Chap 4: Moving Charges & Magnetism

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 Concept of Magnetic Field

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 Oersted’s Experiment

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 Biot – Savart Law

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 Direction of 𝒅𝑩

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 Relation between 𝝁𝟎 , 𝜺𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄.

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 Special Cases

1. If 𝜃 = 0 or 1800, 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 0 , so that dB=0

i.e., the magnetic field is zero at points on the axis of the current
element.

2. If 𝜃 = 90°, sin 𝜃 = 1, so that dB is maximum i.e the

magnetic field due to a current element is maximum in a plane
passing through the element and perpendicular to its axis.

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 Q. A wire placed along the north-south direction carries a current of 8 A
from south to north. Find the magnetic field due to a 1 cm piece of wire
at a point 200 cm north-east from the piece.

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 Magnetic Field due to Straight Current carrying Conductor

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 Direction of magnetic field due to Straight C.C. wire

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 GRAPH

Variation of B with distance from a

Long straight conductor

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 Q. Figure shows two current-carrying wires 1 and 2. Find the magnitudes and
directions of the magnetic field at points P, Q and R.

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 Magnetic Field at the Centre of Circular Current Loop

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 Derivation

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 Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop

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 Clock Face Rule in C.C. loop

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 Derivation

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 Variation of B along the axis
of a circular current loop

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 Magnetic Field at centre due to Circular Segment (arc)

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 (b) For all segments of the semicircular arc,
dl × r are all parallel to each other (into the
plane of the paper).

All such contributions add up in magnitude.

Hence direction of B for a semicircular arc is
given by the right-hand rule

and magnitude is half that of a circular loop.

Thus B is 1.9 × 10–4 T normal to the plane of
the paper going into it.

(a) 𝑑𝑙 and 𝑟Ԧ for each element of the straight segments are

parallel. Therefore, 𝑑𝑙 × 𝑟Ԧ = 0

Straight Segments do not contribute to |B|.

Right-hand
thumb rule (c) Same magnitude of B but opposite
24 in direction to that in (b).
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 Ampere’s Circuital Law

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 Proof of Ampere’s Law
for a Straight Current carrying conductor
Consider an infinitely long straight conductor
carrying a current I.

From Biot-Savart law, the magnitude of the magnetic

field B due to the current-carrying conductor at a
point, distant r from it is given by

the field B is directed along the

27 circumference of the circle
 Application of Ampere’s Law to a Straight Conductor

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 Variation of magnetic field along the
axis of solenoid

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 Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field

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 Fleming’s Left Hand Rule

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 Force on a current carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field

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 Derivation

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 Direction of force.
Fleming’s Left Hand Rule

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 Force between two Parallel Current-Carrying Conductors

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 Derivation

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 Definition of ampere
Force per Unit Length,
𝐹2 𝜇0 𝐼1 𝐼2
𝑓= =
𝑙 2𝜋𝑟

When 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 1𝐴 & 𝑟 = 1𝑚 we get

𝜇0
𝑓= = 2 × 10−7 𝑁𝑚−1
2𝜋

One ampere is that value of steady current, which on flowing in each of

the two parallel infinitely long conductors of negligible cross-section
placed in vacuum at a distance of 1 m from each other, produces between
them a force of 2 x 10-7 newton per metre of their length.

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 Torque Experienced by a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field

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 The maximum torque acting on a coil of effective area 0.04 𝑚2 is 4 × 10−8 𝑁𝑚
when the current in it is 100 𝜇𝐴. Find the magnetic induction in which it is kept.

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 Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole

𝑛ො

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 Moving Coil Galvanometer

Principle. A current carrying coil placed in a

magnetic field experiences a current
dependent torque, which tends to rotate the
coil and produces angular deflection.

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 Construction ( MCG)
As shown in Fig. , a Moving coil galvanometer consists of a
rectangular coil of fine insulated copper wire wound on a light
non-magnetic metallic (aluminium) frame.

The two ends of the axle of this frame are pivoted between two
bearings. The motion of the coil is controlled by a pair of hair
springs of phosphor-bronze.

The inner ends of the springs are soldered to the two ends of the
coil and the outer ends are connected to the binding screws. The
springs provide the restoring torque and serve as current leads.

A light aluminium pointer attached to the coil measures its

deflection on a suitable scale.

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 Construction ( MCG)
The coil is symmetrically placed between the cylindrical pole pieces
of a strong permanent horseshoe magnet.

A cylindrical soft iron core is mounted symmetrically between the

concave poles of the horse-shoe magnet. This makes the lines of
force pointing along the radii of a circle. Such a field is called a
radial field. The plane of a coil rotating in such a field remains
parallel to the field in all positions, as shown in Fig. .

Also, the soft iron cylinder, due to its high permeability, intensifies
the magnetic field and hence increases the sensitivity of the
galvanometer.

NOTE: There is a cylindrical soft iron core which not only

makes the field radial but also increases the strength of the
magnetic field.

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 WHY?

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 WHY?

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 Working of MCG
Since the field is radial, the plane of the coil
always remains parallel to the field B .

The magnetic forces on sides PQ and SR are equal,

opposite and collinear, so their resultant is zero.

According to Fleming's left rule, the side PS

experiences a normal inward force equal to NIbB
while the side QR experiences an equal normal
outward force. The two forces on sides PS and QR
are equal and opposite. They form a couple and
exert a torque

𝜏 = 𝑁𝐼𝐵𝐴 𝑆𝑖𝑛 90 = 𝑁𝐼𝐵𝐴

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 Working of MCG

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 Figure of Merit of Galvanometer

𝑁𝐵𝐴
𝛼= 𝐼
𝑘

It is defined as the current which produces a deflection of one

scale division in the galvanometer and is given by

𝐼 𝑘
Figure of Merit of Galvanometer: 𝐺 = 𝛼 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴

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 Sensitivity of a Galvanometer

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 Factors by which the sensitivity of a moving coil
galvanometer can be increased :

1. By increasing the number of turns N of the coil. But the

value of N cannot be increased beyond a certain limit because
that will make the galvanometer bulky and increase its
resistance R.

2. By increasing the magnetic field B. This can be done by

using a strong horse-shoe magnet and placing a soft iron
core within the coil.

3. By increasing the area A of the coil. However, increasing A

beyond a certain limit will make the galvanometer bulky and
unmanageable.

4. By decreasing the value of torsion constant k. The torsion

constant k is made small by using suspension wire and springs
of phosphor bronze.

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 Advantages of a moving coil galvanometer :
1. As the deflection of the coil is proportional to the current
passed through it, so a linear scale can be used to measure
the deflection.

2. A moving coil galvanometer can be made highly sensitive

by increasing N, B, A and decreasing k.

3. As the coil is placed in a strong magnetic field of a

powerful magnet, its deflection is not affected by external
magnetic fields. This enables us to use the galvanometer in
any position.

4. As the coil is wound over a metallic frame, the eddy

currents produced in the frame bring the coil to rest quickly.

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 Disadvantages of a moving coil galvanometer :

1. The main disadvantage is that its sensitiveness

cannot be changed at will.

2. All types of moving coil galvanometers are easily

damaged by overloading. A current greater than that
which the instrument is intended to measure will burn
out its hair-springs or suspension.

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 Conversion of a Galvanometer into an Ammeter

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 Derivation

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 Uses of shunt

1. To prevent galvanometer due

to large current
2. To convert into ammeter
3. To increase the range of an
ammeter

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 Conversion of a Galvanometer into a Voltmeter

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 Derivation

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