Glossary

A apex The highest point of a pyramid,

perpendicular and opposite to the base.
adjacent side The side that forms one of the
arms of the acute angle being considered in a
B
right triangle, but is not the hypotenuse.
base (of a three-dimensional object) The bottom
face of a three-dimensional object that is oriented
in a traditional way.
angle being considered

adjacent side

base
altitude (of a triangle) The perpendicular distance
from a vertex to the opposite side.
binomial A polynomial with two terms.
y
For example, x 2 + 3, m2n + 4n, and 2x - 5y
2 are binomials.
altitude

-4 -2 0 2 4 x C
-2 circumference The boundary or perimeter of
a circle. This is a linear measurement. It is often
represented by the variable C.

angle of depression The angle formed by the coincident lines Lines that occupy the same
horizontal and a line of sight below the horizontal. position. In a graph of two coincident lines, any
point of either line lies on the other line.
horizontal
angle of depression common factor A term that is a factor of two or
more terms.

line of sight For example, 2 is a common factor of 4, 12, and

18, and x is a common factor of x 2, xy, and xy 2.

common multiple A number that is a multiple of

two or more numbers.

For example, common multiples of 3 and 5 are

angle of elevation The angle formed by the
15, 30, 45, 60, ….
horizontal and a line of sight above the horizontal.
cone A three-dimensional object with a circular
base and a curved lateral surface that extends from
the base to the vertex.
line of sight

angle of elevation

horizontal

570 MHR • Glossary

continuous data Data values on a graph that are D
connected.
degree (of a polynomial) The degree of the
y highest-degree term in a polynomial.
4

y=x For example, the polynomial 7a2 - 3a has

-4 0 4x
a degree of two.

-4 degree (of a term) The sum of the exponents

on the variables in a single term.

coordinates The values in an ordered pair. The For example, the degree of 3x 3z2 is 5.
x-coordinate is the distance from the vertical or A variable with no exponent has a degree
y-axis. The y-coordinate is the distance from the of one.
horizontal or x-axis.
dependent variable The variable whose values
y x-coordinate
depend on those of the independent variable.
(3, 2) y

x dependent
0
y-coordinate variable 4

-4 0 4 x

cosine ratio For an acute angle in a right triangle, -4

the ratio of the length of the adjacent side to the

length of the hypotenuse. cos A = ___
adjacent
hypotenuse
difference of squares An expression of the form
B
a2 - b2 that involves the subtraction of two squares.

hypotenuse For example, x 2 - 4 and y 2 - 25 are differences

opposite
of squares.

A adjacent C discrete data Data values on a graph that are not

connected.
cube root One of three equal factors of a number. y
____ ________ 4
3 3
For example, √512 = √(8)(8)(8)
=8
-4 0 4x
cylinder A three-dimensional object with two
-4
parallel and congruent circular bases.

distributive property The rule that states

a(b + c) = ab + ac.

For example, 40(20 + 6) = (40)(20) + (40)(6).

domain The set of all possible values for the

independent variable in a relation.

Glossary • MHR 571

E greatest common factor (GCF) The largest factor
shared by two or more terms.
elimination method An algebraic method of
solving a system of equations. Add or subtract the For example, the GCF of 12 and 28 is 4, and the
equations to eliminate one variable and solve for GCF of x 2yz and x 2y 3 is x 2y.
the other variable.
H
entire radical The product of 1 and a radical.
___ 3
__ hypotenuse The side opposite the right angle in a
For example, √32 and √25 are entire radicals.
right triangle.
exponent The number of times you multiply the hypotenuse
base in a power by itself.
For example, in 23, the exponent is 3, so the
base is multiplied by itself three times:
2 × 2 × 2 = 8.

I
F
imperial system A system of measurement based
face A flat or curved surface of a three-
on British units.
dimensional object.
independent variable The variable for which
face values are selected.
y

factor Any number or variable that when -4 0 4 x

multiplied with one or more other numbers or
-4
variables forms a product. independent
variable
For example, the factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6,
and 12, and the factors of a2b are a, a, and b.
index Indicates what root to take.
function A relation in which each value of the
index
independent variable is associated with exactly one n
√x
value of the dependent variable. For every value in
the domain there is a unique value in the range.
irrational number A number that cannot be
function notation A notation used when a relation expressed in the form _a , where a and b are integers,
b
is a function. It is written f (x) and read as “f of x” or
and b ≠ 0. It cannot be expressed as a terminating
“f at x.”
or repeating decimal.
__
G For example, π = 3.1415… and √5 = 2.236…
are irrational numbers.
general form The equation of a line in the form
Ax + By + C = 0, where A, B, and C are real
numbers, and A and B are not both zero. By
convention, A is a whole number. This means
that A will always be positive.

572 MHR • Glossary

L N
lateral area The surface that joins the two bases non-linear relation A relation that does not form
of a three-dimensional object or that joins the base a straight line when the data are plotted on a graph.
to the highest point.

lateral
area
0

least common multiple (LCM) The smallest

multiple shared by two or more terms. O
For example, the LCM of 6 and 8 is 24. opposite side The side across from the acute
angle being considered in a right triangle. It is the
like terms Terms that have the same variable(s) side that does not form one of the arms of the angle
raised to the same exponent(s). being considered.

For example, 3x and -2x are like terms.

opposite
linear relation A relation that forms a straight side angle being considered
line when the data are plotted on a graph.

P
0 parallel lines Lines in the same plane that do not
intersect. They have the same slope but different
intercepts.

parameter A variable that has a constant value

M in a particular equation.
metric system A system of measurement in which
all units are based on powers of ten. The metre is perfect cube A number that can be expressed as
the basic unit of length. the product of three equal factors.

