44 f Part-1 • Algebra, Trigonometry, and Elementary Func tions

ntly, the function F (x)

sign when x passes through the poin t xi and, conseque
the func tion (x - x P)k p
does not change sign. If k P is an even number, then
P and, cons eque ntly , the
changes sign when x passes thro ugh the poin t x
function F (x) also changes sign.
< 0.
Example 4. Solve the inequality (x -1)2 (x + 1)3 (x -4)
(x + 4) chan ges sign only when x
Solution. The function F (x) = (x -1 )2 (x + l )3
F (x) > 0 on the interval
passes through the points x 1 = -1, x 2 = 4. We have
uding the poin t x = 1 at
(4, + oo), F (x) < O on the next interval (-1, 4), excl
-1 ).
which F (x) = 0, and F (x) > 0 on the last interval (-oo,
Answer: (-1, 1) u (1,4).
2 3
. . (x -1) (x + 1) 0.
Example 5. Solve the mequahty 4
$
X (X- 2)
2 3
(x-1 ) (x+ 1) h
Solution. The function F (x)
c anges sign only when the
4 2
X (x-2 )

Whe n x passes through the

variable x passes through the points x 1 = -1, x 2 = 2.
chan ge sign. We have
points x 3 = 0 and x 4 = 1, the function F (x) does not
) < 0 on the next intervals
F (x) > 0 on the interval (2, + oo ), F(x
At the poin tx =1
CI, 2), (0, 1), (-1, 01 and F (x) > 0 on the interval (-oo, -1). 4
tion F (x) is not defined.
the inequality is satisfied and at the point x 3 = Othe func
Ans wer : [-1, 0) u (0, 2).
Solve the following inequalities (27- 135 ).
2
27. (x- 1)( 3-x )(x -2) > O.
6x- 5
28. - - < 0 .
4x+ l
2x- 3
29. - - > 0 .
3x- 7
30. _ o_.s_ < o•
x - x 2 :_ 1
x 2 -Sx + 6
31. 2 < 0.
x +x+l
x 2 + 2x -3
32. 2 < 0.
X +I
2
(x - 1) (x + 2)
33. - - - --- < 0.
-1 - x
x 2 + 4 x+ 4
34. 2 > 0.
2x - x - 1
4 2
35. x - 5x + 4 < 0. •
2
36. x 4 -2x -63 $0.
 Part-1 • Algebra, Trigonometry, and Elementary Functions 145
3
37. - <l.
x- 2
1
38, - ~2-
x- l
4x+3 6
39, 2.x - 5 < ·
Sx - 6
40, 6 < 1.
x+
Sx+ 8 2
41. - - < ·
4-X
x-1
42. - > 2 .
x+3
7x-5
43. - - > 4 .
8x+3
x l
44. - - >-.
x-5 2
Sx-1
45. 2 < 1.
X +3
x-2 1
46. -2- < - - .
x +1 2
x+ 1
47 • 2 < 1.
(x-1)
x 2 -7x+12
48. 2 > 0.
2x + 4x+ 5
49. x2 \6x-7 :;:; 2.
+1
X
4 2
x + x +1
50. 2 < 0.
X -4x-5
1+ 3x 2
51. 2 < 0.
2x - 21x+ 40
1 + x2
52. 2 < 0.
x - Sx + 6
4 2
x +x +1
53. 2 > 0.
X - 4x - 5
l - 2x - 3x2
54 . 2 > 0.
3x - x - 5
2
55 _ x ; Sx + 7 > 0.
- 2x + 3x + 2
2
56 2x - 3x - 459
• 2 > 1.
X +l
x2 - 1
57. -::---
2
<1 •
x +x+l
46 IPart-1 • Algebra, Trigonometry, and Elementary Functions
X
58. > 0.
2
-3x-4
X
x 2 +7x+10
59. >. 0
2
x+ -
3
2
3x -4x-6
60. - - -- <0.
2.x-5
2
17-15x -2x
61. - - - - - < 0 .
x+3
x 2 -9
62. 2 < 0.
3x-x -24
1 ~ O.
63 _ X + 7 + 3x +
x-5 2
64. 2x 2 + _!_ > 0.
X
2
x -x-6
65. ~ 0.
2
+6x X
x 2 -Sx+ 6
66. 2 < 0.
x -llx+ 30
x 2 -8x+7
67. 2 < 0.
4x -4x+ 1
x 2 -36
68. 2 < 0.
X -9x+18

