Highly Exam Relevant Model Answers

UPSC CSE MAINS 2023

GS-I (Paper - II)
 UPSC CSE Mains 2023 | GS-I (Paper -II)
1. Explain the role of geographical factors towards the development of Ancient India. (150 words)
Approach
Introduction: Write in brief about the development of ancient civilization in India.
Body
• Categorically elaborate on the impact of geographical factors towards the development of ancient India-
Cultural, Economic, Political and Social.
Conclusion: Relevant Statement

The geographical factors have been significant in shaping the civilizations worldwide and ancient India was no
exception. The subcontinent’s remarkable and diverse geographical features such as fertile plains, rugged
mountains like Himalayas and river systems like Indus influenced trade, culture and emergence of Harappan
civilization and Vedic societies.

Role of Geographical Factors in the Development of Ancient India

• Economic Development
o Himalayas- They have acted as a natural barrier and protected the Indian subcontinent from
potential invasions from the north. The passes in them promoted cultural exchange and trade
between countries like India-Afghanistan trade.
• As per Kautilya’s Arthashastra, the mountain systems were used for extraction of resources.
o Minerals- From ancient times, India has been rich in a variety of minerals like copper, iron,
precious stones, etc. These shaped the social and religious life in ancient India.
• For e.g., the formation of the Magadha Empire is often credited to the availability of iron
just south of the empire
o Agriculture- Major rivers created an alluvial plain favourable for crop cultivation. Furthermore,
the monsoon winds proved to be crucial for the development of agriculture.
• For example, the northern plains formed by rivers like Ganga and Yamuna.
o Trade and Commerce- The presence of a long coastline along the Indian Ocean facilitated
maritime trade in India.
• E.g., Lothal Port, ancient cities like Muziris and Arikamedu.
• Political Development
o Civilizations and Empires- Regions that were rich in natural resources like minerals, forests and
rivers promoted the birth of some great civilizations and kingdoms.
• For e.g., the Indus Valley civilization (IVC) developed on the banks of the Indus River;
the Mahajanapadas developed around the River Ganga. Similarly, in Southern India, major
empires were on the banks of rivers like Kaveri, Godavari, etc.
o Urbanization- Cities situated strategically near river banks, facilitated economic activities such as
trade and agriculture.
• Ex. Lothal, Mohenjo-Daro, etc.
• Cultural Development
o Religion and Philosophy- Natural resources like forests, fire, rivers, etc. played a role in shaping
the social, cultural, and religious life in ancient India.
• For e.g., forests, rivers, the Sun, etc. were worshipped as Gods in ancient times.
o Art and Architecture- The abundant natural resources influenced the art and architecture of
ancient India.
• For e.g., the availability of marble and other types of stones led to development of various
school of art.
o Cultural confluence: The mountain passes such as Khyber has allowed the cultural exchanges
between regions.
• For e.g., Indo-Greek art development

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 UPSC CSE Mains 2023 | GS-I (Paper -II)
• Social Development
o Dense Forests- These acted as a source for timber, medicinal plants, and other forest resources.
They played a role in shaping the social, cultural, and religious life in ancient India.
• For e.g. Ayurveda developed during these times.
o Proximity to Other Civilizations- India's proximity to ancient civilizations like Mesopotamia and
China facilitated cultural exchanges.
• For e.g. The Silk Road, enabled the flow of ideas, technologies, and cultural practices
between different regions.
• Defensive Geography
o India has diverse landforms like deserts, plateaus, etc.
• For e.g. the Thar Desert along the Northwest border of India acted as a natural barrier
against invasions.
Thus, it is quite evident that geographical factors played a key role in the development of ancient India
facilitating its growth and making it a hub for trade, cultural exchange, and the emergence of diverse
civilizations even up to modern times.

2. What was the difference between Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore in their approach
towards education and nationalism? (150 words)
Approach
Introduction: Write in brief about Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore.
Body
• Elaborate on the differences between Gandhi and Tagore on their views on nationalism and education.
• Write in brief about similarities between them.
Conclusion: Relevant Statement

Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore were two of the most prominent figures of India’s freedom struggle.
They had different opinions on a variety of subjects including education and nationalism.

On Education
Aspect Mahatma Gandhi Rabindranath Tagore
Emphasised on complete Emphasised on self-realisation through
Holistic
development of children and education.
Development
eradication of casteism
Talked about the education of the Aimed to produce saints and ideal individuals.
Target Audience
common man for social betterment.
Promoted Indian culture and Supported the inclusion of the best of Western
National Agenda
civilization through education education into the Indian system
Critical of machines and modern Advocated teaching of modern science along
Technology technology fearing they would with traditional Indian knowledge
replace human beings
Promoted “Nai Talim” which Adopted Plato’s method of curiosity-driven
Pedagogical
focused on learning by activity and learning and individual activity
Approach
practicality
Focused on moral development Emphasised on moral development and life
Spiritual Element
through education after death

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 UPSC CSE Mains 2023 | GS-I (Paper -II)
Promoted education that His vision extended beyond national
empowered individuals and helped boundaries and emphasised a global
Perspective
India become self-reliant and self- perspective and cultural exchange
sufficient
Advocated creative freedom within Sought complete freedom for children in
Freedom in
the limits of morality and character education that lets them explore their interests
Education
development and passions.

On Nationalism
Aspect Mahatma Gandhi Rabindranath Tagore
Viewed nationalism as a Criticised narrow, selfish and exclusive nationalism and
means of serving humanity considered it a menace and a source of power
Definition and a part of universal
struggles for justice and
equality.
Viewed the nation as a Viewed nation as interconnected web of cultures and
diverse collection of self- traditions, stressing the need for harmony and
reliant and morally collaboration among nations.
Concept
upright individuals, and
of
emphasized the
Nation
importance of self-
governance at grassroots
level.
Supported an inclusive form His concept was more cosmopolitan in nature and focused
of nationalism that less on territorial boundaries but rather on a universal
Approach
transcended religious and humanistic outlook
caste barriers
Supported that lingua Franca Did not believe that language would play such a big role
or common language i.e.,
Language
Hindi and Urdu would help
foster nationalism
Non-Cooperation Urged nationalists to rise from self-interest; urged to
Movement (NCM), reconsider NCM and Charkha and rather work for the
Ideas
Charkha, Swadeshi and welfare of the world
Swaraj
Desired Indian nationalism Believed nationalism should transcend power politics and
to align with principles of focus on higher human ideals
Vision
justice, equality, and service
to humanity

However, both Gandhi and Tagore had certain similarities:

• Non-violence: Both were equally opposed to violent methods.
• Inclusive development: Both supported each other at the time of the Communal Award in 1932, as
both supported inclusive development.
• Diversity: Both were broad-minded and supported respectful inclusion of diversity.
Thus, it can be said that though Gandhi and Tagore had different perspectives on nationalism and education,
both were patriots and humanists and wanted India to be a better place for its citizens. Both their approaches
have left a long-lasting impact on India’s freedom struggle and our educational philosophy.
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 UPSC CSE Mains 2023 | GS-I (Paper -II)
3. Bring out the socio-economic effects of the introduction of railways in different countries of the world.
(150 words)
Approach
Introduction: Write in brief about the introduction of railways around the world.
Body
• Elaborate on the negative impact of railways in different regions of the world. Categorize them under
different sub-headings.
• Elaborate on the positive impact of the same.
Conclusion: Relevant Statement