For example, 64 = (4)(4)(4) or 43.

mixed radical The product of a rational number
and a radical. perfect square A number that can be expressed
and _
__ 1 √__
3 as the product of two equal factors.
For example, 3√2 6 are mixed radicals.
2
For example, 16 = (4)(4) or 42.
monomial A polynomial with one term.

For example, 5, 2x, 3s2, -8cd, and _

n4 are perfect square trinomial The result of squaring
3 a binomial.
monomials.
For example, (x + 5)2 = x 2 + 10x + 25 is a
multiple (of a number) The product of a given
perfect square trinomial.
number and an integral value.
perpendicular lines Two lines that intersect at
For example, the multiples of 5 are 5, 10,
right angles (90°). These two lines have slopes that
15, 20, ….
are negative reciprocals of each other.

Glossary • MHR 573

point of intersection A point at which two R
lines touch or cross.
radical Consists of a root symbol, an index,__ and
polynomial An algebraic expression formed a radicand. It can be rational
__
(for example, √4 ) or
by adding or subtracting terms. irrational (for example, √2 ).

For example, x + 5, 2d - 2.4, and 3s2 + 5s - 6 index radical

are polynomials. n
√x
radicand
power An expression made up of a base and
an exponent. radicand The quantity under the radical sign.
3
For example, in the power 6 , 6 is the base n
√x
and 3 is the exponent. radicand

primary trigonometric ratios The three ratios— range The set of all possible values for the
sine, cosine, and tangent—defined in a right dependent variable as the independent variable
triangle. takes on all possible values of the domain.
prime factor A factor that is a prime number; rational exponent An exponent that can be
that is, a number divisible only by 1 and itself. expressed as the quotient of two integers, where
the divisor is not zero.
For example, the prime factors of 10 are 2
For example, in 16 4 , _
and 5. _1 1
is a rational exponent.
4
prime factorization The process of writing a
number as a product of its prime factors. rational number A number that can be expressed
as the quotient of two integers, where the divisor is
For example, the prime factorization of 24 is not zero.
2 × 2 × 2 × 3.
For example, 0.5, _
3 , and -2 are rational
4
prism A three-dimensional object with two numbers.
parallel and congruent polygon bases and
rectangular sides. referent An item that an individual uses as a
measurement unit for estimating.

For example, the height of a doorknob above

the floor is about 1 m, or the thickness of a
dime is about 1 mm.
rectangular prism triangular prism
relation An association between two quantities. It
pyramid A three-dimensional object with one can be presented in words, as an equation, as a table
base and the same number of triangular faces as of values, as ordered pairs, or as a graph.
there are sides on the base.
S
set notation A formal mathematical way to give
the values of the domain and range.

For example, the domain is {x | x ≤ 10, x ∈ R}

and the range is {y | y > 20, y ∈ R}.

574 MHR • Glossary

SI (Système International d’Unités) A system slope-point form The equation of a non-vertical
of measurement in which all units are based on line in the form y - y1 = m(x - x1), where m is the
powers of ten. The metre is the basic unit of length. slope and (x1, y1) are the coordinates of a point on
the line.
sine ratio For an acute angle in a right triangle,
the ratio of the length of the opposite side to the solution (to a system of linear equations) A
length of the hypotenuse. sin A = ___
opposite point of intersection of the lines on a graph. It is an
hypotenuse ordered pair that satisfies both equations, or a pair
B of values occurring in the tables of values of both
equations.
hypotenuse
opposite sphere A round, ball-shaped object. It is a set of
points in space that are a given distance (radius)
A adjacent C from a fixed point (centre).

slant height The shortest lateral distance from

the edge of the base of a cone or pyramid to its
highest point.

slant
height square root One of two equal factors of a number.
___ ______
For example, √49 = √(7)(7)
=7

substitution method An algebraic method of

slope The ratio of the vertical change, or rise, solving a system of equations. Solve one equation
to the horizontal change, or run, of a line or for one variable. Then, substitute that value into the
line segment. Slope is not expressed with units. other equation and solve for the other variable.
y B C y
surface area The number of square units needed
A rise to cover a three-dimensional object. It is the sum of
rise
run D the areas of all the faces of an object.
run
0 x 0 x A1
A6 A2 A5
Slope is positive Slope is negative A3
A4
slope-intercept form The equation of a line in the
form y = mx + b, where m is the slope of the line
and b is the y-intercept. system of linear equations Two or more linear
equations involving common variables.

Glossary • MHR 575

T V
tangent (of a circle) A line that touches a circle vertical line test A test to see if a graph represents
at exactly one point. The line is perpendicular to a function. If any vertical line crosses the graph at
the radius at that point. The point where the line more than one point, the relation is not a function.
touches the circle is called the point of tangency.

tangent
0 0

tangent ratio For an acute angle in a right triangle, volume The amount of space a three-dimensional
the ratio of the length of the opposite side to the object occupies. It is measured in cubic units.

length of the adjacent side. tan A = __

opposite
adjacent X
A
x-intercept The x-coordinate of the point where a
line or curve crosses the x-axis. It is the value of x
adjacent hypotenuse when y = 0.

Y
B opposite C
y-intercept The y-coordinate of the point where a
term A number or a variable, or the product of line or curve crosses the y-axis. It is the value of y
numbers and variables. when x = 0.

For example, the expression 5x + 3 has two

terms: 5x and 3.

trinomial A polynomial with three terms.

For example, x 2 + 3x - 1 and 2x 2 - 5xy + 10y 2

are trinomials.