69. x2 -6x+; ~ 0.
5-4x-x
x-1
70. --<x.
x+l
1 3
71. - - <--.
x+2 x~3
- 30<0.
72 _ 14x_9x
x+l x- 4
Sx 2 - 2
73. 2 < 1.
4x - x+ 3
_ x~ - Sx + 12 > 3 .
74
xl - 4 x + 5
2
x - 3x + 24 <: 4.
75. 2
X -3X + 3
x2 -1 3
76. - - < .
2x+ 5
x2 + 1
77. - - > 2.
4x-3
x2 + 2
78. 2 < - 2.
X -1
 Part-1 • Algebra, Trigonometry, and Elementary Functions 147
3x-5 1
79 -2- - - > - .
· x + 4x-5 2
2x+3 <.!.
SO, x2 + X -12 - 2°
S-2x
81 - :2- - - - - < 1.
· 3x -2x-16
15-4x <
82. X 2 - X - 12 4.
1 1
83 -2- - - ~ - .
· x -Sx+ 6 2
(2- x 2 )(x -3)3 > 0
84
· (x+l)(x 2 -3x-4)- ·
5-4x
85. 2 < 4.
3x -x-4
19-33x
86. - .2, - - - - - > 2 ·
7x -llx+4
0.Sx+49 1
87
• 10x 2 + x-2 < ·2° ·
88. (x+2)(x2-2x+l)~0.3 .
2
4+ 3x-x
4 - 2
89. - - + - - < l .
l+x 1-x
3
90. 2+-->3..
x+l x
2 6
91. 1+ - - >-.
X-1 X
x4 -3x3 + 2x2
92. 2 > 0.
X-x-30
93 _ X -1 _ X + 1 < 2 .
X X- 1
94 _ 2 (x - 3) < _ !__
x(x - 6) - x - i'
2(x - 4) 1
95. - - - - - - - ;?: - - .
(x - l)(x - 7) x- 2
2x 1
96. - --- s ---
x2- 9 x + i
1 1 1
97. - +-- > -- .
x- 2 x- 1 x
7 9
98. - - - - - + ---· --· + 1 < 0.
(x - 2)(x - 3) x - 3
20 10
99. - - - - + - - +1 > 0.
(x - 3)(x - 4) x - 4
48 IPart- t • Algebra, Trigonometry, and Elementary Functions
l00. (x - 2)(x-4)(x -7) > 1.
(x + 2) (x + 4) (x + 7)
l0l. (x -l)(x -2)(x - 3) > 1.
(x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3)
2
102. (x 2 + 3x + f)(x + 3x-3) ~ 5.
2
103. (x 2 .:.. x -1 )(x - x - 7) < -5.
104. (x 2 -2.x) (2.x-2)-9 ~-Z ~ o.
X -2.x

105. (x 2 + 3x)(2x + 3)-16 2x

2
+
3
~ o.
x + 3x
x2-2x+2al
106. 2
·
2
> 0.
X -a
101. I x 3
- 1 I~ 1- x.
2
lOS> x -Sx+ 6 <0.
I X I +7
2
. X +6x-7
109 0
Ix+ 41 < ·
110. I x-21 > o.
x-2
111.1-2-1>1.
x-4
112. - 2.x-1
- I >2.
1 x-1
2
113. X 3x - 1 < 3
-
2
x + x+ 1 ·
2
114. x -7lxl+10
2 6 < 0.
X - X+9
115. Ix+ 3l+x > 1.
x+2
116. I X - 1 I < 1.
x+ 2
117. I x+ 21-x < 2.
X
1 1
118. - - < _
I x l- 3 i
- 4- I <- 1· ·
119 -1 -x 2_~fr