The railways were introduced in Britain in the early 19th century as a product of the Industrial
revolution. Subsequently, it was expanded to other countries in Europe, North America and Asia
including India. As rail networks expanded, they revolutionised transportation and triggered profound
socio-economic transformations in these countries.
Socio-Economic Impact of Railways
Positive Impact
• Cultural Impact
o Exchange of Ideas: It has facilitated cultural exchange and people from various backgrounds and
regions got a chance to meet each other and exchange ideas, languages, traditions, and cuisine.
o Example: The Trans-Siberian Railway in Russia connected people from diverse ethnic
backgrounds, promoting cultural exchange.
o Educational Development: It played an important role in connecting educational institutions,
libraries, and cultural centres across different regions.
o E.g., The introduction of railways in colonial Africa led to improved access to education
and increased awareness among local populations.
• Economic Impact
o Industrialisation: Played a key role in the industrialization of many countries.
o E.g., in the UK, the focus on railways led to a rapid expansion of railways, driving economic
growth, and connecting industrial centres.
o Employment Generation: Created a lot of employment opportunities across countries and thus
increased their standard of living.
o E.g., In India, the Indian Railways is one of the largest employers, providing jobs to
millions of people.
o Logistics: Facilitated the smooth movement of goods across the country and continents, leading to
increased trade and commerce.
o E.g., the Trans-Siberian Railway in Russia enabled the transportation of goods across vast
distances, promoting trade.
• Social Impact
o Mobility of masses: Facilitated easier movement of people living in different areas.
o E.g., in India railways connected remote regions of the country allowing them to get an
opportunity to move to urban areas for work, worship, etc.
o Tourism: Helped in the promotion of tourism in different countries.
o E.g., the Mountain Railways and scenic routes like the Glacier Express promoted tourism
in the Swiss Alps.
o Nationalism: It plays an important role in connecting regions and fostering a sense of national
identity.
o E.g., Mahatma Gandhi had once observed that the Indian railway brought people of diverse
cultures together to contribute to India’s freedom struggle.

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 UPSC CSE Mains 2023 | GS-I (Paper -II)
• Environmental Impact
o Efficient mode: Railways can have a positive impact on the environment as they ease the pressure
on less efficient means of transport like roadways and airways.
o E.g., the extensive rail network in Switzerland helps reduce carbon emissions by promoting
train travel over cars.
Negative Impact
• Colonial Tools: often used as a tool of exploitation and domination by colonial powers like the British,
who drained resources from these regions for their own benefit.
o For e.g., the Trans-Saharan Railways in Africa were built for mineral exploitation.
• Disruption of Indigenous Livelihood: disrupted the traditional ways of life and livelihoods of many
indigenous communities, who were displaced or marginalized by the railway projects.
o For e.g., Tribal communities of Central India.
• Environmental Impact: caused intense damage to the environment by destroying forests, wildlife
habitats, and water sources.
o For e.g., Damage to the Indus Basin in Pakistan causes recurrent floods.
• Socio-Economic Impact- Developments such as the San Francisco Bay Area’s BART system have
been criticized for exacerbating gentrification and escalating property prices in urban hubs.

Thus, it can be said that the introduction of railways globally has been a double-edged sword. It helped reshape
economies, societies, and cultures. It opened many frontiers of opportunities and at the same time indirectly
endangered many. Nonetheless, the pace of development that the world is witnessing today would have been
impossible without railways.

4. Discuss the consequences of climate change on food security in tropical countries. (150 words)
Approach
Introduction: Write in brief about food security in tropical countries.
Body
• Elaborate on the consequences of climate change on food security in tropical countries.
• Elaborate on the steps that can be taken to overcome the situation.
Conclusion: Relevant Statement

The four main elements of food security are availability, stability, utilization, and access. Climate change has
had several impacts on different spheres of life including food security in tropical countries like India.
Agriculture forms the backbone of tropical countries and is facing a formidable challenge amid the
consequences of climate change.

Consequences of Climate Change on Food Security in Tropical Countries

• Impact on Crop Yield- Global warming, rising temperatures, increase in heatwaves, and changes in
rainfall patterns often lead to a reduction in crop yields.
• For e.g., the states of Punjab and Haryana in India have seen a decline in the production of rice
due to water stress and extremes in temperature.
• Crop Failure- Extreme weather events like prolonged droughts, floods, cyclones, tsunamis, etc.
especially in the coastal areas have become more frequent in recent times. This often leads to failure of
entire crops of a season threatening the food security of the area.
• E.g.- the Sub-Saharan country of Africa relies on maize as a staple crop and prolonged droughts
in the area have caused frequent maize crop failures.

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 UPSC CSE Mains 2023 | GS-I (Paper -II)
• Altered Growing Season- Climate change can disrupt traditional planting and harvesting times,
affecting crop and food production.
• For e.g., In parts of Southeast Asia, irregular monsoon seasons have made it challenging for farmers
to predict optimal planting times.
• Losses in Fisheries- Tropical countries like India have a long coastline and are rich in fish production.
Warmer water temperatures also cause shifts in habitat ranges of fish and shellfish species, affecting
food supply.
• For e.g., El Nino events can lead to reduced fish stocks as the warmer water may be less conducive
to the survival and reproduction of certain fish species.
• Impact on Fruit and Vegetable Production- There has been a visible decline in the production of
fruits and vegetables in tropical countries due to extreme changes in climate.
• For e.g., water stress can lead to smaller fruit size, lower yield and even tree mortality in severe
cases.
• Pests and Diseases- Warmer climates favour the proliferation of pests and diseases that affect crops,
livestock, and fisheries, leading to reduced yields.
• For e.g., climate change can expand the geographic range of mosquitoes, which leads to a rise in
malaria and dengue.

Steps that can be taken

• Research & Development: development of climate-resilient crop varieties that are tolerant to a wide
variation in climate.
• For e.g., drought-tolerant rice varieties like Sahbhagi Dhan.
• Capacity Building: encourage farmers to shift to sustainable farming practices like sharecropping,
mixed cropping, organic farming, etc.
• For e.g., National Programme for Organic Production of India.
• Use of new technology: Efficient irrigation practices like sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation, etc. should
be developed. In addition, steps should be taken to conserve water through technologies like rainwater
harvesting.
• Emphasis on ecosystems: Conservation of Biodiversity ecosystems that are better resilient to climate
change and can act as sources of food and livelihoods for local communities.
• Government Support: Efforts should be made at the government as well as inter-government levels
to implement policies that promote climate-smart agriculture, incentivize sustainable practices, and
provide support to farmers, especially smallholders, to adapt to changing climate conditions.

Thus, it is quite clear that climate change has a lot of adverse impacts on food security in tropical countries.
Developing and implementing effective adaptation and mitigation measures, promoting diverse livelihood
strategies, and enhancing the resilience of food production systems are crucial to address these challenges.

5. Why is the world today confronted with a crisis of availability of and access to freshwater resources?
(150 words)
Approach
Introduction: Write in brief about the aggravating drinking water crisis around the world. Give some data.
Body
• Elaborate on the causes of the drinking water crisis.
• Elaborate on the steps that can be taken in India to deal with the situation.
Conclusion: Relevant Statement

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 UPSC CSE Mains 2023 | GS-I (Paper -II)
According to the SDG Report, 2022, about two billion people worldwide do not have access to safe drinking
water, and roughly half of the world’s population is experiencing severe water scarcity for at least part of the
year. This in the near future can have catastrophic consequences across the world.

Causes of Water Crisis in the World

• Limited Freshwater Resources- According to the World Meteorological Organisation, only 0.5% of
the water on Earth is useable and available freshwater and climate change is dangerously affecting that
supply.
• Over the past 20 years, terrestrial water storage – including soil moisture, snow and ice – has
dropped at a rate of 1 cm per year, with major ramifications for water security.
• Climate change- According to IPCC, sea-level rise is projected to extend the salinization of
groundwater, decreasing freshwater availability for humans and ecosystems in coastal areas.
• Population Growth- The population across the world is increasing every day and it has increased the
pressure on the already stressed water resources.
• For e.g., India has only 4% of the world’s freshwater resources despite having 18% of the world’s
population.
• Over-Use- freshwater is being utilized in capacities larger than what can be replenished by nature.
a. For e.g., Agriculture is responsible for approximately 70% of global freshwater use.
• Pollution- Various reasons ranging from agricultural runoff to industrial discharge to sewage, have
been contaminating freshwater supplies.
• E.g., According to the CPCB, Indian cities are home to 30% population but contribute 70% to water
pollution.
• Deforestation- Reckless cutting of trees disrupts the natural cycle of water and reduces the availability
of freshwater due to a decrease in rainfall and increased runoff.
• Geographical and Economic Disparities- the Sub-Saharan African countries like Somalia, Sudan, and
Chad geographically have poor access to freshwater while Russia has the largest source of freshwater
lake the Lake Baikal.
• Mismanagement of Water- India receives an average annual rainfall of 1170 mm, but poor storage
infrastructure allows it to store only 6 percent of rainwater.

