Operators

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 OPERators
An operator specifies the operation to be applied to its operands.
The values/variables upon which the operation is performed are
called operands.
Combination of operator and operands is called an expression.
a+b
a and b are operands and ‘+’ is a operator

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 OPERators

There are 3 types of operators:-

a. Unary operator
b. Binary Operator
c. Ternary Operator

Further there are more categories of operators.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF OPERATORS
Arithmetic operators (Binary)
Relational Operators (Binary)
Logical Operators (Binary)
Increments and Decrement Operators (unary)
Conditional Operators (ternary)
Bitwise Operators (Binary)
Special Operators.
Assignment Operators
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 CLASSIFICATION OF OPERATORS

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 ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
+,-, /, * AND %
% Operator is used to calculate remainder.
• In case of modulo division, if the numerator is smaller than the
denominator, then answer will be the number itself.
eg, 5%10=5
• In case of modulo division, the sign of the output will always be
equal to sign of numerator.
A=-5%10, A=-5

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 ARITHMETIC OPERATORS

• In case of division, if the number is smaller than the denominator,

then answer will always be truncated towards zero.
A=5/10
A=0

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 Arithmetic operators
//program on arithmetic operations
c = a*b;
#include <stdio.h>
printf("a*b = %d \n",c);
int main() c = a/b;
{ int a = 9,b = 4, c; printf("a/b = %d \n",c);
c = a+b; c = a%b;

printf("a+b = %d \n",c); printf("Remainder

when a divided by b =
c = a-b;
%d \n",c);
printf("a-b = %d \n",c); return 0; }
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 relational operators
Relational operators are used to compare 2 quantities together.
Relational operator always give output in the form of true or
false (i.e. 1 or 0)
Relational Operators are:
> , < , >= , <=, ==, !=

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 relational operators

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 relational operators
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then:
• == Checks if the value of two operands is equal or not, if yes then
condition becomes true.
(A == B) is not true.
• != Checks if the value of two operands is equal or not, if values are
not equal then condition becomes true.
(A != B) is true.

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 relational operators
• Checks if the value of left operand is greater (>) than the value of
right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
(A > B) is not true.
• Checks if the value of left operand is less(<) than the value of right
operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
(A < B) is true.
• >= Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the
value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
• (A >= B) is not true.
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 relational operators
• <= Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the
value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
(A <= B) is true

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 relational operators
//example
#include<stdio.h> printf(“a<b : %d”,a<=b);
int main () printf(“a==b: %d”,a==b);
{ printf(“a!=b: %d”,a!=b);

int a=10,b=20; return 0;

}
printf(“a>b: %d”,a>b);
printf(“a<b : %d”,a<b);
printf(“a>=b : %d”,a>=b);
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 Logical operators
Logical Operators: &&, ||, !
Logical AND and OR is binary operator , ! Is unary operator
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then:
• && Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are non zero
then then condition becomes true.
(A && B) is true.
• || Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands is non
zero then then condition becomes true. (A || B) is true.

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 Logical operators
• ! Called Logical NOT Operator. Use to reverses the logical state of
its operand. If a condition is true then Logical NOT operator will
make false.
!(A && B) is false.

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 Logical operators
//logical operator
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a=10,b=20;
printf("%d",a&&b);
printf("%d",a||b);
printf("%d",!(a&&b)); }
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 assignment operators
• = Simple assignment operator, Assigns values from Assigns
values from right side operands to left side operand.
• int a=15
(15 is assigned to a)
• Note: there can be single variable at LHS of assignment
operator.
a=a+b; c=d+e;
• A+b=c+d //not allowed

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 assignment operators
• Shorthand assignment operator
• C = A + B will assign value of A + B into C
• += Add AND assignment operator, It adds right operand to the
left operand and assign the result to left operand
C += A is equivalent to C = C + A
• -= Subtract AND assignment operator, It subtracts right operand
from the left operand and assign the result to left operand
C -= A is equivalent to C = C - A

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 assignment operators
• *= Multiply AND assignment operator, It multiplies right operand
with the left operand and assign the result to left operand
C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A
• /= Divide AND assignment operator, It divides left operand with the
right operand and assign the result to left operand
C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A
• %= Modulus AND assignment operator, It takes modulus using two
operands and assign the result to left operand
C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A
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 assignment operators
// Assignment operators
a -= 10;
#include <stdio.h>
printf("Value of a is %d\n", a);
int main()
a *= 10;
{
printf("Value of a is %d\n", a);
int a = 10;
a /= 10;
printf("Value of a is %d\n", a);
printf("Value of a is %d\n", a);
a += 10;
return 0;
printf("Value of a is %d\n", a);
}
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 Conditional operator/ Ternary operator
• It is a ternary operator that works on 3 operands. It is an alternate
of if-else.
• Syntax:
condition ? True: false
Exp1? Exp2: Exp3
If the Exp 1 is true then Exp 2 will be evaluated. If the Exp1 is false
then Exp 3 will be evaluated.
variable= Exp1? Exp2: Exp3

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 Conditional operator/ Ternary operator
• variable= Exp1? Exp2: Exp3

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 Conditional operator
// write a program to check whether 2 numbers are equal or not
using conditional operator
#include<stdio.h>
void main() {
int a,b;
printf("enter 2 numbers");
scanf("%d%d",a,&b);
a==b ? printf("equal") : printf("not equal"); }
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 BITWISE operator

& (bitwise AND): The result of AND is 1 only if both bits are 1.
& (bitwise OR): The result of AND is 1 only if any of the two bits is 1.
^ (bitwise XOR): XOR is 1 if the odd number of 1’s are present or if
the two bits are different.
<< (left shift) : Takes two numbers, the left shifts the bits of the first
operand, and the second operand decides the number of places to
shift.