x 2 - 5x + 4
120. ---- ~ 1.
2
-4 X

I x-3 I ~
·2 .
121. 2
x - Sx + 6
 Part-1 • Algebra, Trigonometry, and Elementary Functions f 49
2
I x_
122. _x -_:__ l-1_2 ~ 2x.
x-3 ___.,,,
a
123. 1 x r < - .
X
12 7
124. 1 + 2 < - .
X X
60
125. x-17 ~ - .
X
2
x -4x+ 5
126. 2 ~ 0.
x + Sx+ 6
x+l>x +S
127. - - - - - .
x-1 x+ l
6
128. XS--.
x-5
x-1
129. 2
so.
X -X-12
· 30x-9
130. - - ~ 25 (x + 2).
x-2
1~ 1. 1 < 3x2 ~ 7 x + B s 2 .
X +l
3
132. f' (x) ~ g' (x), if f (x) = 5 - 3x + ~ x 2 - x g (x) = 3x - 7
2 3 ' .
l33. f' (x) ~ g' (x), if f (x) = 10x
3
- 13x 2 + 7x, g (x) = l lx 3 - 1Sx 2 - 3.
4
134. - > 3-x.
x +2
1 1 2
135. - - - <--
X- 2 x - x+i

1.6. Irrational Equations and Inequalities

Wh en solving irrational equations , we mu·s t take into considera tion the
foJJowing theorem.
When n is natura], th e equation 2 ~ f (x) = <p (x ) is equivalen t to the sys tem
f (x) = (<p (x )/11,
{ <p (x ) ~ 0.

, ~hen solving irrational inequ ali ties, we must take into considera tion the
follow ing theorems .
. When n is natural, the inequality 2 ~ f (x) < <p (x) is equivalen t to the system
of 1nequalities
rf (x) < (<p (x))2'1,
 286 IPart-1 • Hints and Answers
we obtain a set of solutions [ ( 7 + 3✓ 5) I 2, 8). Combining the results obtained,
we find that ke[( 7 + 3✓ 5) / 2, + oo).
28. (- 1 / 4, 5 / 6). 29, (- oo; 32) U (7 / 3, + oo ). 30. (-oo, + 00 ),
27. (1, 2) U (2, 3). )u (-2,
2)u (- 2, - l)u 0.,+ ). 34. (-o o,-2
00

1. ( , ). 32 • (-3, 1). 33. (- oo, - (-

3 2 3 36. [ - 3, 3). 37. (- oo, 2) U (5, + oo ). 38, 00
-l / 2) U (1, + 00 ). 35. (- 2, - 1) U (1, 2). (-oo ,0)U (4, + 00 t '
/8, + 00 ). 40. (- 6,3) . 41.
l) u ( 3 / 2 + oo ). 39. (-oo, 5 / 2) u (33 +
oo, - 5) U (5, + oo ). 45. 00(-oo, 1) U {4,
00 ),

42. (-7, -'3). 43. (-17 / 25, - 3 / 8). 44. (- -1, S).
{- oo, 3) U {4, + ).49, {- , + oo ). 50,(
00

. (-3, I). 47, (-oo , 0) U (3, + oo ). 48. .(-oo , -1) (1 / 3, + 00 ).

- 1) U (5, + ), 54. U
00
46
51. (5 / 2, 8). 52. (2, 3). 53, (- oo, 0)U (4, + 00 )
57. (-2, + ). 58. (-l,
00

55 (- 1 / 2 2). 56. (- oo, - 20) u(2 3,+

00

- v'22) / 3) U {{2 + ✓22) / 3, 5 / 2), 61.

).
(-17
59: (-5, _ 2) U (- 2 / 3, + oo ), 60. {-00, {2 -1; ½)
00 ). 63. [1, 3) u (5, + ). 64. {-oo,
00

/ 2, _ 3) u 0., + 00 ). 62. (-oo, - 3) u (3, + 67. {1, 7). 68. (-6, 3).
00 ), 66. (2, 3) U {5, 6).
U (~ + 00 ) , 65. (-oo, 6) U [ - 2 ,0) U (3, + l)u( 4,6).
(-9 /2, -2) u(3, + ) . 72. (-l,
00

69. (-5, l)u {3}. 70. (- 1, +oo). 71. .