576 MHR • Glossary

Index
A B cosine ratio, 115–117, 119, 129
cube roots, 153, 154, 155,
abbreviations base numbers, 164–166, 156, 157
imperial, 23 175–176 cubes, perfect, 154, 155, 156,
SI, 9 binomials, 205–207, 208, 157
adjacent sides, 102, 103, 104, 218, 241, 243 cubism, 214
105, 106, 107, 116, 119, curved lines, 270, 272, 273
129 C cylinders
algebra carbon-14 dating, 162, 403 surface area of, 69, 72, 73, 75,
representing systems of careers 214
linear equations, 417 air traffic controller, 466, 467 volume of, 80, 81, 82, 85
tiles, 204, 205, 206, 225, 227, archaeologist, 339 wax, used for recording, 56
229, 242, 244 artist, 151
see also algebraic methods, astronomer, 99 D
math in art biologist, 415 data
algebra tiles, 204, 205, 206, 225, forensic scientist, 267 continuous, 281, 282, 284,
227, 229, 242, 244 industrial designer, 55 285, 286
photogrammetrist, 7 discrete, 281, 283, 299, 309
algebraic methods
recreation facilities manager, dependent variables, 282–283,
comparing, 495, 496–497
203 284, 285, 292–294
of elimination, 480–488, 497
circles diameter, 69, 71, 72, 84
of modelling relations, 417,
area of, 68 difference of squares, 238–244
433–435 circumference of, 13–14,
for solving systems of linear discrete data, 281, 283, 299, 309
68, 69
distance, 273, 323, 324,
equations, 493, 495, in cone base, 68
375–376
496–497 radius of, 13–14
along vertical or horizontal
of substitution, 470–474, circumference
lines, 318
495, 496 circles, 13–14, 68, 69
determining with tangent ratio,
angle of depression, 126, 128 cone, base, 68
105
angle of elevation, 126, 127 cylinders, 69
estimating, 125–126
angles spheres, 69
graphing, 282–283
of depression, 126, 128 coefficients, 453
imperial measures used for,
determining with coincident lines, 447, 450, 452,
24–25
trigonometric ratios, 454
systems of linear equations for,
118 common factors, 214–223
448–450
cones
distances, for calculating, trigonometric ratios to
circumference of base, 68
127–128 determine, 105–106,
lateral area, 68
of elevation, 126, 127 118–119
surface area of, 68, 69, 72, 73,
tangent ratios to calculate, distributive property, 205–209
214
104, 105, 106 domain, 294, 295, 296, 297–299,
volume of, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85
trigonometric ratios to 300, 301, 307, 358, 361, 362
continuous data, 281, 282, 284,
determine, 118 285, 286
apex, 81 E
conversions
area between imperial measures, 23 elimination method, 480–488,
imperial units for, 59 between SI and imperial 497
SI units for, 58–59 measures, 36–47, 59 entire radicals, 188–189
see also surface area between SI units, 12, 58 exponent laws, 164, 168, 175, 179

Index • MHR 577

exponents, 162–183 prime factorization, 155, 156, graphing technology, 300, 343,
adding, 164, 165, 167, 175–177 216, 217 421, 425, 435, 449, 494–495
cube roots, 153, 154, 155, 156, Fibonacci spirals, 195 graphs
157 Foldables™ study tools, viii, 7, calculating slope using,
dividing, 165, 166, 176 55, 99, 151, 203, 267, 339, 320–321
as fractions, 175–177, 178, 179 415, 467 curved lines, 270, 272, 273
integral, 162–173 forensic discovery determining domain and range
irrational numbers and, related problems, 312, 314, from, 295–296
184–195 355, 382 interpreting, 271–272, 436
laws, 164, 168, 175, 179 scientist career, 267 for systems of linear equations,
multiplying, 164, 165, 166, unit project, 264, 402–405 419
175, 176, 177 function notation, 306, 308 Great Pyramid of Giza, 185
negative, 164–167, 175–177 functions, 305–314 greatest common factor (GCF),
perfect squares, 153, 154, 155, graphing linear, 309–310 215, 216–219, 220, 229, 230,
157, 241 relations that are, 305, 243, 245
positive, 165, 167, 168, 306–307, 310 grouping, 242, 244
175–177, 179 vertical line test for, 307
powers of powers, 164, H
166–167, 175, 177, 179 G
horizontal change, 317
prime factorization, 155, 156,
GCF (greatest common factor), horizontal lines, 361, 362
216, 217
215, 216–219, 220, 229, 230, hypotenuse, 102, 116, 118–119
and radicals, 186–190
243, 245
rational, 174–193
general form of an equation, I
with same base numbers,
357–369
164–166, 175–176 imperial system, 22–35
geometric abstraction, 204, 211
square roots, 152, 153, 155, converting between measures,
gold mining, 191
156, 157 23
golden ratio, 184–185, 189
subtracting, 165, 166, 176 converting between SI units
in Great Pyramid of Giza, 185
zero, 164, 179 and, 36–47, 61
in pentagrams, 189
independent variables, 282–283,
graphical methods
F 284, 285, 292–294, 300,
of modelling systems of linear
301, 309
factoring equations, 417, 419,
index, 186, 187, 188, 192
algebra tiles for, 225, 227, 229, 434–435, 437
integers, 184, 186, 191, 227–228,
242, 244 of solving systems of linear
229–231, 232, 233
binomials, 218 equations, 420, 493,
integral exponents, 162–173
by grouping, 242, 244 494–495, 498
intercepts
difference of squares, 242–243 graphing
graphing with, 360, 361–362
perfect square trinomials, confirming solutions by, 451
for horizontal lines, 361, 362
244–245 horizontal lines, 361, 362
interpreting, 362–363
polynomials, 216–218, linear functions, 309–310
for vertical lines, 361
224–233, 241 lines using slope, 322
see also x-intercept, y-intercept
trinomials, 224–233, 238–251 rate of change, 270–273, 323,
interval notation, 295, 296, 298,
using tables, 227–228, 324, 439
301
229–231, 232 relations, 268–278
irrational numbers, 184–195
factors systems of linear equations,
common, 214–223 417, 418, 419, 420, 424,
L
greatest common, 215, 425, 426, 434, 451
216–219, 220, 229, 230, technology for, 300, 343, 421, lateral area, 68
243, 245 425, 435, 449, 494–495 LCM (least common multiple),
least common multiple (LCM), using intercepts, 360, 361–362 215
215 vertical lines, 361 least common multiple (LCM), 215