Way Forward
• Water Conservation- Efforts should be made to conserve water using water-efficient technologies for
agriculture, industry and households.
• For e.g., Using traditional water conservation practices like Bowri, Ahar, Pynes, etc.
• Technology- Using smart irrigation systems, water-efficient appliances, wastewater treatment,
desalination plants, etc.
• For e.g., treated wastewater can be used for non-potable purposes like agriculture and industry.
• Sustainable Agricultural Practices- Methods like precision agriculture, drip irrigation, and ecological
farming practices like crop rotation, mixed cropping, etc. should be implemented.
• Water Neutrality- NITI Aayog’s report estimates that following water neutrality standards could save
38.23 billion cubic metres of water over the next decade.
• Behavioural Change- People need to be made aware of the consequences of water shortage in the near
future and actions must be taken to ensure they move towards water conservation.
• For e.g., the Save Our Water Campaign of California that raises awareness and educates on water-
saving practices.
• Infrastructure Upgradation- Countries should invest in modern water infrastructure, including
maintenance and expansion, similar to India’s Jal Jeevan Mission which helps upgrade the water supply
systems in rural areas.

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 UPSC CSE Mains 2023 | GS-I (Paper -II)
The crisis of availability and access to freshwater resources is a complex and interconnected issue that affects
human health, food security, economic development, and ecosystems that need to be addressed through a
holistic approach.

6. How are the fjords formed? Why do they constitute some of the most picturesque areas of the world?
Approach
Introduction: Define fjord.
Body
• Elaborate on the steps involved in the formation of fjords.
• Elaborate on why fjords are some of the most picturesque areas of the world.
Conclusion: Relevant Statement

Fjord is a narrow and steep-sided inlet created by glaciers and are formed in areas when one end of a deep glacial trough
is filled with ocean water. They are often set in a U-shaped valley with steep walls of rock on either side. They are found
mainly in Norway, Chile, New Zealand, Canada, Greenland, and the U.S. state of Alaska.

Formation of Fjords
• Glacial Activity- Fjords are mainly formed through glacial processes. During the last ice age, glaciers
extended over many coastal areas, carving out U-shaped valleys along their path.
• Glacial Erosion- As Glaciers and ice sheets move ahead, they erode the underlying bedrock and create
deep, U-shaped troughs. This process is known as glacial abrasion and it results in the creation of a
depression in the landscape.
• Glacier Retreat- As the climate warms or other factors lead to the retreat of glaciers, they begin to melt
and withdraw from the valleys they have carved.
• After the glacial retreat, the crust slowly rebounds or rises in response, creating the fjord’s
characteristic deep, narrow shape. An example of a glacial retreat is observed
in Drammensfjorden.
• Rise in Sea-Level- Melting of ice increases the seawater and leads to submergence of the earlier
carved-out valleys. This submergence fills the valleys with seawater, forming the fjord.
• For e.g., the Milford Sound fjord in New Zealand was formed when the sea inundated a glacial
valley.
• Tectonic Activity- Fjords are also formed due to tectonic activity, where the Earth’s crust undergoes
vertical movement, causing the land to sink and allowing seawater to enter, thus creating fjords.

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 UPSC CSE Mains 2023 | GS-I (Paper -II)
Fjords form some of the most picturesque areas of the world because:
• Unique Geology- Fjords are areas of unique landscape characterised by steep, towering cliffs on either
side, with deep, narrow waterways in between. For e.g., the Tracy Arm Fjord in Alaska, USA.
• Panoramic Sceneries- They offer breathtaking views of pristine landscapes, often surrounded by lush
forests and snow-capped peaks. The contrast between the deep blue water and the greenery of the
surroundings is visually stunning.
• For e.g., the Geirangerfjord in Norway a UNESCO World Heritage Site is known for its snow-
capped peaks, waterfalls, and charming villages.
• Peaceful Water- They are famous for their crystal-clear, deep waters, that allow visitors to see to great
depths, revealing the underwater flora and fauna, adding to their beauty. For e.g., the Doubtful Sound
Fjord, New Zealand.
• Biodiversity- Fjords support rich ecosystems due to the mixing of cold freshwater from glacier runoff
with the warmer seawater provides habitat to a wide range of marine life, making them attractive to
nature lovers. For e.g., Milford Sound in Fjordland National Park
• Cultural and Historical Significance- Many fjords have a lot of historical and cultural significance.
• For e.g., Hardanger Fjord, Norway is known for its centuries-old fruit orchards, traditional stave
churches, and vibrant local festivals.
• Recreational Activities- They offer numerous recreational activities such as hiking, kayaking, sailing,
and wildlife viewing.
• E.g., the Komodo Islands Fjord, Indonesia is a paradise for divers and snorkelers.

The combination of geological features, natural elements, and human settlements in fjord regions makes them
some of the most picturesque and awe-inspiring areas on Earth. Thus, we can say that fjords are magnificent
natural wonders that tell us the tale of time and geology.

7. Why is the South-West monsoon called “Purvaiya” (easterly) in Bhojpur region? How has this
directional seasonal wind system influenced the cultural ethos of the region?
Approach
Introduction: Write in brief about Purvaiya of the Bhojpur Region.
Body
• Elaborate on the reasons that it is called so.
• Elaborate on the cultural impact it has on the people living in these areas.
Conclusion: Relevant Statement

The South-West Monsoon is a seasonal wind pattern bringing rainfall to the Indian subcontinent originating
from the southwest and moving across the Arabian Sea, covering much of India, Nepal, Bhutan, and parts of
Southeast Asia. It significantly impacts the socio-economic landscape of the Indian subcontinent. It is known
by various names across India like “Edavappathi” in Malayalam and “Purvaiya” in the Bhojpur region.

It is called “Purvaiya” (easterly) in the Bhojpur region because:

• Geographical Location- Bhojpur region is situated in eastern India, near the foothills of the Himalayas.
• Direction of Wind Flow- The Southwest monsoon arrives from the East in the Bhojpur region.
• Local Terminology- The people of Bhojpur have historically referred to the South-West Monsoon as
'Purvaiya,' which translates to 'easterly' in English. It reflects the region’s unique understanding of the
monsoon winds.

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 UPSC CSE Mains 2023 | GS-I (Paper -II)
Impact of “Purvaiya” on Cultural Ethos of the Region
• Agriculture- It is the primary economic activity in the region. Rituals like “Kheti-Bari” celebrate this
crucial event, emphasizing the close relationship between agriculture and the monsoon.
• For e.g., the Purvaiya shapes the crop cycles, rituals, and agricultural festivals of the region.
• Festivals- The people celebrate many festivals on the arrival of southwest monsoon in the area.
• For e.g., Teej and Chhath Puja. These events celebrate the region’s cultural diversity,
emphasizing the importance of the monsoon in the local cultural ethos.
• Cuisine- Traditional monsoon dishes are prepared during this season, often using seasonal ingredients
that thrive in the rainy weather.
• For e.g., - khichdi, pakoras, etc.
• Language and Folklore- The term “Purvaiya” is deeply ingrained and inherited in the Bhojpur culture.
The proverbs, songs, and stories of the region often revolve around the significance of the monsoon
winds in the lives of the people.
• For e.g., the Jhijhiya dance is performed during monsoon festivals.
• Social Bonding- Monsoon festivals like Teej and Chhath Puja bring communities together. People
gather at rivers and ponds to perform rituals collectively, strengthening social bonds.
• Attire- Traditional clothing in Bhojpur is designed to withstand the monsoon weather, with lightweight,
breathable fabrics chosen to provide comfort during heavy rains.
• For e.g., men often wear “dhotis” and “kurta,” while women prefer “sarees”.
The impact of Purvaiya in the Bhojpur region clearly reflects that environmental aspects have a profound impact
on the cultural traditions of any region.

