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7 views8 pages

Error

Uploaded by

Ariniitwe Davis Anderson
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Error is a condition when the receiver’s information does not match the

sender’s information. During transmission, digital signals suffer from noise that
can introduce errors in the binary bits traveling from sender to receiver. That
means a 0 bit may change to 1 or a 1 bit may change to 0.
Data (Implemented either at the Data link layer or Transport Layer of the OSI
Model) may get scrambled by noise or get corrupted whenever a message is
transmitted. To prevent such errors, error-detection codes are added as extra
data to digital messages. This helps in detecting any errors that may have
occurred during message transmission.

Types of Errors
Single-Bit Error

A single-bit error refers to a type of data transmission error that occurs when
one bit (i.e., a single binary digit) of a transmitted data unit is altered during
transmission, resulting in an incorrect or corrupted data unit.

Single-Bit Error

Multiple-Bit Error

A multiple-bit error is an error type that arises when more than one bit in a data
transmission is affected. Although multiple-bit errors are relatively rare when
compared to single-bit errors, they can still occur, particularly in high-noise or
high-interference digital environments.
Multiple-Bit Error

Burst Error

When several consecutive bits are flipped mistakenly in digital transmission, it


creates a burst error. This error causes a sequence of consecutive incorrect
values.

Burst Error

To detect errors, a common technique is to introduce redundancy bits that


provide additional information. Various techniques for error detection include::
1. Simple Parity Check
2. Two-dimensional Parity Check
3. Checksum
4. Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)

Error Detection Methods


Simple Parity Check

Simple-bit parity is a simple error detection method that involves adding


an extra bit to a data transmission. It works as:
 1 is added to the block if it contains an odd number of 1’s, and
 0 is added if it contains an even number of 1’s
This scheme makes the total number of 1’s even, that is why it is called even
parity checking.

Disadvantages
 Single Parity check is not able to detect even no. of bit error.
 For example, the Data to be transmitted is 101010. Codeword transmitted to
the receiver is 1010101 (we have used even parity).
Let’s assume that during transmission, two of the bits of code word flipped to
1111101.
On receiving the code word, the receiver finds the no. of ones to be even
and hence no error, which is a wrong assumption.

Two-dimensional Parity Check

Two-dimensional Parity check bits are calculated for each row, which is
equivalent to a simple parity check bit. Parity check bits are also calculated for
all columns, then both are sent along with the data. At the receiving end, these
are compared with the parity bits calculated on the received data.

Checksum

Checksum error detection is a method used to identify errors in transmitted


data. The process involves dividing the data into equally sized segments and
using a 1’s complement to calculate the sum of these segments. The calculated
sum is then sent along with the data to the receiver. At the receiver’s end, the
same process is repeated and if all zeroes are obtained in the sum, it means
that the data is correct.
Checksum – Operation at Sender’s Side
 Firstly, the data is divided into k segments each of m bits.
 On the sender’s end, the segments are added using 1’s complement
arithmetic to get the sum. The sum is complemented to get the checksum.
 The checksum segment is sent along with the data segments.
Checksum – Operation at Receiver’s Side
 At the receiver’s end, all received segments are added using 1’s
complement arithmetic to get the sum. The sum is complemented.
 If the result is zero, the received data is accepted; otherwise discarded.
Disadvantages
 If one or more bits of a segment are damaged and the corresponding bit or
bits of opposite value in a second segment are also damaged.

Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)

 Unlike the checksum scheme, which is based on addition, CRC is based on


binary division.
 In CRC, a sequence of redundant bits, called cyclic redundancy check bits,
are appended to the end of the data unit so that the resulting data unit
becomes exactly divisible by a second, predetermined binary number.
 At the destination, the incoming data unit is divided by the same number. If
at this step there is no remainder, the data unit is assumed to be correct and
is therefore accepted.
 A remainder indicates that the data unit has been damaged in transit and
therefore must be rejected.
Example: Previous year GATE questions based on error detection: GATE CS
2009 Question 48 GATE CS 2007 Question 68. This article has been
contributed by Vikash Kumar. Please write comments if you find anything
incorrect, or if you want to share more information about the topic discussed
above.
Advantages:
Increased Data Reliability: Error detection ensures that the data transmitted
over the network is reliable, accurate, and free from errors. This ensures that
the recipient receives the same data that was transmitted by the sender.
Improved Network Performance: Error detection mechanisms can help to
identify and isolate network issues that are causing errors. This can help to
improve the overall performance of the network and reduce downtime.
Enhanced Data Security: Error detection can also help to ensure that the data
transmitted over the network is secure and has not been tampered with.
Disadvantages:
Overhead: Error detection requires additional resources and processing power,
which can lead to increased overhead on the network. This can result in slower
network performance and increased latency.
False Positives: Error detection mechanisms can sometimes generate false
positives, which can result in unnecessary retransmission of data. This can
further increase the overhead on the network.
Limited Error Correction: Error detection can only identify errors but cannot
correct them. This means that the recipient must rely on the sender to
retransmit the data, which can lead to further delays and increased network
overhead.

What are the 5 characteristics of a good program?


A computer program should have some important characteristics, which are as
follows :
 Flexibility.
 User Friendly.
 Portability.
 Reliability.
 Self-Documenting Code.
 #include<stdio.h>
 void main()
 {
 printf("Name : John");
 getch(); //to add a Pause
 }

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