Optimizing Sustainable

Energy: Implementation of an
Innovative Hydroelectric
Generator System
A Capstone Project
presented to
the Faculty of the Science Department
La Purisima Concepcion Academy

In partial Fulfillment
of the requirements in the Capstone

by
Arasula, Reyneil
Lubi, Cedrick R.
Angeles, Jhean Cassey
Manalo, Irish Angel L.
LPCA - STEM 12

May 2024
 CHAPTER 1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

I. Introduction

In today’s era, electricity has become an indispensable aspect of modern life,

lighting homes, powering businesses and industries, and driving socio-economic

development. However, a significant portion of the world population still faces problems

of lack of access to reliable electricity, preventing progress and development. In the

Philippines, a numerous number of households still face considerable disparities in

energy and electricity access. Despite the efforts for economic development, the National

Electrification Administration (NEA) reports that as of 2021, approximately 2.7 million

households in the Philippines still lack access to electricity, with many residing in

geographically isolated and economically marginalized areas. Energy poverty

exacerbates existing social and economic inequalities, hindering progress in education,

healthcare, and economic development. The lack of electricity limits opportunities for

education, as students struggle to study after sunset, and healthcare facilities operate with

insufficient power, compromising patient care. Economic activities are affected,

perpetuating a cycle of poverty as communities struggle to compete in a globalized

world. It is important to address this problem to ensure a more equitable and sustainable

future.

Hydroelectric power emerges as a promising solution uniquely suited to the

Philippines' abundant water resources. The Department of Energy (DOE) recognizes

hydroelectric power as a crucial component in achieving the country's renewable energy

goals outlined in the National Renewable Energy Program (DOE, 2021). The
topographical diversity and numerous rivers present an opportunity to harness the

potential of hydroelectric power, offering a decentralized and sustainable energy solution.

This capstone project proposes Hydroelectric Power Generators as a strategic and

sustainable solution to the Philippines' electricity challenges. Utilizing the nation's

abundant water resources, hydroelectric power presents a practical option for establishing

a reliable and environmentally friendly energy source. Unlike other renewable resources,

hydroelectric power provides a constant and controllable energy supply, addressing the

intermittency issues associated with solar and wind power. Moreover, this approach

aligns with global efforts to transition towards sustainable energy solutions and positions

the Philippines on a path toward energy security and independence.

II. Statement of the Problem

Electricity is essential in daily life, from being the source of lighting and heating

to communication and leisure activities, significantly improving convenience, comfort,

and productivity. However, electricity presents a challenge, as it not only contributes

significantly to greenhouse gas emissions but also causes financial burdens due to its high

cost, necessitating urgent solutions to lessen environmental impact while ensuring

affordability for everyone.

This project seeks to reduce electricity consumption by constructing a

hydroelectric generator accessible to individuals, reducing the negative impacts of

excessive electricity usage and aiding in cost reduction. Its objective is to develop a

solution that significantly enhances people's daily lives, recognizing electricity as a

fundamental tool for convenience, comfort, and productivity.

Specific Problems

This research study entails answering the following questions:

1. What role does electricity play in the everyday lives of individuals?

2. What is a Hydroelectric Generator?

3. How does the hydroelectric generator contribute to:

A. Economy Growth

B. Community Development

C. Sustainable Energy Production

4. How does the hydroelectric generator system contribute to reducing reliance on

fossil fuels?

5. What are the advantages of Hydroelectric Generators?

III. Significance of the Study

This study will be beneficial to the following:

Financially Challenged Communities

This project is significant for financially challenged communities due to its ability

to provide affordable and sustainable electricity by harnessing the power from local water

sources. This hydroelectric generator offers a renewable energy solution with low costs,

reducing the financial burden on residents. Additionally, this project will benefit local

communities by offering employment opportunities due to the construction and

maintenance of the project.

Environment

This project plays a significant role in environmental conservation and

sustainability, by harnessing the power from the circulating water to generate electricity,

hydroelectric generators provide a renewable energy source that produces less

greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuel power plants to generate electricity.

This clean electricity production helps lessen climate change and reduce air pollution,

contributing to overall environmental health. Therefore, this project is essential in

promoting a healthier environment by providing communities with sustainable electricity

options that lessen environmental harm.