8. Do you think marriage as a sacrament is losing its value in modern India?

Approach
Introduction: Write in brief about the relevance of marriages in India.
Body
• Elaborate on the reasons that support the statement that marriage as a sacrament is losing its value.
• Elaborate on the arguments against the statement which reflect that marriages are still relevant.
Conclusion: Relevant Statement

As per recent MoSPI report, the percentage share of the youth population (15-29 years) who are ‘never married’
has shown an increasing trend in the male population from 20.8 percent in 2011 to 26.1 percent in 2019 and a
similar trend has been observed for female population. This shows the declining value of marriage as a
sacrament in modern India.

Why is it said that marriage is losing its value in Modern India?

• Changing Social Values- With an increase in urbanization and globalization, traditional values are also
evolving, and individualism is on the rise leading to re-evaluation of marriage as a sacrament.
• Education and Career- Higher educational and career aspirations have led to delays in marriages and
the focus is more on personal growth and development before settling down.
• Changing Gender Roles- Women's empowerment and changing gender roles have altered the
dynamics of marriages as traditional notions of sacramental marriage may be seen as restrictive.
• Growth of Pre-Marital Relationships- With the changing social values, the notion of marriage being
sacrosanct is changing. People look for companionship through mediums like dating apps, live-in
relationships, etc.

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 UPSC CSE Mains 2023 | GS-I (Paper -II)
• Legal and Social reforms- Legal reforms, such as the legalization of same-sex marriages and changes
in divorce laws, challenge the traditional definition of sacramental marriage.
• Rising Divorce rates- India is considered to have the lowest divorce rate globally, estimated to be
around 1.1%. but, in the past few years, India is witnessing a rise of 50% to 60% in divorce rates,
especially in the urban areas.
However, at the same time, there are a lot of aspects which reflect that marriage still is a sacrament in
modern India:
• Religious Significance- Across all religions, marriage is still considered the most precious bond that
determines the authenticity of a relationship.
• For e.g., Hindu weddings, with their elaborate rituals and ceremonies, highlight the continued
importance of sacramental marriage for many Indians.
• Social Significance- Marriage is considered a “social duty” towards the family and community and
there are no ideas of individual interest and aspiration.
• Changing Forms of Marriage- Despite the change in the type of relationships like inter-caste
relationships or same-sex relationships, the ultimate authentication that all couples look for is marriage.
• For e.g demand for the legalisation of same-sex marriages in India, despite the Supreme Court
legalising same-sex relationships.
• Personal Satisfaction- marital union is considered indissoluble and irrevocable. Such a kind of bond
gives a sense of satisfaction and security to the individuals.
Thus, it can be said that in the evolving socio-cultural landscape of India, the perception of marriage as a
sacrament has started changing. However, a balance between tradition and modernity in marriage practices
continue to evolve as India undergoes social and cultural transformations.

9. Explain why suicide among young women is increasing in Indian society.

Approach
Introduction: Write in brief about the increasing number of women suicides in India. Give some data
for reference.
Body
• Elaborate on the reasons for the increase in suicides among women in India.
• Elaborate on the steps that can be taken to deal with it.
Conclusion: Relevant Statement

Women in India account for over one-third of global female suicide deaths. According to NCRB data, in the
year 2021, over 45 thousand women died by suicide. Women's greater vulnerability to suicidal behaviour is
likely due to gender-related vulnerability to psychopathology and psychosocial stressors.

Causes of increasing suicides among women in India

• Gender discrimination- Women have been discriminated against on the basis of their gender for ages.
Such discrimination takes different forms right from birth to childhood to workplaces, etc.
• Marital Issues- Early and forced marriages, dysfunctional marriages, domestic abuse, and dowry
harassment increase suicide risk.
• Economic dependence- Most women in India are dependent on their fathers, husbands, or sons for
their basic needs. This sometimes puts them in helpless situations.
• Overburdened- Women who work are equally burdened with the pressure of managing their work and
family. This often puts mental as well as physical pressure on females.

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• Over-expectations- Young women in India may face immense pressure to conform to societal and
familial expectations. They are expected to be perfect daughters, and wives and raise perfect children
and also be perfect in their professional spheres. Such unrealistic expectations often put them in tough
and unmanageable situations.
• Lack of opportunities- Many women are denied opportunities for education, career, and independence
only because of their gender.
• Gender-based violence- According to government data, nearly 1 in 3 Indian women aged 15 to 49 who
have been married have faced domestic abuse, with approximately 3% reporting physical violence
during pregnancy.
• Mental Wellness- The National Mental Health Survey (NMHS) 2015–16 found that almost 80% of
those suffering from mental illnesses did not receive treatment for more than a year. Psychiatric illness
often remains hidden as they carry a social stigma with them.
• New-age crimes- Contemporary crimes like cyberbullying, revenge pornography, online photo/ video
leaks, blackmailing, etc. often put women in compromising situations, sometimes compelling them to
end their lives.

Steps that can be Taken

• Awareness: Mental Health Awareness and timely care and Support focusing on reducing the stigma
associated with mental health issues should be conducted to ensure women do not suffer in isolation.
• Educational and Economic Empowerment- It must be ensured that women are given adequate
opportunities for education as well as employment enhancing their self-esteem, confidence, and thus
mental well-being.
• Preventing Unhealthy Practices- Steps should be taken to prevent practices like early marriage, early
pregnancy, dowry, domestic violence, sexual harassment as well as new age crimes like online
harassment, etc.
• Legal Measures- It must be ensured that all crimes against women are adequately represented in the
legal system. Legal aid and counselling services to women facing issues like violence, harassment
should be given.
• Sensitization- Gender sensitization programmes should be undertaken in schools, colleges, workplaces,
and communities to break traditional gender norms and bust gender stereotypes and myths.
In recent times, initiatives have been taken by the government to prevent the increasing rate of suicides in India
like the National Suicide Prevention Strategy by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. However, there is
a need for data-driven, gender-specific policies to cater to women’s needs. In addition, there needs to be social
sensitization towards women and their issues.

10. Child cuddling is now being replaced by mobile phones. Discuss its impact on the socialization of
children.
Approach
Introduction: Write in brief the increase in use of mobile phones by children.
Body
• Elaborate on the impact of the overuse of mobile phones among kids.
• Elaborate on the steps that can be taken to deal with it.
Conclusion: Relevant Statement

In today’s globalized digital world, the usage of smartphones is rapidly increasing. This does not mean only
adults but also includes children of all ages. Children all around the globe have started using smartphones for
various purposes like talking to their friends/ relatives or playing games, or on social media or even for online
education.
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However, prolonged usage of mobile phones right from early childhood has a lot of impacts on the social
development of children:
• Bond between parents and child- Too much usage of mobile phones by the child suggests that parents
lack time for their child. This leads to a lack of connection and bonding between them.
• Values- Parents inculcate good values in their children. However, with the continuous consumption of
social media on mobile phones, children learn more from others than their parents.
• Delayed Emotional development- Lacking parental engagement may result in a child struggling to
develop emotional intelligence.
• Low Intellectual Development- Lack of parental engagement with their child makes them rely on
mobile phones for educational purposes and increases their dependence for even basic needs like doing
minimal calculations.
• Lack of Physical Activity- Too much engagement or addiction to mobile phones leads to a situation
where 4 out 8 children are more likely to stay indoors and use their phones.
• Online Harassment- Insufficient parental engagement renders their children more susceptible to
cyberbullying, resulting in enduring effects on their ability to socialize.
• Difficulty adjusting to the real world- The children do not understand the difference between online
and real life. This makes it difficult for them to develop and maintain real-world relationships.
• Exposure to Inappropriate Content- Inadequate parental engagement may expose children to harmful
language, images, or ideas, negatively impacting their social behaviour.
• Language Development- children spend more time with devices and less time engaging in verbal
communication, they might miss out on nuanced aspects of language, including tone, context, and facial
expressions.

