied accompained 43. During electrolysis process (using CuSO4) density
(C) Never (D) Any of above of CuSO4 solution:
Accompanied (A) Increases (B) Decreases
(E) None of these (C) Remains (D) Any of above
34. The strength of magnetic field at certain points unaltered
around a wire depends upon: (E) None of these
(A) Value of current passing 44. The practical unit of current is:
(B) Distance from the current element (A) Ampere (B) Ohm
(C) Colour of the material (C) Coulomb (D) Volt
(D) Both (A) and (B) (E) None of these
(E) Both (B) and (C) 45. If the resistance of the conductor is increased,
35. Magnetic effect of current is used: then current will:
(A) In electric motor (B) To defect current (A) Increase (B) Decrease
(C) To measure (D) All of these (C) Remain the same (D) First increase and
current then decrease
(E) None of these (E) None of these
36. The magnitude of chemical effect depends upon:
(A) Nature of the liquid : OHM’S LAW, RESISTANCE, RESISTIVITY
(B) Quantity of electricity passed through the
liquid 46. The resistance of a conductor depends upon:

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(A) Nature of the conductor wire wire

(B) Dimensions of the conductor (C) Area of cross- Material of wire
(C) Physical state of the conductor section
(D) Both (A) and (B) (E) All of these
(E) All of them 56. Three resistances each of 3 Ω are connected in
47. The unit of resistance is: parallel. Their equivalent resistance is:
(A) Ampere (B) Volt (A) 9Ω (B) 0.66 Ω
(C) Ohm (D) Coulomb (C) 1Ω (D) 1/9 Ω
(E) Metre (E) None of these
48. Mathematical form of Ohm’s law is: 57. The unit of resistivity is:
V (A) Ohm (B) Ohm per metre
(A) l = VR (B) l= (C) Ohm-metre (D) Metre per ohm
R
(E) Either (B) or (D)
(C) V = lR (D) R = Vl
58. Conductance is:
(E) Both (B) and (C)
(A) Another name of resistance
49. A sample of conductor is said to obey Ohm’s law if
(B) Reciprocal of resistance
graph between V and l is:
(C) Measured in mho
(A) Straight line (B) Curve
(D) Measured in siemen
(C) Parabola (D) Either (A) or (B)
(E) All are true except A
(E) Either (B) or (C)
59. Resistance can be measured in:
50. The current in a light bulb rises to a maximum -1 -1
(A) VA (B) AV
almost at the instant the blub is turned on the current -1 -1
(C) JC (D) CJ
then decreases. This is because: -1
(E) AJ
(A) Temperature of the filament rises
60. Conductivity is reciprocal of:
(B) Resistance increase
(A) Resistivity and measured in ohm-metre
(C) Resistance decrease
(B) Resistance and measured in ohm
(D) Both (A) and (B) -1
(C) Resistivity and measured in mho-m
(E) Both (A) and (C) -1 -1
(D) Resistivity and measured in ohm -m
51. The resistance of 2,3, 4 Ω are provided:
(E) Both (C) and (D)
(A) In series (B) In parallel
61. The best conductor is:
(C) In series and in (D) Any of above
(A) Silver (B) Copper
Parallel
(C) Aluminum (D) Both (B) and (C)
(E) None of these
(E) None of them
52. Example/s of a non-ohmic device is:
62. Most electric wires are made of copper because
(A) Filament bulb (B) Semiconductor
copper is:
diode
(A) The best (B) Good conductor
(C) A current carrying wire with no change in
conductor
temperature
(C) Comparatively (D) Comparatively
(D) Both (A) and (B)
cheaper lighter
(E) Both (B) and (C)
(E) Both (B) and (C)
53. If V – l graph is non-linear such that the change in
63. Temperature coefficient of resistance is defined
current becomes less for the same rise in potential
as:
difference, then it means that with the rise in P.D., the
(A) Change in resistance per degree centigrade
temperature of the wire:
(B) Change in resistance per kelvin
(A) Is rising (B) Is falling
(C) Fractional change in resistance per degree
(C) Remains (D) Either (A) or (C)
Fahrenheit
constant
(D) Fractional change in resistance per kelvin
(E) None of these
(E) Either (A) or (C)
54. Resistance of a wire is:
64. The value of resistivity is the least for:
(A) Directly proportional to its length
(A) Copper (B) Aluminium
(B) Directly proportional to its area
(C) Silver (D) Tungsten
(C) Inversely proportional to its area
(E) Iron
(D) Both (A) and (C)
(E) Both (A) and (B)
65. Resistance decreases with increase in temperature
55. The resistivity of a material of the wire depends
in case of:
upon:
(A) Germanium (B) Carbon
(A) Length of the (B) Resistance of the
(C) Silicon (D) Both (A) and (C)

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(E) All of these

66. Which of the following has/have negative 11. Electromagnetism
temperature coefficient of resistance?
(A) Silicon (B) Copper
§ Learning Outcomes
(C)
(E)
Silver
Both (B) and (C)
(D) Iron § Definitions and Statements
§ Fully Solved Textual Exercise
ANSWERS
§ Important MCQs
1. B 2. D 3. E 4. B
5. D 6. E 7. B 8. C
9. B 10. E 11. A 12. C LEARNING OUTCOMES
13. C 14. B 15. E 16. C Students should be able to
17. A 18. A 19. D 20. A
21. D 22. A 23. B 24. E
25. E 26. C 27. D 28. C In this topic the student should be able to:
29. E 30. A 31. C 32. E a) Understand magnetic field due to current
33. A 34. D 35. D 36. E in a long straight wire.
37. C 38. B 39. C 40. B b) Describe force on current carrying
41. E 42. A 43. C 44. A conductor in uniform magnetic field and
45. B 46. E 47. C 48. E
49. A 50. D 51. B 52. D
use
53. A 54. D 55. D 56. C F = Bll sin θ
57. C 58. E 59. A 60. E c) Explain magnetic field due to current
61. A 62. E 63. D 64. C carrying solenoid and use B = µ° nl.
65. E 66. A
d) Explain the concept of force on a moving
charge in magnetic field and use F = q (V x
B) or F = qVBsin θ .
e) Determine the e/m for an electron.

Definitions and Statements

Right Hand Rule: This rule is used to find the
direction of lines of force around the current
carrying conductor. This rule is stated as
follows:
“If the wire is grasped in first of right
hand with the thumb pointing in the direction
of the current, the fingers of the hand will
circle the wire in the direction of the
magnetic field”.
Vector Area: Area of an element is a vector
quantity whose magnitude is the area of the
element and whose direction is along the
normal to the surface of the element.
Magnetic Flux ( φ B): Magnetic flux is a scalar
quantity. Magnetic flux through a plane
element of area A in a uniform magnetic field
B is given by

F O R M E R LY B R I G H T L I N K P R E P- S AT