578 MHR • Index

line of sight, 126 P problem solving, xii
linear equations see systems of pyramids
linear equations parallel lines, 385, 386, 387–388, golden ratio in, 185
linear functions, 309–310 390, 449, 451 Great Pyramid of Giza, 185
linear measurement, 13–14, parameters, 346–347, 348 slant height, 68
pentagram, 189 surface area of, 70, 73
26–27
perfect cubes, 154, 155, 156, 157 volume of, 81, 83, 85
linear relations, 281, 282–283,
perfect square trinomials, 241, Pythagorean theorem/
285–286, 466
244–245, 246 relationship, 72, 129
perfect squares, 153, 154, 155,
M
157, 241 Q
math in art perpendicular lines, 385, 386,
related problems, 159, 160, 389, 390 quotient of a power, 179
194, 195, 210, 211, 236, phi, 185
237, 248 pi, 187 R
unit project, 148, 185, 256 point of intersection, 417, 420, radicals, 186–190
measurement, 2–53 421, 423, 424, 425, 426, 434, converting to and from
converting between SI and 435 powers, 187–188
imperial, 36–47, 61 polynomials, 202–256 entire, 188–189, 190
imperial system, 22–35 and algebra tiles, 204, 205, 206 mixed, 188–189
instruments for, 9–10, 23–24 binomials, 205–207, 208, 218, radicands, 186–187
linear, 13–14, 26–27 241, 243 radius, 13–14, 68, 69, 71, 84
non-standard units, 10 distributive property, 205–209 range, 294, 296, 297–299, 300,
SI units, 8–21, 22, 29 factoring, 216–218, 224–233, 301, 358, 361, 362
systems in Canada, 22, 29 241 rate of change, 270–273, 323, 324,
integers, 184, 186, 191, 436–437, 439
see also music distribution
227–228, 229–231, 232, 233 rational exponents, 174–193
changes
trinomials, 207, 224–233, real numbers, 186
mixed radicals, 188–189
238–251 rectangles
music distribution changes
powers base of a pyramid, 70
related problems, 19, 33, 46,
converting to and from dimensions of, 8–9
76, 90, 91, 109, 112, 134
radicals, 187–188 referents, 9, 10, 11
unit project, 4–5, 36–37,
dividing, 165, 166, 176 relations, 279–291
56–57, 140
exponent laws, 164, 168, 175, continuous data, 281, 282, 284,
179 285, 286
N with integral exponents, dependent variables, 282–283,
non-linear relations, 281, 284 167–168 284, 285, 292–294
non-standard units of measure, multiplying, 164, 165, 166, determining, 284
10 175–176 discrete data, 281, 283, 299,
number lines, 190, 294, 296, 298, of powers, 164, 166–167, 309
301 175, 177 domain, 294, 295, 296,
quotient of, 179 297–299, 300, 301, 307,
O with same base, 164–165, 358, 361, 362
175–176 and functions, 262, 305,
opposite sides, 102, 103, 104, simplifying, 166, 176–177 306–307, 310
105, 106, 107, 116, 118, 129 see also exponents graphing, 268–278
organizers primary trigonometric ratios, 117 independent variables,
algebra and number, 202 prime factorization, 155, 156, 282–283, 284, 285,
measurement, 2 216, 217 292–294, 300, 301, 309
relations and functions, 262 prisms linear, 281, 282–283, 285–286,
systems of linear equations, surface area of, 214 466
410 volume of, 85 non-linear, 281, 284