Steps that can be Taken

• Awareness generation- Regular workshops and seminars should be conducted to make parents aware
of the consequences that the overuse of mobile phones can have on their children and their development.
• Balanced Approach- Parents should ensure that they maintain a balance between the use of technology
and the development of emotional intelligence in their children.
• Guided Screen Time- Tools like Google’s Family Link can help parents in keeping supervision over
their child’s phone usage, ensuring a healthy balance between screen time and physical activities.
• Physical Activities- Parents should themselves participate in physical activities and also encourage
their children to do so. Initiatives like the “Fit India Movement” should be promote that not only
promote physical development but also their social development inculcating a spirit of discipline and
teamwork in them.

It is important for parents to engage with their children and maintain continuous vigil over their mobile phone
or social media usage up to a certain age and also limit the time of such device engagements, to protect them
from the negative impacts of prolonged usage of mobile phones.

11. What are the main features of Vedic society and religion? Do you think some of the features are still
prevailing in Indian society?
Approach -
Introduction: Introduce briefly about Vedic Society and Religion.
Body:
• Write about the main features of Vedic society and religion.
• Describe the features still prevalent in Indian Society
• Mention some of the significance transformations too.
Conclusion: Conclude accordingly.

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Introduction:
The Vedic society and religion denote the ancient civilization and spiritual convictions that emerged in the
Indian subcontinent approximately in 1500 BCE. It featured polytheism, rituals, and the early seeds of the caste
system, with some of its features still influencing modern Indian society.

The Main Features of Vedic Society are:

• Ritual-Centric Culture: Vedic society was characterized by a strong emphasis on complex rituals and
sacrifices, conducted by Brahmins.
o For e.g., "Agnihotra" fire ritual aimed to maintain cosmic order & seek divine favor.
• Varna/Caste System: Early elements of the caste system were evident, that were hereditary and
determined social status and occupation.
o For e.g., Rigvedic society divided into four varnas (classes) - Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas
(warriors), Vaishyas (merchants), and Shudras (laborers).
• Oral Tradition: The transmission of knowledge through an oral tradition was prominent.
o E.g., the sacred Vedic texts, like the Rigveda, were preserved through memorization and recitation.
• Polytheism: Vedic society worshiped a pantheon of deities representing natural forces and cosmic principles.
o For e.g., worship of Indra as the god of rain and thunder.
• Rural Agrarian Economy: Vedic society was predominantly agrarian, relying on agriculture and
pastoralism.

The Main Features of Vedic Religion are:

• Hymns and Mantras: Vedic religion revolved around the recitation of hymns and mantras.
o For e.g., Rigveda dedicated hymns to various deities, like Agni, the god of fire.
• Concept of Karma and Reincarnation: The belief that actions (karma) in this life affected one's future
lives.
o For e.g., its mention in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad.
• Veneration of Natural Forces: Deities in Vedic religion represented natural forces
o For e.g., Varuna as the god of cosmic order and justice.
• Asceticism and Meditation: Vedic religion promoted ascetic practices and meditation for spiritual growth.
o For e.g., with sages (rishis) like Yajnavalkya known for their philosophical teachings and
meditation techniques.
• Sacrificial Offerings: The practice of yajnas (sacrifices) played a central role.
o For e.g., rituals like the Ashvamedha horse sacrifice symbolized the seeking of divine blessings
and prosperity.

Some of the Vedic features still prevalent in Indian society are:

• Caste System Influence: While officially outlawed, remnants of the caste system persist in Indian society.
o For e.g., individuals often identify themselves by their caste, affecting social interactions and
marriage choices.
• Devotion to Deities: Worship of Vedic deities and their modern incarnations
o For e.g., Lord Shiva or Goddess Durga, remains integral to Indian religion.
• Philosophical Traditions: Concepts like karma and reincarnation continue to influence Indian
philosophy and spirituality.
• Veneration of Nature: Indians still hold deep reverence for natural elements
o For e.g., In the Chhath Puja, the Sun God is worshiped.

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However, significant transformations have also occurred:
• Religious Diversity: India is now home to various monotheistic religions like Islam, Christianity, and
Sikhism
• Oral Tradition: Oral transmission of knowledge has been replaced by written documentation and
modern education systems.
• Language Shift: Sanskrit is studied in traditional settings but not widely spoken in daily life.
• Gender Roles: Indian society has witnessed a shift in gender roles, with women, challenging Vedic-
era Patriarchy, by their increased participation in all aspects of life.
• Asceticism and Meditation: Yoga, popular worldwide, is often practiced for physical and mental well-
being rather than solely for spiritual enlightenment.

Conclusion:
While undergoing significant transformations, India's enduring connection to its Vedic heritage continues to
enrich its cultural tapestry, fostering resilience and unity in diversity.

12. What were the major technological changes introduced during the Sultanate period? How did those
technological changes influence Indian society?
Approach -
Introduction: Introduce in brief about the Sultanate period.
Body:
• Write about the major technological changes introduced during the Sultanate period
• Describe how those influenced Indian Society
Conclusion: Conclude accordingly

Introduction:
The Sultanate period in India (1206-1526 CE) witnessed significant technological advancements that influenced
agriculture, architecture, metallurgy, and more, shaping the course of Indian society, economy and culture.

The major technological changes introduced during the Sultanate period are:
• Irrigation Systems: Development of canals and stepwells improved agricultural productivity.
o For e.g., Adalaj Stepwell in Gujarat built to store and distribute water for irrigation.
• Indo-Islamic Architecture: Fusion of Islamic and Indian styles in monuments.
o For e.g., Qutb Minar in Delhi with its towering minaret and intricate carvings.

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• Metallurgical Advances: Production of high-quality metalwork and alloys.
o For e.g., Bidriware metalwork is known for its intricate silver inlay on blackened alloy.
• Textile Industry: Growth of delicate and highly sought-after fine fabrics.
o For e.g., Dhaka muslin and Banarasi brocade.
• Transportation Networks: Road and bridge construction enhanced trade and communication.
o For e.g., The construction of the Grand Trunk Road
• Artistic Patronage: Promotion of art, literature, and manuscript production.
o For e.g., miniature paintings and illuminated manuscripts with Emphasis on calligraphy and
beautiful script writing
• Agricultural Innovations: Expansion of cash crops with Improved cultivation techniques
o For e.g., Persian wheel irrigation system (saqiya)

The Influence of Technological Changes on Indian Society are:

• Agricultural Prosperity: Improved irrigation systems led to increased agricultural output, supporting
urbanization and population growth.
• Architectural Legacy: Indo-Islamic architectural styles influenced subsequent Indian architectural
traditions and aesthetics.
• Economic Advancements: Metallurgical and textile industries stimulated trade and contributed to
economic growth.
• Enhanced Connectivity: Transportation networks improved communication and trade, fostering
regional integration.
• Cultural Enrichment: Artistic patronage and manuscript production promoted cultural exchange and
the dissemination of knowledge, shaping Indian society and culture.
• Intellectual Advancements: Advances in mathematics, astronomy, and literature contributed to
intellectual growth and the exchange of knowledge.

Conclusion:
The technological changes introduced during the Sultanate period not only propelled India's progress but also
left a lasting legacy of innovation, cultural enrichment, and economic prosperity that continues to shape the
nation's vibrant heritage.

13. How did colonial rule affect the tribals in India and what was the tribal response to the colonial
oppression?
Approach -
Introduction: Introduce briefly about Vedic Society and Religion.
Body:
• Write about the Impact of colonial rule on the Tribals in India
• Describe the Tribal response to the Colonial Oppression
Conclusion: Conclude accordingly

Introduction:
Colonial rule in India, spanning over two centuries, disrupted the traditional, nature-centric livelihoods of
indigenous tribes, leading to significant socio-economic and cultural changes.