Generator Manufacturers

The innovation of hydroelectric generators is significant for generator

manufacturers as it opens opportunities for their products by supplying the demands for

renewable energy solutions to lessen the concerns about climate change and challenges

due to fossil fuel power plants. This project will improve their standing within their

business industry given that their product provides access to clean and sustainable energy

sources.

Future Researchers

This project is significant for future researchers because it shows that the

prototype project can work. Through this project future researchers gain valuable insights

into the potential enhancements, paving the way for more efficient and reliable

hydroelectric power generation systems. By examining and analyzing the data regarding

its creation, future researchers can develop better ways to generate electricity. Moreover,
understanding how it can be used for different purposes and considering how much it

costs helps them decide where to invest in the future. Furthermore, it is a great way for

future researchers and engineers to learn about renewable energy, to inspire them to

innovate projects like this making the world more sustainable. Therefore, this project is

significant for them as this can serve as a guide for them to improve.

IV. Scope And Limitation

This project primarily focuses on the importance of electricity and the drawbacks

of excessive power consumption from fossil fuel power plants. It also explores the

significance of hydroelectric generators as an alternative cleaner source of energy,

emphasizing their potential to help conserve the environment and promote sustainability.

Furthermore, this study will delve into the procedures and materials required to execute

the project.

The research study is limited to the hydroelectric generator system being

implemented, and its applicability to other systems or environments may not be explored.

Therefore, the findings and conclusions may not be generalizable to other hydroelectric

systems that differ in design, materials, and procedures used to produce the project.

V. Definition of Terms

1. Conservation - Using the resources wisely to avoid waste and protect them for the

future.
2. Economically Marginalized Areas - Communities with limited access to

resources, opportunities, and wealth compared to the rest of society.

3. Electricity - The flow of electric charge, commonly used as a form of energy for

various purposes such as lighting, heating, and electronic devices.

4. Fossil Fuel Power Plant - A facility that burns fossil fuels like coal, oil, or natural

gas to create heat, which is then used to generate electricity.

5. Geographically Isolated - Being physically separated from other similar things by

geographical barriers.

6. Socio-economic Development - The improvement of social and economic

conditions within a society, such as income levels, education, infrastructure, and

overall quality of life.

7. Sustainability - The ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising

the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES

This chapter offers an examination of pertinent literature and studies meticulously

reviewed by the researchers through comprehensive exploration. It will additionally

provide a synthesis of the subjects outlined as follows

I. The Significance of Electricity

Electricity is of paramount significance. It drives economic development,

technological innovation, and social progress. Beyond its role in enhancing productivity

and convenience, electricity is a catalyst for environmental sustainability. Access to

electricity is no longer a privilege but a human right because power brings development.

Without power, there will be no development. (Eduardo Masongsong, 2018) [21]

Energy and electricity are central features of the United Nations (UN) Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs). The UN SDGs in general have an ambitious and

transformational vision for the globe striving for a world where the environment of

humans and other species are safe, resilient, and sustainable. The 7th goal is to drive the

need for sustainable energy for social and economic activities. The goal advises

economies to prioritize access to reliable, affordable, modern, and efficient use of energy

to attain social and economic growth. (United Nations, 2015) [22]

The importance of electricity is present in the number of its uses in our day-to-day

activities. It is used in most kitchen appliances to conveniently cook or clean. Moreover,

electricity also provides entertainment and communication. Television, radio, and cinema

use electricity. Computers and most children’s toys use electricity to operate. Modern

communication such as cell phones and computers run primarily with the use of

electricity. In addition, electricity powered the most modern transportation. Previously

run by types of diesels. However, E-bikes and E-jeepneys are now present that utilize the

use of electricity to run. Furthermore, industry worldwide uses electricity in its everyday

operation. It allows innovation and modern technology to give comfort to everyone by

having the large machine run with the help of electricity. Therefore, it is inconceivable to

imagine a world without electricity (ACSI Engineering and Construction). [2]

Each day, we find ourselves enveloped by one of history's pivotal advancements,

electricity. Although it powers our global landscape, centuries passed without its

discovery, leaving nights shrouded in darkness save for sparse candlelight. Despite

humanity's endurance in its absence, the prospect of thriving without it is highly unlikely.