Index • MHR 579

 number lines, 294, 296, 298, slope-intercept form, 340–356 systems of linear equations,
301 converting equations to, 410–465
range, 294, 296, 297–299, 300, 344–345, 361, 387 algebraic methods for solving,
301, 358, 361, 362 general form, converting to, 480–488, 493, 494–497
rate of change, 270–273, 323, 359 algebraically modelling and
324, 439 for graphing linear systems, representing, 417,
tables of values for, 280, 281, 420–421 433–435
284, 299, 417 of parallel lines, 388 coincident lines, 447, 450,
words to describe, using, 280, and parameters, 346–347, 348 452, 454
285, 294, 296, 298, 299, 301 writing equations for straight comparing methods of
see also slope lines, 342–343, 361
solving, 494–497, 498
right triangles, 125–135 y-intercept, 341, 342, 343–345
elimination, solving by,
slope-point form, 370–382
solving, 125–131 480–488, 497
equation of a line, 372–374,
see also triangles general form, 357–369
387–388
rise, 317, 318, 320, 321, 324, graphical methods for
general form, converting to, 388
342, 343 solving, 420, 493,
for parallel lines, 387–388
run, 317, 318, 320, 321, 324, 494–495, 498
slope-intercept form,
342, 343 graphing, 417, 418, 419,
converting to, 387
solutions 420, 424, 425, 426, 434,
S comparing coefficients to 436–437, 451
set notation, 295, 296, 298, 301 identify, 453 interpreting graphs, 436
SI units, 8–21, 22 infinite number of, 453, 454 modelling, 417, 433, 434–437
converting between, 12 number of, 446–459 modelling volume, 436–437,
converting between imperial to a system of linear equations, 439
and, 36–47, 61 417 number of solutions, 446–459
measuring instruments for, verifying, 422–423, 426, 435, parallel lines, 385, 386,
9–10 453 387–388, 390, 449, 451
sine ratio, 115–117, 118, 119, 129 zero, 453, 454 perpendicular lines, 385, 386,
slant height, 68 spheres 389, 390
slope, 315–329 surface area of, 69, 71, 73 point of intersection, 417, 420,
volume of, 81, 84–85 421, 423, 424, 425, 426,
calculating with graphs,
spreadsheets, 419 434, 435
320–321
square roots, 152, 153, 155, 156, problem solving, 424, 438,
classifying, 319
157 439, 492–498
formula, 318, 321, 373, 375
squares
graphing a line using, 322 rate of change, 436–437, 439
differences of, 238–244
of a line segment, calculating, spreadsheets to represent,
perfect, 153, 154, 155, 157, 241
320–321, 324 419
substitution
negative, 317, 319, 322, 324 substitution, solving by,
method, 470–474, 495, 496
of parallel lines, 385, 386, 387 468–479, 495
to solve systems of linear
points used to determine, 318, tables to organize information,
equations, 468–479, 495
324 to verify solutions, 422, 423, 424, 436, 440, 448, 484,
positive, 317, 319, 324 426, 435, 453 488
as a rate of change, 323 surface area, 66–79 tables of values for, 417, 418,
rate of change, 323, 324 composite objects, 72 422
rise and run, 317, 318, 320, cones, 68, 69, 72, 73, 214 variables, 470–474
321, 324, 342, 343 cylinders, 69, 72, 73, 75, 214 verifying solutions, 422–423,
ruler, 315–317 prisms, 214 426, 435
undefined, 318, 321, 324 pyramids, 70, 73 see also slope-intercept form,
value of a, determining, 320 spheres, 69, 71, 73 slope-point form, water
of zero, 318, 321, 324 three-dimensional shapes, 214 conservation

580 MHR • Index

T trigonometry, 98–145 composite figures, 84–85
adjacent sides, 102, 103, 104, cones, 80, 81, 82, 84–85
tables 105, 106, 107, 116, 119, 129 cylinders, 80, 81, 82, 85
factoring with, 227–228, angles, determining with graphing, 436–437
229–231, 232 ratios, 118 modelling, 436–437, 439
see also tables of values distance, determined by ratios, prisms, 85
tables of values 105–106, 118–119
pyramids, 81, 83, 85
for comparing changes in hypotenuse, 102, 116, 118–119
variables, 284 spheres, 81, 84–85
opposite sides, 102, 103, 104,
for relations, 280, 281, 282, units for, 60, 61
105, 106, 107, 116, 118,
284, 299, 417, 418 119, 129
for straight-line graphs, 342 right triangles, solving,
W
for systems of linear equations, 125–131 water conservation
417, 418, 422, 484 see also trigonometric ratios related problems, 430, 442, 477
tangent ratio, 101–113 trinomials, 207, 224–233, unit project, 412, 506
calculating angles using, 104, 238–251 words used to describe relations,
105, 106 perfect square, 241, 244–245,
280, 285, 294, 296, 298, 299,
determining distance using, 246
301
105, 127, 130
triangles U
adjacent sides, 102, 103, 104, X
unit projects
105, 106, 107, 116, 119, 129 x-intercepts, 358, 359, 360
see also forensic discovery,
angles, determining with determining, 360, 361, 364, 421
math in art, music distribution
ratios, 118 in general form, 359, 360, 361,
changes, water conservation
hypotenuse, 102, 116, 362, 364
118–119
opposite sides, 102, 103, 104,
V
Y
105, 106, 107, 116, 118, variables
119, 129 in elimination method, y-intercepts, 341, 342, 343–345,
right, 125–135 482–488 360
solving, 125–131 in substitution, 470–474, 495 determining, 360, 361, 364,
trigonometry, 98–145 vertical change, 270, 317 421
trigonometric ratios, 115–119, vertical lines in general form, 359, 360, 361,
129 intercepts, identifying, 361 362, 364
angles, determining with, 118 test, 307 in slope-intercept form, 341,
cosine, 115–117, 119, 129 vinyl records, 19, 37, 46, 56 342, 343–345
distance, determining with, see also music distribution
105–106, 118–119 changes
Z
primary, 117 volume, 80–91, 439
sine, 115–117, 118, 119, 129 calculating unknown zero exponents, 164, 175
tangent, 101–113, 127, 130 dimensions using, 84 zero solutions, 453, 454