The Impact of colonial rule on the Tribals in India:

• Land Dispossession: Indigenous tribes lost ancestral lands due to British policies, leading to
displacement and economic hardships.
o For e.g., By introduction of the Permanent Settlement system in Bengal in 1793

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• Economic Exploitation: Heavy land taxes and exploitation of forest resources pushed many tribals
into poverty and debt bondage.
o For e.g., The Ryotwari system in Madras Presidency imposed heavy land taxes on tribals
• Cultural Impact: Missionary activities and colonial policies led to conversions and erosion of
traditional customs and beliefs.
• Social Marginalization: Tribals faced discrimination and marginalization from British authorities and
non-tribal settlers.
o For e.g., as seen in the case of the Santhal Rebellion of 1855.
• Health Impacts: Arrival of colonial settlers brought diseases that devastated tribal populations and
Disruption of traditional healthcare systems increased mortality rates among tribals.

The Tribal response to the Colonial Oppression:

• Armed Rebellion and Resistance: Some tribal communities engaged in armed resistance against
British colonial forces to protect their land and way of life.
o For e.g., The Santhal Rebellion of 1855-56 and the Bhil uprising,
• Non-Cooperation: Many tribes practiced non-cooperation by refusing to pay taxes, boycotting British
goods, and avoiding forced labor for colonial projects.
• Revival Movements: Some tribes initiated revival movements to preserve their traditional customs,
languages, and belief systems in response to cultural changes brought by the colonial administration.
o For e.g., The Bishnoi tribe in Rajasthan initiated movements to protect trees and wildlife from
colonial hunting
• Legal and Political Movements: Some tribal leaders and activists began participating in political
movements and advocating for their rights within the framework of the Indian independence struggle.
o For e.g., Birsa Munda and Alluri Sitarama Raju advocated for tribal rights through negotiations
and protests
• Post-Independence Advocacy: After independence, tribals continued advocating for their rights,
resulting in protective laws and development programs.
o For e.g., Introduction to the Fifth Schedule of the Indian Constitution and the Panchayats
(Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act (PESA)

Conclusion:
Despite the challenges posed by colonial rule, tribal communities in India demonstrated resilience, contributing
to the preservation of their cultural heritage and the ongoing pursuit of social and economic empowerment,
through various policies and schemes like ‘Tribal Panchsheel’, Tribal sub-plan etc, in independent India.

14. Comment on the resource potentials of the long coastline of India and highlight the status of natural
hazard preparedness in these areas.
Approach -
Introduction: Give a brief introduction about India’s vast coastline
Body:
• Describe the resource potentials of the long coastline of India
• Mention about the status of natural hazard preparedness in coastal areas
Conclusion: Conclude accordingly

Introduction:
India's long coastline, stretching over 7,500 kilometers, offers a wealth of resource potentials and economic
opportunities. However, it also presents challenges, especially concerning natural hazard preparedness.

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The resource potentials of the long coastline of India:

• Fisheries: India's coastline with rich marine biodiversity, offers a vast resource base for fisheries,
providing livelihoods for millions of people.
• Ports and Trade: Coastal regions are ideal locations for ports, facilitating trade and commerce.
o For e.g., India's major ports, such as Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata, play a pivotal role in the
country's international trade.
• Minerals and Mining: Coastal areas often have significant deposits of minerals like sand, salt, and
heavy minerals, crucial for various industries, including construction and manufacturing.
• Tourism: India's coastline boasts beautiful beaches and coastal landscapes, making it a popular
destination for both domestic and international tourists
o For e.g., Goa’s pristine beaches, historical sites, and cultural heritage
• Renewable Energy: The coastline offers ample opportunities for renewable energy generation,
including wind and solar power.
o For e.g., Coastal states like Gujarat and Tamil Nadu have been pioneers in harnessing wind energy.

The status of natural hazard preparedness in coastal areas:

• Cyclone Preparedness: The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) issues timely warnings, and
coastal states have developed cyclone shelters and evacuation plans.
o For e.g., The Odisha model is often cited as a success story in cyclone preparedness.
• Tsunami Early Warning System: After the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, India, in
collaboration with other nations, established the Indian Tsunami Early Warning System (ITEWS), to
detect and alert coastal areas about potential tsunamis.
• Flood Management: To reduce floods susceptibility, especially during monsoons, The National
Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has been working on flood risk reduction and management
strategies.
o For e.g., Gujarat's Coastal Infrastructure Development to protect against sea-level rise and cyclone-
induced flooding.
• Erosion Mitigation: Coastal erosion is a significant concern in many parts of India. Various states have
implemented measures like seawalls, beach nourishment, and mangrove restoration to mitigate erosion
o For e.g., 'Sundarbans Development Program' emphasizes mangrove conservation and protective
embankment construction.
• Disaster Response and Relief: India has a robust disaster response mechanism, with the National
Disaster Response Force (NDRF) playing a crucial role in rescue and relief operations during natural
disasters along the coastline.
• Climate Change Adaptation: Coastal areas are vulnerable to sea-level rise and climate change
impacts. India is actively involved in climate adaptation strategies.
o For e.g., Maharashtra's Coastal Vulnerability Mapping.

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Conclusion:
Investing in coastal resilience, sustainable development, and disaster preparedness through infrastructure, early
warning systems, policy frameworks, international collaboration, and community engagement, along with
sustained public awareness, promises a brighter and safer future for India's coastal regions.

15. Identify and discuss the factors responsible for diversity of natural vegetation in India, Assess the
significance of wildlife sanctuaries in rainforest regions of India.
Approach -
Introduction: Introduce in brief
Body:
• Write about the Diversity of Natural Vegetation in India.
• Enumerate the factors responsible for diversity of natural vegetation in India
• Describe the significance of wildlife sanctuaries in rainforest regions of India
Conclusion: Conclude accordingly with relevant way forward

Introduction:
India boasts a remarkable diversity of natural vegetation, encompassing plant life that thrives without human
interference, due to its extensive geographical range and varying environmental conditions.

The Diversity of Natural Vegetation in India:

• Tropical Rainforests: Found in the Western Ghats, Eastern Himalayas, and parts of Northeast India
and Characterized by dense evergreen and deciduous forests with high rainfall and humidity.
• Deciduous Forests: Predominant in central India and the Gangetic plains and composed of trees that
shed their leaves during a dry season.
• Thorny Scrub and Desert Vegetation: Located in arid and semi-arid regions, including Rajasthan and
Gujarat and Features drought-resistant plants like cacti and thorny shrubs.
• Alpine and Temperate Forests: Found in the Himalayan region at higher altitudes and consist of
coniferous trees and alpine meadows.
• Mangroves and Coastal Vegetation: Along India's coastal regions, including the Sundarbans and
Comprises salt-tolerant plants adapted to brackish water and tidal conditions.

The factors responsible for diversity of natural vegetation in India:

• Geographical Diversity: India's vast geographical extent, spanning from the Himalayan mountains to
coastal regions, creates diverse ecosystems.
• Climate Variability: The presence of tropical, subtropical, arid, and alpine climates influences plant
species distribution.
o E.g., lush tea plantations of Assam thrive in a tropical climate, while the cold deserts of Ladakh
support hardy alpine vegetation
• Monsoon Influence: The Indian monsoon, bringing heavy rainfall to the west and northeast, contributes
to rainforests and diverse vegetation.
o E.g., the lush, biodiverse rainforests of Kerala.
• Altitudinal Variation: The Himalayan region's wide altitudinal gradient leads to distinct vegetation
zones, from alpine meadows to temperate forests.
o E.g., In the Himalayas, the rhododendron-covered slopes at lower altitudes contrast with the alpine
meadows found at higher elevations.
• Soil Types: A variety of soil types, including alluvial, red, black, and desert soils, support different
plant species, enhancing vegetation diversity.

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o E.g., The fertile alluvial soils along the Ganges support rice paddies, while the Thar Desert's arid
sandy soil limits vegetation to hardy desert plants.