This is due to the development and growth that was possible as a result of the production

of electricity. The pivotal shift occurred when the notion of generating electricity and

infusing vitality into the world was introduced, marking a profound turning point in

history.

Electricity plays a pivotal role in the daily lives of humans. It is indispensable in

households, where it powers appliances, entertainment systems, lighting, and various

technological devices. In transportation, electricity is vital for operating electric trains,

airplanes, and certain automobiles.

 Moreover, electricity is crucial for the functioning of essential facilities like

schools, hospitals, and retail facilities. In the medical realm, electricity enables the

utilization of X-rays and ECG machines and facilitates prompt results for blood tests,

thus enhancing the efficiency of medical procedures. Additionally, electricity powers

machines such as computers and monitors, which play a crucial role in displaying and

analyzing medical data, thereby advancing the field of medicine. The absence of

electricity would severely hinder the progress of hospitals and medical practices, making

it difficult to advance treatments and effectively cure illnesses, ultimately leading to

greater casualties (Daniel Day, 2018). [3]

Electricity plays a pivotal role in fostering economic growth and enhancing

competitiveness. Industries and manufacturing sectors rely heavily on a consistent supply

of electricity to power machinery and equipment, thereby increasing productivity and

generating employment opportunities. Moreover, electricity is indispensable for

advancing technology, conducting scientific research, and maintaining critical

infrastructures, including water management, national security, and transportation

systems. Furthermore, electrical energy plays a significant role in promoting

sustainability and combating climate change. Transitioning towards renewable energy

sources in electricity generation helps to diminish greenhouse gas emissions and

encourages more sustainable patterns of development (JRH Power Generator). [4]

II. Hydroelectric Generator System

A hydroelectric generator system is a mechanism that converts the potential

energy of moving water into electrical energy. It typically consists of turbines and
generators that harness the kinetic energy of flowing water to produce electricity. Water

flows through a turbine, which drives a generator to create electrical power. [5]

The amount of electricity generated depends on factors like the height of the

water source and the volume of water flowing through the turbine. Hydroelectric

generator systems play a crucial role in producing renewable energy by utilizing the

power of water to generate electricity efficiently. [6]

Hydroelectric generators operate based on electromagnetic induction, a principle

pioneered by Michael Faraday during the 19th century. Faraday's law dictates that when a

circuit encounters a fluctuating magnetic field, it induces a voltage. In hydroelectric

power stations, turbines transform the kinetic energy of water flow into mechanical

energy. This mechanical energy, in turn, rotates the generator's rotor, creating the

essential magnetic field for inducing voltage (Electricity-Magnetism.org, 2023). [7]

III. Contribution of Hydroelectric Generator System

Economic Growth

In 2021, nearly 4.5% of the energy used in the Philippines came from

hydropower. Compared to solar at 0.7% and wind at 0.6%, this is significant, yet still far

below oil at 41.8% and coal at 40.2%. However, the share of renewable energy in the

Philippines will steadily increase over the next two decades as the country strives to meet

its National Renewable Energy Program target of over 20 GW by 2040. This program

aims to increase hydropower installed capacity by 160% by 2027.

 In recent years, the Department of Energy (DOE) approved over 450 new hydro

projects across the country, totaling 13.5 GW of energy. This includes a new 350 MW

hydroelectric plant and a 240 MW pumped storage facility. This growth is partially due

to the government incentivizing existing local energy companies but also because the

climate for foreign investment is improving. In 2020, the Philippine government

announced it would allow full foreign ownership of some types of renewable energy

facilities, including large-scale hydro. This drives countries with extensive experience in

implementing hydropower facilities, like China, towards the Philippine market. It is good

for national economic growth. [23]

Hydroelectric generators contribute to economic growth by providing low-cost

electricity, creating job opportunities, and stimulating economic activity in surrounding

regions. The construction of hydropower plants leads to increased GDP, tax revenues,

and employment opportunities. Additionally, hydropower projects can enhance

infrastructure, increase income levels, and offer ancillary services like flood control and

irrigation, benefiting local communities (Felipe Faria, Alex Davis, Edson Severnini,

Paulina Jaramillo, 2017). [8]