Index • MHR 581

Credits
Photo Credits Austin Hargrave; p53 B.Lowry/IVY IMAGES;
pp54-55 left mediacolor’s/Alamy, middle Jim Sugar/
vii top (see pp2-3), (see pp148-149), Mondrian/ Corbis, inset on middle David Tanaka, Emrah
Holtzman Trust/Burstein Collection/Corbis, Hungry Turudu/iStock, right top down W.Ivy/IVY IMAGES,
for Wildlife, Mary Kuutsiq Mariq (1926-), Baker middle left Johnny Johansson/iStock, Pali Rao/
Lake Nunavut (38 x 22”) 2008. Used by permission iStock, bottom Adrian Assalve/iStock; p56 fabphoto/
of the artist. Photo courtesy of WarkInuit; viii top iStock, Nick Cook/iStock; p58 David Tanaka;
(see pp6-7), bottom (see p204); ix Photo by David p62 Photo courtesy of Festival du Voyageur Inc.;
Barr/photobar; x left Photo courtesy of Ester Bryan,
p63 Photo courtesy of Ester Bryan, Executive
Executive Director, Quilt of Belonging, David
Director, Quilt of Belonging; p65 top David Tanaka,
Tanaka; xi (see pp204-205); xii Nick Didlick/The
Bill Ivy; p66 David Tanaka; p67 David Tanaka;
Canadian Press; xiii Photo courtesy of Oddly Enough
p71 top NASA, Jason Sturgeon/iStock; p72,
Mosaics. Used by permission of the artist Erin
p75 David Tanaka; p76 left NASA, right eStock
Pankratz-Smith; pp2-3 top left clockwise Bart
Photo/Alamy, bottom Photo Courtesy of Pinegrove
Coenders/iStock, Jean Pierre Amet/BelOmbra/
Productions; p77 left David Tanaka, right B.Lowry/
Corbis, Sándor F. Szabó/iStock, Andreea Manciu/
IVY IMAGES, bottom David Tanaka; p78 David
iStock, Brian Doty/iStock, Jankor/iStock, overlay
Tanaka; p79 Bill Ivy; p80 left Photo courtesy of the
Olivier Blondeau/iStock; pp4-5 top left David
Government of the Northwest Territories, Stephen
Tanaka, filonmar/iStock, Alex Gumerov/iStock, Ivan
Ferry/Liaison/Getty Images; p83 David Tanaka;
Stevanovic/iStock, next row from left Chris
p84 North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy;
Schmidt/iStock, Christine Glade/iStock, end top
p85 National Research Council Canada; p87 Photo
Gabriel Bouys/AFP/Getty Images, Selahattin
courtesy of Alliance Pipeline; p88 Kathy Dewar/
Bayram/iStock, next row left Alexandr Denisenko/
iStock; p90 top Photo courtesy of Motorola, Bill Ivy;
iStock, Yegor Tsyba/iStock, iStock, David Tanaka,
p91 Ivan Stevanovic/iStock; p93 Bill Ivy; p94 David
Yegor Tsyba/iStock, next row Alex Gumerov/iStock,
Tanaka; p96 top Benoit Rousseau/iStock, Roger
Pablo Eder/iStock, Ed O’Neil/iStock; pp6-7 left
Stuart O’Sullivan/Corbis, top John Mitchell/Photo Chayer/Getty Images; pp98-99 bottom left Jennifer
Researchers, Inc., top right Kent D. Brown, Utah Oehler/iStock, Mike Grandmaison/All Canada
Geological Survey, Salt Lake City, Utah. Insets Photos, Darwin Wiggett/All Canada Photos, bottom
Telesat Anik F3 Satellite-Image provided by EADS Dave Reede/All Canada Photos, top right Photo
Astrium, Jupiter Images, O. Bierwagon/IVY courtesy of Ron Berard, Winnipeg; p100 T.Parker/
IMAGES, left bottom Ian Wilson/iStock, Floris IVY IMAGES; p108 left Photo by Nhat V. Meyer/San
Leeuwenberg/The Cover Story/Corbis; p8 Photo Jose Mercury News/ABACA/The Canadian Press,
courtesy of Leanne Yohemas, University of Calgary; CCL/wikipedia; p109 Six String Nation guitar
p11 David Tanaka; p13 Kjell Brynildsen/iStock; courtesy of Jowi Taylor, Photo by Sandor Fizli;
p14 David Tanaka; p16 NASA-MSFC; p17 top p110 Photo Courtesy of Rio Tinto; p111 Dr. Branimir
picturesbyrob/Alamy; Eric Isselée/iStock; Gjetvaj, branimirphoto.ca; p112 Nick Cook/iStock;
p18 Nunavut Tourism; p19 David Tanaka; p20 Ron p114 Jana Fernades/iStock; p121 Photo courtesy of
Garnett/Airscapes Inc.; p21 Maryann Frazier/Photo Catherine Friend; p122 David Tanaka; p123 Dream
Researchers, Inc.; p22 Edward Parker/Alamy; p24 W. Maker sculpture by Floyd Wanner, Saskatoon, SK.
Lankinen/IVY IMAGES; p25 D.Taylor/IVY IMAGES; Used by permission of the artist; p124 David Tanaka;
p28 Nick Didlick/The Canadian Press; p32 left p125 Rolf Hicker/All Canada Photos; p127 Chris
Nicholas Rjabow/iStock; WoodyStock/Alamy; Howes/Wild Places Photography/Alamy;
p33 David Tanaka; p36 Ken Cameron/iStock; p128 B Lowry/IVY IMAGES; p132 Russ Heinl/All
p37 Pali Rao/iStock; p39 Nao Imai/Aflo/Getty Canada Photos; p133 top Coston Stock/Alamy,
Images; p43 top David Tanaka; Elpiniki/iStock; Myron Unrau/iStock, Arctic Warning-Courtesy of
p47 Photo courtesy of the artist, Catherine Widgery; arcticwisdom; p134 The Veteran’s Pole by Calvin
p48 T.Parker/IVY IMAGES; p49 Wayne Stadler/ Hunt 2003. Used by permission of the artist;
iStock; p50 Photo courtesy of Thumbelina Charitable p136 Tracey Tanaka/ResourceEye Services Inc.;
Foundation. Used by permission of the photographer p138 Photo Courtesy of Stealth Dump Trucks,