The significance of wildlife sanctuaries in rainforest regions of India:

• Biodiversity Conservation: Rainforest sanctuaries protect a rich diversity of plant and animal species,
including many endangered and endemic ones.
o E.g., Rainforest sanctuaries like the Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary protect rare species like the Bengal
tiger and the Nilgiri tahr.
• Habitat Preservation: They safeguard critical habitats for wildlife, preventing deforestation and
habitat destruction.
o E.g., Sundarbans Wildlife Sanctuary safeguards the mangrove habitat for Bengal tigers.
• Research and Education: These sanctuaries serve as vital sites for scientific research, ecological
studies, and environmental education.
o E.g., Agumbe Rainforest Research Station facilitates studies on reptiles and amphibians in the
Western Ghats.
• Economic Benefits: Ecotourism in rainforest sanctuaries generates income for local communities,
fostering both conservation and livelihood improvement.
o E.g., Periyar Tiger Reserve's ecotourism supports local communities through guided wildlife tours.
• Climate and Water Regulation: Rainforests play a crucial role in climate regulation and water
resource management, benefiting local populations and global climate stability.
o E.g., Rainforests of Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India contributes to global carbon
sequestration and regional water cycles.

Way forward:
• Enhanced Conservation Efforts: Strengthen protection measures and anti-poaching efforts to
safeguard wildlife and habitats.
• Community Involvement: Promote sustainable livelihoods and involve local communities in
conservation initiatives.
• Scientific Research: Invest in scientific research to better understand and manage ecosystems and
biodiversity.
• Climate Change Adaptation: Develop strategies to mitigate the impact of climate change on natural
habitats and species.
• Education and Awareness: Raise public awareness and environmental education to garner support for
conservation efforts.

Conclusion:
India's natural vegetation is a testament to the country's environmental richness. With concerted efforts and a
commitment to preserving India's rich natural heritage, a brighter future awaits, where both biodiversity and
human communities can thrive in harmony.

16. Why did human development fail to keep pace with economic development in India?
Approach -
Introduction: Introduce briefly by Human and Economic Development
Body:
• Write about the Factors Responsible for Human Development Lagging Behind Economic Development
in India
Conclusion: Conclude accordingly with relevant way forward

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Introduction:
Human development refers to the improvement in the overall well-being, health, education, and quality of life
of a population, while Economic development focuses on the growth and expansion of a nation's economy,
encompassing factors such as income, employment, and infrastructure. The gap between them is shaped by a
complex interplay of socio-economic factors, including income inequality, educational disparities, healthcare
limitations, and gender inequalities.
Factors Responsible for Human Development’s failure to keep pace with Economic Development in
India:
• Income Inequality: Disproportionate economic gains have left a significant portion of the population
behind, exacerbating disparities in human development.
o E.g., According to Oxfam's "Time to Care" report (2020), India's richest 1% held over 42% of the
nation's wealth, while the bottom 50% had just 2% of the wealth.
• Education Quality and Access: Unequal access to quality education, particularly in rural areas,
impedes human development progress.
o E.g., The Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2018 found that only about 27% of children
in grade 3 could read a grade 2 text in their own language in rural India.
• Healthcare Challenges: Limited access to healthcare services and infrastructure deficiencies contribute
to poor health outcomes.
o E.g., India ranked 145th out of 195 countries in the Global Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ)
Index in 2018, according to The Lancet
• Gender Disparities: Persistent gender inequalities in education, employment, and healthcare hinder
overall human development.
o E.g., As per the World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Report 2022, India ranked 135 out
of 146 countries in gender parity.
• Infrastructure Deficiencies: Inadequate infrastructure development limits access to essential services
and economic opportunities, hampering human development.
o E.g., According to the World Bank's "Ease of Doing Business" report in 2020, India faced
challenges in areas like getting electricity, dealing with construction permits, and enforcing
contracts, indicating infrastructure-related obstacles.
• Political Factors: Corruption, policy inefficiency, and political instability affect the effective
implementation of development programs.
o E.g., Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index 2022 ranked India 85th out of
180 countries

Way Forward to improve this condition:

• Inclusive Economic Growth: Focus on policies that promote inclusive economic growth to reduce
income inequality and ensure that the benefits of development reach all segments of society.
• Quality Education Reforms: Invest in improving the quality of education and ensuring equitable
access, with a focus on skill development and vocational training.
• Healthcare Access Enhancement: Strengthen healthcare infrastructure and expand access to quality
healthcare services, particularly in rural and underserved areas.
• Gender Empowerment: Implement gender-sensitive policies and programs to empower women and
address gender disparities in education, employment, and healthcare.
• Infrastructure Development: Prioritize infrastructure development, including rural connectivity,
electricity, and sanitation, to enhance living standards and create economic opportunities.

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• Good Governance and Accountability: Promote good governance, transparency, and accountability
to ensure the effective implementation of development initiatives and reduce corruption.

Conclusion:
To achieve its goal of becoming a ‘Vikasit desh’ (developed nation) by 2047, India must prioritize both human
development and economic growth, working in tandem to create a brighter and more inclusive future for all its
citizens.

17. From being a net food importer in the 1960s. India has emerged as a net food exporter to the world.
Provide reasons.
Approach -
Introduction: Give a brief Introduction of India’s food security transformation
Body:
• Write about the key factors behind India’s such transition
Conclusion: Conclude accordingly with relevant way forward

Introduction:
India's shift from a net food importer in the 1960s to a net food exporter today is the result of agricultural
advancements, government policies, and diversification of crops.

The key factors behind India’s such transition:

• Green Revolution Boosted Productivity: Introduction of high-yield crop varieties and improved
farming techniques.
o E.g., Adoption of high-yield wheat varieties like "Kalyansona" and "Lok 1" in the 1960s led to a
significant increase in wheat production.
• Agricultural Technology: Adoption of modern farming practices and mechanization of agriculture
post green-revolution in India.
• Irrigation Infrastructure: Expanded irrigation facilities for multiple cropping seasons.
o E.g., construction of the Bhakra-Nangal Dam in the 1960s facilitated irrigation, boosting
agricultural output in northern India.
• Supportive Government Policies: Subsidies, minimum support prices (MSPs), and rural infrastructure
investments incentivized farmers.
• Crop Diversification: Shift from staples towards high-value crops broadened agricultural production
and exports.
o E.g., growth of the horticulture sector has made India one of the world's largest producers of fruits
and vegetables.
• Export Promotion Initiatives: Active government support and trade agreements opened up
international markets.
o E.g., "Operation Greens" aimed to promote the export of agricultural products such as onions and
potatoes.
• Infrastructure Development: Investments in logistics and post-harvest handling.
o E.g., Amul's "Anand Model" have reduced post-harvest losses in dairy and agriculture
• Global Demand: Increased food demand on the global scale.
o E.g., Increasing exports of spices like cumin, cardamom, and turmeric cater to global culinary
preferences.
• Agribusiness Growth: Emergence of agribusinesses and value-added products.
o E.g., Rise of Patanjali and ITC

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Way Forward:
• Sustainable Agriculture Practices: Promote eco-friendly and resource-efficient farming methods.
• Investment in Research and Technology: Continue advancements in agricultural technology and
research.
• Market Diversification: Explore new global markets to reduce dependency on a few countries.
• Climate Resilience: Develop strategies to mitigate the impact of climate change on agriculture.
• Rural Development: Focus on rural infrastructure, education, and income diversification to uplift
farming communities.

Conclusion:
India's remarkable journey from a net food importer to exporter reflects its capacity for agricultural innovation
and economic growth, heralding a promising future for both domestic food security and global trade
opportunities.

18. Does urbanisation lead to more segregation and/or marginalisation of the poor in Indian
metropolises?

Introduction:
Segregation and marginalization of the poor in the context of urbanization in Indian metropolises involve
systematic separation and social exclusion, often seen as clustering in marginalized areas with limited access to
basic amenities and exclusion from economic, social, and political opportunities.