Hydropower plays a crucial role in providing abundant low-cost energy to electric

power grids, contributing to affordable electricity prices and positively impacting the

economy. The US Army Corps of Engineers' hydropower program emphasizes the

importance of low operating costs, stable energy prices, and the role of hydropower in

reducing overall electricity costs for consumers. Furthermore, hydropower plants can

displace more expensive energy sources during peak demand, leading to cost savings for
consumers and revenue generation that benefits the economy [U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers). [9]

Hydroelectric projects facilitate the provision of electricity, transportation routes,

industrial growth, and commercial opportunities to local communities, thereby fostering

economic development, enhancing healthcare and education accessibility, and elevating

overall living standards. With over a century of established use, hydroelectricity is a tried

and tested technology, with comprehensible impacts that can be effectively managed

through mitigation and compensation strategies. Its extensive potential makes it

particularly advantageous in areas requiring significant development efforts (U.S.

Geological Survey, 2018). [10]

Community Development

It serves as a significant energy reservoir in the fight against climate change by

sidestepping the reliance on fossil fuels and diminishing the release of carbon dioxide, as

well as other climate-affecting gases and particulate matter. Consequently, it aids in

mitigating pollution and the greenhouse effect. Similar to other sustainable energy

sources, its advantages tend to grow over time through enhanced performance, efficiency,

and material recycling, thereby lowering expenses and environmental footprint (Enel

Green, 2023). [11]

It safeguards biodiversity by fostering the growth of vegetation due to the

presence of expansive water bodies in reservoirs, consequently attracting various animal

species. Consequently, hydropower facilities frequently serve as hubs for biodiversity

conservation. Recognizing this, channels and passage ramps are commonly constructed
adjacent to dams and weirs, facilitating fish migration upstream or downstream (Enel

Green, 2023). [12]

Hydropower initiatives promote the engagement and empowerment of local

communities and stakeholders throughout the planning, execution, and administration

phases of projects. This entails their active involvement in decision-making processes,

ensuring access to information and benefits, respecting their interests and values, and

addressing any grievances or conflicts. By facilitating participation and empowerment,

social acceptance, legitimacy, and sustainability of hydropower initiatives can be

enhanced, fostering trust, collaboration, and empowerment among diverse stakeholders

(Linkedin, 2023). [13]

Sustainable Energy Production

Hydroelectric power plays a vital role in incorporating intermittent renewable

energy sources like solar and wind into the power grid. Its capacity to consistently

generate significant amounts of electricity serves as an excellent counterpart to these

intermittent sources. Through stabilizing the power supply, hydroelectric power boosts

energy security and facilitates the shift towards a more sustainable energy system (Gray

Group International, 2024). [14]

Hydroelectric ventures that are established and managed with economic

feasibility, environmentally sensible, and socially responsible embody the epitome of

sustainable development. That means, "development that today addresses people's needs

without compromising the capacity of future generations for addressing their own needs"
from the World Commission on the Environment and Development (U.S. Geological

Survey, 2018). [10]

Hydroelectric generators play a significant role in sustainable development by

offering various benefits that contribute to environmental, social, and economic

sustainability. Hydropower is a renewable and clean energy source that helps reduce

dependence on fossil fuels, cutting down global greenhouse gas emissions and aiding the

transition to green and renewable energy (Olivia Lai, 2023). [15]

Hydropower or Hydroelectric Power is a more sustainable source of renewable

energy than other alternatives because it is clean, cheap, and environmentally friendly

(Elbatran et al., 2015). Hydropower represents a significant source of energy compared

with fossil and nuclear fuels. Small-micro hydropower, mini-micro hydropower, and

micro-scale hydropower all play important roles in rural electrification, and hydropower

has a considerably higher capacity than other sources of renewable energy to replace

fossil fuels (Okot, 2013). Most small-scale hydropower is designed for run-of-the-river

use to maintain natural river flows and to avoid the construction of dams (Ferreira et al.,

2016). However, hydropower is capable of supplementing the inherent intermittency of

solar and wind energy because of the potential energy in reservoirs (Soito and Freitas,

2011). Other advantages of hydropower include its global availability, very efficient

energy conversion, low operating cost, and relatively long-life span. Furthermore, the

fuel source (water) is not affected by fluctuating markets, providing a flexible source of

electricity (Liu et al., 2013). In addition to providing electricity, hydropower

development creates multiple socio-economic benefits and applications, such as a potable

water supply, irrigation systems, and flood control (Zhang et al., 2014). [24]