582 MHR • Credits

Yorktown, VA, USA; p141 David Tanaka; p238 Photo courtesy of the Royal Alberta Museum;
p142 and 145 Photos courtesy of Berting Glass. Used p248 Denkou Images/maXximages; p249 August
by permission of the artist; pp146-147 left top Chinook from original watercolour by Gena LaCoste,
Ronnie Kaufman/Corbis, bottom George Steinmetz/ Medicine Hat, Alberta, Used by permission of the
Corbis, p147 top left clockwise Douglas Kirkland/ artist; p250 top Photo courtesy of Pinegrove
Corbis, Construction Photography/Corbis, inset Productions, Radius Images/Alamy, PhotoDisc/
centre Inga Ivanova/iStock, overlay Pali Rao/iStock; Alamy; p255 B.Lowry/IVY IMAGES; p257 Robert
pp148-149 top left Michael Fernahl/iStock, Bremec/iStock; p258 David Tanaka; p259 David
clockwise Courtesy of Snezana Lawrence, Tanaka; pp262-263 top clockwise canadabrian/
INTERFOTO Pressebildagentur/Alamy, Mondrian/ Alamy, Dave Reede/AgStock Images/Corbis, Bill Ivy,
Holtzman Trust/Burstein Collection/Corbis, Anthony Robert Dall/The Canadian Press; overlay Bill Ivy;
Howarth/Photo Researchers, Inc., Don McGillis/ p264-265 top left clockwise J.DeVisser/IVY
iStock, The London Art Archive/Alamy; IMAGES, Don Denton/TCPI/The Canadian Press,
pp150-151 left clockwise Betty Marsupial/Alamy, 1899 Source: L’Illustration, November 1899 Volume
Julián Rovagnati/iStock, Fractal Pentagram by 2 page 292/The Canadian Press, T.Myers/IVY
N.P.Vishva Kumara, Natalia Klenova/iStock, Rare IMAGES, Don Denton/TCPI/The Canadian Press;
Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University, pp266-267 left counter clockwise Mark Kostich/
top right Photo courtesy of Oddly Enough Mosaics. iStock, Steve Cole/iStock, Alex Potemkin/iStock,
Used by permission of the artist Erin Pankratz- Roger Harris/Photo Researchers Inc., top right
Smith; p152 Mika/Corbis; p159 top Alice Day/ Osuleo/iStock; p268 top AP/Skip Stewart/The
iStock, David Tanaka; p160 Photo Courtesy of Tony Canadian Press, D.Trask/IVY IMAGES;
Bloom, used by permission of the artist; p162 The p269 Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images;
London Art Archive/Alamy; p166 Mary Evans p271 Oleksiy Maksymenko/All Canada Photos;
Picture Library/Alamy; p170 top Keith Douglas p272 Henrik Jonsson/iStock; p276 Photo by Joel
Photography, Bill Ivy, Paul LeFevre/iStock; p171 top Rogers; p277 Jeff McDonald/iStock; p279 Alinari
Robert Blanchard/iStock, Photo courtesy of Malka Archives/Corbis; p282 Masterfile; p285 top Luis
Dubransky; p173 AK2/iStock; p174 Christoph Lotax/iStock, Lithograph by Delpech/The Canadian
Riddle/iStock; p178 David Tanaka; p181 J.D.Taylor/ Press; p286 W.Towriss/IVY IMAGES; p288 D.Trask/
IVY IMAGES; p182 Bill Ivy; p183 Pressebildagentur/ IVY IMAGES; p289 left Evgeniya Lazareva/iStock,
Alamy; p184 Coming Rain, by Ayla Z Bouvette. Used right Photo courtesy of Douglas Reynolds Gallery.
by permission of the artist; p193 Bill Ivy; Used by permission of the artist Don Yeomans;
p194 NASA; p195 Bill Ivy; p197 T.Parker/IVY p290 HPWREN project University of California San
IMAGES; p198 Photo courtesy of Pinegrove Diego; p292 top Sam Blakeley/iStock, Rich
Productions; p201 Photoblueice/iStock; Frishman/Getty Images; p297 Photo courtesy of The
pp202-203 Ron Garnett/Airscapes, top right Fertnig Great Wheel Corporation; p299 blackred/iStock;
Photography/iStock; p204 CCL/wikipedia, Peter p303 Photo courtesy of Aptera Motors; p305 David
Horee/Alamy, Doug Steely/Alamy; p205 David Tanaka; p313 Christopher Pasatieri/REUTERS/
Tanaka; p206 David Tanaka; p208 top and middle Corbis; p315 top imagebroker/Alamy, David Tanaka;
Deep Magenta Square by Richard Anuszkiewicz. p316 David Tanaka; p319 left Rich Wheater/All
Used by permission of the artist; p210 Hawk Woman Canada Photos, travelstock.ca/Alamy, Jonathan
(2006). by Leah Marie Dorion. Metis artist, Prince Hayward/The Canadian Press; p323 Henry Georgi/
Albert, SK. Used by permission of the artist and All Canada Photos; p326 Photo courtesy of James
Feather Child Gallery; p211 top Peter Horee/Alamy, Mills, Kenosee Superslides, Saskatchewan;
David Tanaka; p212 top Bill Ivy, bottom left CCL/ p327 top compucow/iStock, middle CCL/wikipedia,
wikipedia, Imagestate Media Partners Ltd/Impact bottom N.Lightfoot/IVY IMAGES; p331 Bill Ivy;
Photos/Alamy; p214 Erich Lessing/Art Resource, p336 Egmont Strigl/Alamy; pp338-339 left
NY; pp216, 217, 218, 222 David Tanaka; p223 Jupiter clockwise Peter Close/iStock, Varie/Alt/Corbis,
Images/BrandX/Alamy; p224 Grant Heilman Jim Craigmyle/Corbis, Richard T. Nowitz/Corbis,
Photography/Alamy; p227 David Tanaka; p232 Paul Bart Coenders/iStock, Amanda Rohde/iStock, top
Burns/MaXx Images; p233 David Tanaka; p236 Bill right Jonathan Blair/Corbis; p340 Photo by David
Ivy; p237 Jay Gazley, Bungalow, acrylic on panel, Barr/photobar; p344 W.Ivy/IVY IMAGES; p346
2008. Used by permission of the artist; Bettman/Corbis; p348 Courtesy of Shayne Tolman;