73. c-d + !ii ); 2, cm - H I 2). 74. o. 12, 3). 75. c-
00
, -1) u C4, + oo J.

00 ) . 78. (-1, 0) u (0,1). 79. (-5, 1).

(7, +
76. (-oo, - s / 2) u (-2, 8). 77. (3 I 4, 1) u
- ✓ 7) U (-2, /i) U[8 / 3, + oo).
80. (-oo, - 4) u(- 3, 3) U (6, + oo). 81. (-
00 ,

82. ( - , - ~ ) ~ -3, ~ ) u(4 ,+ =i 83. [!, 2)u (3, 4]. .

·

84. (- ✓ 2, -1) u (-1, ✓ 2) u[3 , 4).

85. (--oo, - ✓ 7/ 2) u (- 1, ✓ 7 / 2) u (4 / 3, + 00 ) .
86.(-0.1 + .J73 7)/ 28,4/7)u((✓737 -
ll)/28,1).
+ 00 ). 88. (-00, - 2) U {-1, 4). 89. (- 00, -1)
U
8 7.(-oo, - ~ U (-1 / 2, 2/ 5) u(,..fw, 92. (-<>0,
+ 00 ). 91. (-00 , O) u (1, 2) u (3, + 00 ).
0., + 00). 90. (-oo, - 2) u (- 1, O) u (1 / 2, (-oo, 0) U 0., 6). 95. (1,
-5) U 0., 2) U (6, + 93. (-oo, -1) U (0, 1 / 2) U 0., + oo ). 94.
00 ).

2,0) u 0., ✓ 2) u (2 ,+oo"). 98. (- 5, 1) u

2) u (7, + 96. (-oo, - 3) u (-2, 3). 97. (-✓
100. (-oo, - 7 )u( -4, -2) . 101 . (-oo ,-3)
00 ) .

(2,3 ). 99. (-o o,- 2)u (-l, 3)u (4, +

00 ).

u (-2, -1).
103 . (-2, -1) u (2, 3).
102. (-oo, - 4) u (-2, -1) u,[l, +,,~ ) .
105 . [ - 4, - 3) u [ - 3 1/ 2, 0) u [1, + ) .
00

104 . (-oo, - 1] u (0, 1) u (2, 3].

(-oo, O) u (0, 1) u (1, + oo) if a = 0.
106. (-oo, - I a I) u ( I a I, + 00 ) if a :;: 0,
108 . (2, 3).
107 . (-oo, -1) u (0, + 00 ).
110 . (2 ' + 00 ).
109 . (-7, -4) u (-4, 1).
uali ty is equ ival ent to the system of
111 . (2, 4) u (4, 6). Hint. The given ineq
inequalities I x - 4 I< 2, x 4. * of
n ineq uali ty is equ ival ent to the collection
112. (3 / 4, 1) u (1, + 00 ). Hint . The give
· · . . 2x -1 2x -1
two meq ua1ltles - - > 2 and - x-l - < -2.
x-1 ualitY
2
+ x + 1 > ofor all x e R, the given ineq
113 . (-oo, - 2) u (-1, + 00 ). Hint . Since x 2
< 3(x 2 + x + l), or to -3 (x + x + l)
is equi vale nt to the inequality I x - 3x -11
2

2
< x - 3x - 1 < 3 (x + x + 1), or to
2
2 2
- 3 (x + x + 1) < x - 3x - 1,
{ x 2 - 3x - 1 < 3 (x 2 + x + l) .

114 . (- 5, - 2) u (2, 3) u (3, 5).