IV. Diminishing Fossil Fuel Dependency

Hydroelectric power plants have a lower environmental impact compared to fossil

fuel-based power plants, as they do not produce greenhouse gas emissions during

operation. Additionally, run-of-river hydroelectric power plants, which do not require

large reservoirs, offer a more environmentally friendly approach by minimizing

disruption to the surrounding ecosystem (National Renewable Energy Laboratory). [16]

Moreover, by utilizing water, a natural resource, hydroelectric energy inherently

provides a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. Moreover, the efficiency and reliability

of hydroelectric power generation, coupled with its ability to store large amounts of

water, make it less affected by seasonal variations and weather conditions, ensuring a

consistent energy supply without relying on fossil fuels (U.S. Department of Energy). [17]

Hydropower stands out as a more environmentally friendly option compared to

fossil fuel-powered plants since it avoids the emission of waste heat and gases that

contribute to air pollution, global warming, and acid rain. Through harnessing water's

power, hydroelectric generators provide a cleaner and more sustainable energy

alternative, significantly reducing environmental impact in contrast to fossil fuel-based

power generation (U.S Army of Corps Engineering). [18]

 V. Advantages of Hydroelectric Generator System

Hydropower is sustainable, ensuring an ongoing supply of electricity unless water

flow ceases. Additionally, it stands out as the most dependable form of renewable energy

globally. Unlike solar or wind energy, which are subject to fluctuations, water typically

maintains a consistent and continuous flow (Robert Giaquinto). [7]

Hydroelectric generators are beneficial for the economy due to their cost-

effectiveness, local production, job creation, and economic development opportunities. It

proves to be cost-effective in the long term. Despite the initial substantial investment

required for hydropower infrastructure, it emerges as one of the most economical

renewable energy sources in the long run. Following construction, maintenance demands

are comparatively low compared to other energy sources, with ongoing enhancements

continually enhancing its efficiency (Energy Sage, 2022). [19]

Hydroelectric energy production has a low carbon footprint and does not emit

greenhouse gasses during electricity generation. While the construction of dams may

impact the environment, the actual production of energy from hydroelectric plants is

emission-free. Furthermore, hydroelectric power plants can create lakes that offer

recreational opportunities, attract tourists, and provide economic benefits to nearby

communities (Gracon, 2023). [20]

Hydroelectric power is highly reliable and efficient, providing a stable energy

source that can be adjusted to meet varying energy demands. The ability to adjust the

flow of water through turbines allows for rapid changes in electricity generation, making
it a flexible and secure energy option that can quickly respond to shifts in demand or

fluctuations in energy needs (Olivia Lai, 2023). [15]

Synthesis

Electricity stands as an essential driver for economic growth, technological

advancement, and societal progress. Its significance lies in its crucial role in improving

efficiency, fostering innovation, and promoting environmental sustainability. Moreover,

access to electricity is not merely privileged but a fundamental human right, as

recognized by international organizations such as the United Nations Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs). These goals emphasize the necessity of ensuring reliable,

affordable, and modern energy access to drive social and economic growth.

Electricity's diverse applications extend across numerous aspects of daily

existence, encompassing household convenience, vital infrastructure, and industrial

operations. It powers essential appliances and devices, enables communication and

leisure activities, and forms the foundation for progress in healthcare and education.

Furthermore, electricity acts as a driver for economic growth, in industrial efficiency,

fostering technological progress, and generating employment opportunities.

Hydroelectric generator systems are fundamental to sustainable energy

generation, harnessing the kinetic energy of flowing water to produce electricity

effectively. Beyond their economic benefits of supplying affordable electricity and

driving economic activity, these systems also hold significant importance in preserving

the environment and fostering community development. By reducing dependence on

fossil fuels and minimizing pollution, hydroelectric power contributes to the fight against

climate change while supporting biodiversity and empowering local communities through

engagement and participation.

Hydroelectric generator systems play a crucial role in stimulating economic

growth, promoting community development, and advancing sustainable energy

production, all while reducing dependence on fossil fuels. In the Philippines, where

hydropower holds a significant share of the energy mix, strategic efforts are underway to

further strengthen its role. The government's National Renewable Energy Program is

committed to significantly expanding hydropower capacity by 2040, indicative of a

broader push towards renewable energy adoption. Recent approvals of numerous hydro

projects underscore this expansion, creating an environment conducive to both local and

foreign investment.