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 BITWISE operator

>> (right shift): Takes two numbers, right shifts the bits of the first
operand, and the second operand decides the number of places to
shift.
~ (bitwise NOT): Takes one number and inverts all bits of it.

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 BITWISE operator
Truth table of Bitwise operator

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 Example of BITWISE operator
#include <stdio.h>
Output:
int main() { int a = 5, b = 9;
printf("a&b = %d\n", a & b); a&b = 1
a|b = 13
printf("a|b = %d\n", a | b); a^b = 12
printf("a^b = %d\n", a ^ b); ~a = -6
b<<1 = 18
printf("~a = %d\n", a = ~a); b>>1 = 4
printf("b<<1 = %d\n", b << 1);
printf("b>>1 = %d\n", b >> 1);
return 0; }
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 UNARY operator

Increment ( ++ )
Decrement ( — )

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 UNARY operator
Increment ( ++ )
The increment operator ( ++ ) is used to increment the value of the
variable by 1. The increment can be done in two ways:

Preincrement:
The operator precedes the operand (e.g., ++a). The value of the
operand will be changed before execution of the statement or before
it is used.

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 UNARY operator
Postincrement:
The operator follows the operand (e.g., a++). The value operand will
be altered after execution of statement or after it is used.

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 UNARY operator
//program on pre-increment
#include <stdio.h> Output:
a=6
int main() { b=6
int a = 5;
int b = ++a;
printf(" a = %d\n", a);
printf(“b= %d", b);
return 0; }
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 UNARY operator
//program on post-increment
#include <stdio.h> Output:
a=6
int main() { b=5
int a = 5;
int b = a++;
printf(" a = %d\n", a);
printf(“b= %d", b);
return 0; }
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 UNARY operator
Decrement ( -- )
The decrement operator ( -- ) is used to decrement the value of the
variable by 1. The decrement can be done in two ways:

Predecrement:
The operator precedes the operand (e.g., --a). The value of the
operand will be changed before execution of the statement or before
it is used.

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 UNARY operator
Postdecrement:
The operator follows the operand (e.g., a--). The value operand will
be altered after execution of statement or after it is used.

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 UNARY operator
//program on pre-decrement
#include <stdio.h> Output:
a=4
int main() { b=4
int a = 5;
int b = --a;
printf(" a = %d\n", a);
printf(“b= %d", b);
return 0; }
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 UNARY operator
//program on post-decrement
#include <stdio.h> Output:
a=4
int main() { b=5
int a = 5;
int b = a--;
printf(" a = %d\n", a);
printf(“b= %d", b);
return 0; }
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 sizeof operator
It is a compile-time unary operator which can be used to compute the
size of its operand.
Syntax:
sizeof(Expression);
where ‘Expression‘ can be a data type or a variable of any type.
Return: It returns the size of the given expression.

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 sizeof operator
// sizeof operator
Output:
#include <stdio.h>
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int main() { 2
4
printf("%d\n", sizeof(char));
printf("%d\n", sizeof(int)); Note: sizeof() may give
different output
printf("%d\n", sizeof(float)); according to machine,
program on a 16-bit
return 0; }
compiler.
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 Address of operator
This operator returns an integer value which is the address of its
operand in the memory.
Syntax:
&operand

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 Address of operator
// C program to illustrate the use of address operator
Output:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() The address of x is
6422044
{
int x = 100;
printf("The address of x is %u", &x);
return 0; }
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 PRECEDENCE OF OPERATORS
Each operator in C has a precedence associated with it.
In a compound expression, if the operators involved are of
different precedence, the operator of higher precedence is
evaluated first.
Compound expression:
a+b+c*d

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 PRECEDENCE OF OPERATORS
Each operator in C has a precedence associated with it.
In a compound expression, if the operators involved are of
different precedence, the operator of higher precedence is
evaluated first.

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 ASSOCIATIVITY OF OPERATORS
KEY POINTS:
An operator can be either left-to-right associative or right-to-left
associative.
The operators with same precedence always have the same
associativity.
If operators are left-to-right associative, they are applied in left-to-right
order i.e. the operator which appears towards left will be evaluated
first.
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 ASSOCIATIVITY OF OPERATORS
KEY POINTS:
If they are right-to-left associative, they will be applied in the right-to-
left order.
The multiplication and the division operators are left-to-right
associative. Hence, in expression 2*3/5, the multiplication operator is
evaluated prior to the division operator as it appears before the
division operator in left-to-right order.

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 Precedence and associativity table

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 Precedence and associativity table

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 Precedence and associativity table

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 Precedence and associativity table

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 Precedence and associativity table

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