115 . (- 5, - 2) u (- 1, + 00 ). . 3
116 . (-oo, - 2) U (-1 / 2, + )
00

e the ineq uali ty in the forin I x + 2 I I x< ·

117 . (-oo , O) u (1, + 00 ) .Hin t. We can writ
00 )
118 . (-oo, - 5) U (-3, 3) U (5, 00 equivalent to
119 . (- oo, - 4]u [ - l , l] u [4,+ ). Hint . The given ineq uali ty is
 Part-1 • Hints and Answers I 287
.,.,0 .sided
•••
inequality - 1 S ~ s 1, or to the system
X - 4
~ + l ~ O,
x2 - 4
{~ - l S O.
x2 - 4
I
O [0,8 / S] u[5/ 2,+ 00 ).
2
1\:
12 [ 3 / 2, 2) . Hint. Since x - 5x + 6 = ( x - 2) (x - 3), for x > 3-the given inequality
inequality l / (2 - x ) ~ 2 .
~
is equivalent to the inequa lityl / (x - 2) 2, and for x < 3 it is equiva
lent to the

122. (-co) 3). 123. (- ~ , 0) for a < O;(O, ✓ a) for a> o, 4> for a = o. 124. (3, ).
4
125 [- 3, O)u [20, + ). 126. (- , -3)u (- 2, + 00 ) . 127. (-oo, -l)u( l,3). 128. (-co,
00 00

l] ~ (5, 6]. 129, (-00 , - 3) U [1, 4). 130. (-oo, - 1.4] U (2, 2 .6]. 131.
[1, 6]. 132, [ 2, 3].
~33 _ [-1, 7 / 3]. 134. (-2, -1) u (2, + 00 ). 135. (-2, (3- v17)/
2] u (0, 2)'u
[(3 + "17)/ 2, + oo ),
sec. 1.6
1. {1 / 2, 1}. 2. {-1, 2}. 3. {-3, 2}. 4 . {-4, 3}. 5. {6}. 6.
{-27 / 8,1}. 7. {-8, 27}.
s.{8, 27}. 9. {3}. 10. {1}. 11. {3}. 12. {9}. 13. {-1, 8}. - ·
14. {2}. Solution. Setting ~ log 2 x = t, we get an equati on t 3
+ t 2 - 2 = O, or
3 2 2
t -l+t -1=0, or (t-l)( t +t -:- l)+(t -l)(t+ l)=O
, or (t-l)( t2 +2t
+2) = O,when ce it follows that t =· :. log x = l, x = 2 .
2
15. {-1}. - -- - -
16. {-3/ 2, 1 / 2}.Hint. Set -J(3- x ) / (2 + x ) = t.
17. {5 / 2}. 18. {5 / 3}. 19. {3}. 20. {3}.
21. {8}. 22. {28}. 23. {0}. 24. {4}.
25. {19}. 26. {3}. 27. {6}. 28. {-1}.
29. {3}. 30. {2}. 31. {1}. 32. {5}.
33. {O, 4 / 3}. 2✓5}
34. { 3+ -5-. 35. {1}.

36. { 4}. 37. {2}. 38. {5}.

39. { arctan¾ + 1tn ! n E Z }-

40. {2}.Hint. Set x 2 - 4x + 6 = y.

41.
{-9 / 2, 3}. Hint Seh/ 2x 2 - 4x + 9 = Y ·
42
· {- 4, 2}. Hint. Set ✓2x 2 - 4x + 12 = Y · {-l / 16}. 49.{2}.
43, U- ✓3, 1 + ✓ 3}. 44. {r-5, O}. 4S, {2}. {2/ 3}.
46. 47{6tf6 9
4::1 3}. 57. {-5, 4}.
5so. {5}. 51. {-1, 15}. 52. { 4}. 53. {20}. 54. {10}. 55 · · . '
8
· {- 1}. Solution. Note that - ----=-- ✓4
✓3x 2 + 6x + 7 = .J3 (x + l) 2 + 4 ~ 4 == 2, ( l)2 ~ 5.
~ ~-- -=- - r;;. 2 -x2 =5- x +
\I Sx"' + lOx + 14 = .J 5 (x + 1)2 + 9 ~ "' 9 = 3, 4 - x
x e R and the
C
_onsequently, the left-ha nd side of t he_ equation > 5 for any
ali is only possible under the In
right-hand side < 5 for any x ER. Their equ alty 5 for the same value
.. - of x~
condition that both sides of the equan•on ~re equ to
of the equation are equal to 5 1or
our case the right-h and and left-ha nd sides
X ::: -1,