Economically, hydroelectricity's ability to provide affordable electricity, generate

employment, and develop infrastructure contributes to GDP growth, stimulates local

economies, and improves living standards. Furthermore, its capacity to stabilize energy

grids and replace costly energy sources enhances economic resilience and affordability.

Socially, hydroelectric initiatives promote community empowerment by involving

stakeholders in decision-making processes, ensuring fair access to benefits, and fostering

cooperation.

From an environmental perspective, hydroelectric power plays a crucial role in

combating climate change, reducing pollution, and preserving biodiversity, positioning it

as a cornerstone of sustainable development. By offering a renewable, clean, and

accessible energy source, hydroelectricity embodies the transition towards an

environmentally friendly and economically sustainable energy landscape, reducing

reliance on fossil fuels and paving the way for a greener future.

The benefits of hydroelectric generator systems surpass economic and

environmental considerations, including reliability, effectiveness, and adaptability in

addressing energy needs. Their sustainability, combined with low operational expenses

and negligible greenhouse gas emissions, establishes hydroelectric power as a crucial

element of the worldwide energy framework. As societies strive towards a more

sustainable future, the significance of electricity, particularly derived from renewable

sources like hydroelectricity, continues to grow, underscoring its essential role in shaping

community development and environmental preservation.

 CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND PROCEDURE

This chapter provides an inventory of the necessary materials for implementing

the cutting-edge hydroelectric generator system. Additionally, it seeks to explore the

methodology behind the project implementation.

I. Materials

Material Quantity

1. MFG Bearing 2 pieces

2. Wood Plank 1 - 2.5’W x 7’H inches

1 - 7’W x 12’ H

3. Glue Gun 1 piece

4. Ovicart 0.25w 160hw 20mm 1 piece

Round Plastic Shell Magnet

5. 6N40 Roller 1 piece

6. Ice Cream Stick 8 pieces

7. Glass Paper 2 - 7’W x 7’H inches

8. CD 1 piece

9. Plastic PVC Pipe 1 - 5 inches

10. Super Glue 1 piece

11. Copper Wire 1 bundle

12. Drill Gun 1 piece

13. Screw and Bolts 1 piece

14. Electric Tape 1 piece

15. Rubber Band 1 piece

 16. Bottle Cap 8 pieces

17. Steel Wire (thick one to be used as 1 - 18 inches

a stand)

18. Switch Board 1 piece

19. Transformer 1 piece

20. DC Water Pump 1 piece

21. Stranded Wire 5 meters

22. Tub 1 piece

23. Plastic Pipe 5 inches

24. Adapter (to connect the pump) 1 piece

25. Glass Paper 4’W x 12’ H inches

26. Tap Water 2L

27. Socket 1 piece

II. Procedure

To prepare the base for the hydroelectric generator, begin by arranging the wood

planks in a stable configuration. Secure the planks together using a glue gun to ensure

stability. Next, construct the turbine housing by cutting a PVC pipe to the desired length

and securing a CD at one end using super glue to serve as the turbine blade. Attach an

Ovicart magnet to the CD securely, and use ice cream sticks to create supports for the

turbine inside the PVC pipe. Proceed to wind copper wire around the PVC pipe, leaving

sufficient wire at both ends. Connect the ends of the copper wire to bottle caps using

black tape, which will serve as the generator terminals. Assemble the structure by

attaching the turbine housing to the base using screws and bolts, and create a stand using
thick steel wire to elevate the turbine. Connect the copper wire terminals to the

switchboard and then to the transformer. Set up the DC water pump in a tub filled with

tap water and connect it to the switchboard using wires and the adapter. Test and adjust

the system by turning on the water pump and observing the turbine's rotation, making

necessary adjustments to maximize efficiency. Secure all components in place using a

drill gun and ensure firm attachment of the turbine, generator, and pump to the base.