Credits • MHR 583

p352 David Tanaka; p353 Bryan & Cherry Macleans/The Canadian Press; p457 Bill Ivy;
Alexander/Arcticphotos; p354 Courtesy of Royal p458 Chris Price/iStock; pp459-460 David Tanaka;
Alberta Museum; p355 Ed Darack/Science Faction/ p462 WorldFoto/Alamy; p464 Phil Cardamone/
Corbis; p357 Bill Ivy; p362 David Tanaka; iStock; pp466-467 left clockwise T.Parker/IVY
p363 Bora/Alamy; p367 top Bill Ivy, tecnotr/iStock; IMAGES, Phototake/The Canadian Press, Stephen
p368 left Florida Images/Alamy, Tracy Hebden/ Strathdee/iStock, top right George Hall/Corbis;
iStock; p370 Michael Martin/iStock; p375 Photo: p468 David Tanaka; p470 Troy Fleece/The Canadian
Chris Joseph. Used by permission of Brad Press; p472 D.Trask/IVY IMAGES; p475 David
Zdanivsky; p379 J.DeVisser/IVY IMAGES; Tanaka; p476 top Dick Stada/iStock, bottom left
p380 Sarah Ivy/IVY IMAGES; p381 Bill Ivy; Ned Therrien/Visuals Unlimited Inc., Maksym
p382 David Tanaka; p383 PCN Chrome/Alamy; Bondarchuk/iStock; p477 22DigiTal/Alamy; p479
p394 webphotographeer/iStock; p396 Bill Ivy; Leslie Garland Picture Library/Alamy; p480 left
p397 top Andrew Twort/Alamy, Ryan Creary/ Don Nichols/iStock, Bill Ivy; p482 Jupiter Images/
All Canada Photos; p400 T.Parker/IVY IMAGES; PIXLAND/Alamy; p483 Sean Kilpatrick/The
p401 top D.Trask/IVY IMAGES, Bill Ivy; Canadian Press; p484 left D.Trask/IVY IMAGES,
p409 top David Tanaka, Steve Cukrov/iStock; Anthony Seebaran/iStock; p486 David Tanaka;
pp410-411 top Masterfile, Bill Ivy, Gautier p487 AP Photo/Shizuo Kambayashi/The Canadian
Willaume/iStock; pp412-413 top clockwise Press; p489 Slawomir Kruz/iStock; p490 Markus
B. Lowry/IVY IMAGES, Gareth Trevor/iStock, Altmann/Corbis; p491 David Tanaka;
W. Towriss/IVY IMAGES, David Tanaka, W.Lankinen/ p492 Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images;
IVY IMAGES; pp414-415 left clockwise, Colleen p494 Wave Royalty Free/Alamy; p496 Clarence W.
Butler/iStock, D.Roitner/IVY IMAGES, brytta/iStock, Norris/Lone Pine Photo; p498 Kevin Udahl/Calgary
Zsolt Nyulaszi/iStock, O.Bierwagon/IVY IMAGES, Sun/The Canadian Press; p499 Bill Ivy; p500 top
top right Photo courtesy of Dr. Ian Stirling, FRSC, Robert Blanchard/iStock, Martin Strmiska/iStock;
Research Scientist Emeritus, Wildlife Research p501 Michael Pettigrew/iStock; p502 top B.Lowry/
Division, Science and Technology Branch, IVY IMAGES, Adrian Wyld/The Canadian Press;
Environment Canada, Edmonton; p416 Ronnie p503 T Parker/IVY IMAGES; p504 Bill Ivy;
McMillan/Alamy; p418 Bill Ivy; p425 zennie/iStock; p505 Assemblée Communautaire Fransaskoise;
p429 ictor/iStock; p430 top W.Lankinen/IVY p507 thomas sylvaine/iStock; p509 top strickke/
IMAGES, Arctic Images/Alamy, Randolph Images/ iStock, Galen Rowell/Corbis; p511 Hungry for
Alamy; p432 O.Bierwagon/IVY IMAGES; Wildlife, Mary Kuutsiq Mariq (1926-), Baker Lake
p434 Maxim Petrichuk/iStock; p436 David Tanaka; Nunavut (38 × 22) 2008. Used by permission of
p438 Ron Garnett/Airscapes; p440 Obendrauf the artist. Photo courtesy of WarkInuit.
Gazette/IVY IMAGES; p441 top Alberta Metis
Association, David Tanaka; p442 Photo Courtesy of
Lisa Snow; p443 top Wildscape/Alamy, Waldemar
Illustration Credits
Dabrowski/iStock; p444 Ho Yeow Hui/iStock; p402 www.mikecarterstudio.com
p445 Larry MacDougal/The Canadian Press;
p446 AP Photo/Matt Hage/The Canadian Press;
p447 David Tanaka; p448 Vince Federoff/Whitehorse
Technical Art
Star/The Canadian Press; p453 Laurence Gough/ Paula Brathwaite, Brad Black, Tom Dart, and
iStock; p455 David Tanaka; p456 Bayne Stanley/ Kim Hutchinson of First Folio Resource Group, Inc.

584 MHR • Credits