Arguments in favour of Urbanization Leading to Segregation and Marginalization:

• Limited Affordable Housing: Urbanization often leads to a shortage of affordable housing, pushing
the poor into segregated slums.
o E.g., Mumbai's Dharavi slum is a stark illustration of housing segregation due to urbanization, with
cramped living conditions and inadequate infrastructure.
• Income Disparities: Rapid urbanization can exacerbate income disparities, creating social and
economic segregation.
o E.g., In Bengaluru, the tech boom has created economic segregation, with IT professionals living
in gated communities while many laborers struggle to make ends meet.
• Unequal Access to Services: The urban poor may have limited access to quality education, healthcare,
and other essential services.
o E.g., Delhi's unauthorized colonies often lack access to proper healthcare facilities, leaving the
urban poor underserved.
• Gentrification Effects: Gentrification can displace marginalized communities, pushing them to the
outskirts of cities.
o E.g., The redevelopment of Kolkata's Bowbazar neighborhood has displaced long-standing
residents, highlighting the impact of gentrification on marginalization.
• Social Discrimination: Persistent caste, religious, or ethnic discrimination can lead to isolation and
marginalization in urban areas.
o E.g., In some parts of Ahmedabad, marginalized Dalit communities still face social exclusion and
discrimination despite urbanization efforts.

Arguments against Urbanization Leading to Segregation and Marginalization:

• Economic Opportunities: Urbanization can create job opportunities and economic growth, benefiting
a portion of the poor.
o E.g., Mumbai's urbanization has driven job creation in various sectors, lifting many out of poverty.
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• Social Integration: Cities often offer more diverse social environments, promoting interaction and
reducing isolation.
o E.g., Delhi's multicultural neighborhoods foster interaction among diverse communities.
• Infrastructure Development: Urban areas may witness improved infrastructure and services, reducing
disparities.
o E.g., Bangalore's urban growth has led to better roads and public services in previously neglected areas.
• Policy Interventions: Government policies can target poverty reduction and inclusivity in urban
planning.
o E.g., India's "Smart Cities" initiative aims to promote inclusive urban development and poverty
reduction.
• Community Resilience: Some poor communities adapt and thrive in urban settings, forming strong
support networks.
o E.g., Dharavi in Mumbai showcases how poor communities can adapt and prosper in urban settings.

Conclusion:
Overall, while challenges exist, thoughtful urban planning and inclusive policies can harness the potential of
urbanization to uplift and integrate marginalized populations in Indian metropolises, fostering a more equitable
and vibrant future.

19. Why is caste identity in India both fluid and static? (Answer in 250 words)
Approach -
Introduction: Introduce briefly about caste identity in India
Body:
• Write about the Factors Contributing to Caste Identity Being Static and Fluid.
Conclusion: Conclude with relevant way forward

Introduction:
Caste identity in India is a complex interplay of static traditional hierarchies and fluid dynamics influenced by
historical, social, and cultural factors, with the static aspect rooted in centuries of history and the fluid aspect
reflecting evolving opportunities for transcending traditional constraints.

Factors Contributing to Caste Identity Being Static:

• Historical Traditions: Centuries-old caste hierarchies deeply ingrained in society, shaping identities
over time.
• Social Hierarchy: A rigid caste system assigns individuals to specific social strata, limiting mobility.
• Endogamy Practices: Prevalent practice of marrying within one's caste reinforces caste boundaries.
• Political Exploitation: Political parties mobilizing voters along caste lines to maintain power and
preserve caste identities.
• Regional Variations: In some regions, conservative social norms and economic factors maintain the
static nature of caste identity.

Factors Contributing to Caste Identity Being Fluid:

• Education and Employment Opportunities: Access to education and job opportunities across castes
promotes intermingling and social mobility.
• Urbanization and Migration: Urban areas facilitate diverse interactions, leading to a more fluid sense
of identity.
• Inter-Caste Marriages: Increasing inter-caste marriages blur caste lines and foster a more inclusive
identity.

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• Affirmative Action (Reservations): Government policies like reservations enable lower-caste
individuals to rise socially and economically.
• Changing Social Norms: Evolving societal attitudes promote greater acceptance and flexibility in caste
identities.

Way Forward:
• Education and Awareness: Promote education and awareness campaigns to challenge caste
stereotypes and prejudices.
o E.g., Tamil Nadu’s "Untouchability-Free Villages" program
• Economic Empowerment: Create opportunities for economic upliftment through skill development
and entrepreneurship, especially for marginalized castes.
o E.g., "Ambedkar Hastshilp Vikas Yojana" in India promote entrepreneurship among Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
• Legal Reforms: Strengthen and enforce laws against caste-based discrimination and violence.
o E.g., 2012 judgment in the Bant Singh case exemplify efforts to bring perpetrators of caste-based
violence to justice.
• Inter-Caste Collaboration: Encourage inter-caste alliances, friendships, and social initiatives to break
down caste barriers.
o E.g., "JaatiNahi, Adhikaar" (Caste No Bar, Only Rights) campaigns encourage inter-caste
friendships and cooperation.
• Community Engagement: Foster dialogue and cooperation among different caste groups to promote
unity and social cohesion.
o E.g., Sulabh International promote community toilets and sanitation projects that require different
caste communities to work together for a common cause.

Conclusion:
While caste identity in India may exhibit elements of both fluidity and staticity, the ongoing efforts towards
social justice, economic empowerment, and changing societal attitudes provide hope for a more inclusive and
equitable future.

20. Discuss the impact of post-liberal economy on ethnic identity and communalism?
Approach -
Introduction: Give a contextual Introduction
Body:
• Write about the positive and negative impact of post-liberal economy on ethnic identity and
communalism
Conclusion: Conclude accordingly

Introduction:
The post-liberal economy diverges from classical liberalism by highlighting increased government involvement in
addressing economic inequalities, social justice, and environmental issues. While Ethnic identity refers to one's sense of
belonging to a particular ethnic or cultural group, the communalism denotes the tendency to prioritize the interests of
one's own ethnic or religious community over broader societal concerns.

The impact of post-liberal economy on ethnic identity:

Positive impacts-
• Cultural Preservation: Enhanced support for minority cultures and traditions.
• Empowerment: Economic opportunities and resources for marginalized ethnic communities.

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o E.g., Initiatives like the Stand-Up India scheme, which promotes entrepreneurship among
Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and women.
• Inclusivity: Encouragement of interethnic understanding and tolerance.
o E.g., Celebrations of festivals like Eid, Diwali, and Christmas in public spaces
• Social Justice: Reduction of economic disparities among ethnic groups.
• Social Cohesion: Reduced socio-economic disparities, fostering a shared national identity.
o E.g., "Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat" promoting unity in diversity.
Negative impacts-
1. Polarization: Potential resentment and conflict over perceived favoritism.
o E.g., Tensions over the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) in 2019
2. Identity Erosion: Dilution of distinct ethnic identities in a more diverse society.
3. Exclusion: Risk of certain groups feeling marginalized or disadvantaged.
4. Fragmentation: Increased communalism and insularity due to policy failures.
5. Resentment: Perceived disadvantages leading to resentment among ethnic communities.
o E.g., Discontent among certain ethnic communities, such as protests by Jats and Patels for inclusion
in reservation quotas.

The impact of post-liberal economy on Communalism:

Positive impacts-
• Reduced Communalism: Addressing socio-economic disparities promotes a sense of shared
citizenship.
o E.g., Successful community-driven initiatives for waste management and water conservation.
• Social Cohesion: Inclusive policies encourage cooperation across diverse communities.
• Equal Opportunities: Government initiatives provide opportunities for marginalized groups.
o E.g., Government scholarships for minority students, improving access to education.
• Integration: Encouragement of interethnic interactions and integration.
o E.g., Growing popularity of interfaith marriages and cultural exchange programs.
• Civic Engagement: Enhanced participation in broader societal concerns.
Negative impacts-
• Fragmentation: Communities becoming more insular due to perceived exclusion.
o E.g., Rise in religiously segregated neighborhoods in some urban areas.
• Ethnic Tensions: Competition for resources leading to heightened ethnic tensions.
o E.g., the 2020 Delhi riots.
• Identity Politics: Political leaders using communalism for their own agendas.
• Segregation: Reduced trust and cooperation across ethnic lines in society.

Conclusion:
In navigating the complexities of a post-liberal economy, thoughtful policies that promote inclusivity, cultural
preservation, and economic empowerment can foster a more harmonious society where communal bonds
enhance, rather than hinder, social progress.

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