Finalize connections by double-checking their security and using black tape to cover any

exposed wires. Test the generator by turning on the switchboard and observing electricity

production, checking the power output with a multimeter if available. Finally, optimize

performance by adjusting the turbine blade angle and water flow to improve power

generation efficiency.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

NEA. (2021). "ELECTRIFICATION STATUS REPORT - 2021." National

Electrification Administration, Philippines. (INTRODUCTION)

WEBSITES

[2] importance of electricity Importance of Electricity in our Daily Life -. (2019,

November 29). ACSI Engineering and Construction. https://acsiph.com/importance-of-
electricity/#:~:text=Television%2C%20radio%2C%20and%20cinema%20use,to%20run
%20efficiently%20and%20smoothly.

[3] Day, D. (n.d.). Why is Electricity Important? R Turner Electric.

https://www.rturnerelectric.com/why-is-electricity-important/

[4] A. (2023, May 23). Why is Electrical Energy Important? JRH Power Generator.
https://jrhpowergenerator.com/en/why-is-important-electric-energy/

[5] Use hydroelectricity to power your home - Energy Saving Trust. (2021, September 7).
Energy Saving Trust. https://energysavingtrust.org.uk/advice/hydroelectricity/

[6] Hydropower explained - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (n.d.).

https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/hydropower/

[7] Giaquinto, R. (2020, December 16). Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydroelectric

Energy. GreenGeeks Blog. https://www.greengeeks.com/blog/hydroelectric-energy/

[8] Faria, F., Davis, A., Severnini, E., & Jaramillo, P. (n.d.). The local socio-economic
impacts of large hydropower plant development in a developing country. Retrieved
September 7, 2017, from https://www.cmu.edu/ceic/assets/docs/publications/published-
papers/2017-and-2018/faria-et-al-2017.pdf

[9] Hydropower: Economic Impact. (n.d.). Institute for Water Resources.

https://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/Missions/Value-to-the-Nation/Hydropower/
Hydropower-Economic-Impact

[10] Hydroelectric Power: Advantages of Production and Usage | U.S. Geological

Survey. (2018, August 30).
https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/hydroelectric-power-
advantages-production-and-usage
[11] M. (2023, October 26). Hydroelectric Generators | How it works, Application &
Advantages. Electricity - Magnetism.
https://www.electricity-magnetism.org/hydroelectric-generators/

[12] All the benefits of hydropower. (2023, April 18). Enel Green Power.
https://www.enelgreenpower.com/learning-hub/renewable-energies/hydroelectric-
energy/advantages

[13] How can hydropower enhance the participation and empowerment of local
communities and stakeholders? (2023, November 16). www.linkedin.com.
https://www.linkedin.com/advice/1/how-can-hydropower-enhance-participation

[14] Hydroelectric Energy: Harnessing the Power of Water. (2024, February 23).
https://www.graygroupintl.com/blog/hydroelectric-energy

[15] Lai, O. (2023, January 12). Examining the Pros and Cons of Hydroelectric Energy.
Earth.Org. https://earth.org/pros-and-cons-of-hydroelectric-energy/

[16] Hydropower Basics. (n.d.). NREL. https://www.nrel.gov/research/hydropower.html

[17] Benefits of Hydropower. (n.d.). Energy.gov.

https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/benefits-hydropower

[18] Hydropower: Environmental Benefits. (n.d.). Institute for Water Resources.

https://www.iwr.usace.army.mil/Missions/Value-to-the-Nation/Hydropower/
Hydropower-Environmental-Benefits/

[19] All the benefits of hydropower. (2023, April 18). Enel Green Power.
https://www.enelgreenpower.com/learning-hub/renewable-energies/hydroelectric-
energy/advantages

[20] G. (2023, March 13). Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydropower. Gracon LLC.
https://graconllc.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-hydropower/

[21] EnerNEA: The Official Newsletter of National Electrification Administration. (2018,

September)
https://www.nea.gov.ph/ao39/phocadownload/ENERNEA/2018/3rdQ2018.pdf

[22] UN Sustainable Development Goals: #7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable,

sustainable and modern energy for all. https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal7

[23] Koons, E. (2022, October 12). Could Hydropower Be the Answer to the Philippines’
Energy Woes? Energy Tracker Asia https://energytracker.asia/hydropower-in-the-
philippines/
[24] Potential hydropower estimation for the Mindanao River Basin in the Philippines
based on watershed modeling using the soil and water assessment tool. (2020, April 23)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352484719309059