INDEX

S.No. Topic Page No.

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

1. Atomic Structure ..... 1

2. Stoichiometry ..... 2
3. Gaseous State ..... 6
4. Thermodynamics ..... 8
5. Chemical Equilibrium ..... 12
6. Ionic Equilibrium ..... 15
7. Electrochemistry ..... 18
8. Solution & Colligative Properties ..... 22
9. Solid State ..... 27
10. Chemical Kinetics & Radioactivity ..... 30
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
11. Periodic Table & Periodicity ..... 34
12. Chemical Bonding ..... 42
13. Coordination Compounds ..... 53
14. Metallurgy ..... 66
15. s-Block Elements & their compounds .....
73
16. p-Block Elements & their compounds .....
77
 17. d-Block Elements & their compounds .....
95
18. Qualitative Analysis ..... 101
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Points to remember in
19. Nomenclature ..... 109
20. Structure Isomerism ..... 114
21. General Organic Chemistry ..... 119
22. Alkane ..... 126
23. Alkene & Alkyne ..... 126
24. Alkyl Halide ..... 127
25. Alcohol ..... 127
26. Grignard Reagent ..... 129
27. Reduction ..... 130
28. Oxidation Reaction ..... 132
29. Aldehyde & Ketones ..... 135
30. Carboxylic acid & Derivatives ..... 139
31. Aromatic Compounds ..... 141
32. Polymers ..... 145

PHYSICAL
CHEMISTRY
ATOMIC
STRUCTURE
Planck's Quantum Theory :

hc
Energy of one photon ¿ hν=
λ

Photoelectric Effect :

1 2
hν=h v 0 + me v
2

Bohr's Model for Hydrogen like atoms :

h
1. mvr=n (Quantization of angular
2π
momentum)

−E 1 2 −18 z
2
2. En = 2
z =−2.178 ×10 2 J/atom
n n
2
z
¿−13.6 2
eV
n
2 4
−2 π m e
E 1= 2
n
2 2 2
n h 0.529 × n
3. r n = × 2 2 = Å
z 4π e m Z
2 6
2 π ze 2.18 ×10 × z
4. v= = m/ s
nh n

De-Broglie wavelength :
 h h
λ= = (for photon)
mc p

Wavelength of emitted photon :

1
λ
2 1
( 1
= v́=RZ 2 − 2
n1 n2 )
No. of photons emitted by a sample of H atom :

Δn (Δn+1)
2

Heisenberg's
uncertainty
principle :
h h h
Δ x . Δ p> or m Δ x . Δ v ≥ or Δ x . Δ v ≥
4π 4π 4 πm

Quantum Numbers :
 Principal quantum number
(n)=1 , 2 ,3 , 4 … to ∞ .
 Orbital angular momentum of electron in
nh
any orbit ¿ .
2π
 Azimuthal quantum number (l)=0 , 1 ,… .
. to (n−1) .
 Number of orbitals in a subshell ¿ 2 l+ 1
 Maximum number of electrons in
particular subshell ¿ 2 ×(2l+1)
 Orbital angular momentum
h
L=
2π
√l(l+1)=ℏ √ l(l+1)

[ ℏ=
h
2π ]
STOICHIOMETRY
Relative atomic mass (R.A.M)
Mass of one atom of an element
¿
1
× mass of one carbonatom
12

¿ Total Number of nucleons

(G) Y-map

Density :
 density of the substance
Specific gravity = ∘
density of water at 4 C

For gases :
Absolute density (mass/volume)
Molar mass of the gas
¿
Molar volume of the gas

PM
⇒ ρ=
RT

Vapour density V.D.

d gas PM gas / RT M gas M gas
¿ = = = M gas =2 V.D.
dH2
PM H / RT M H
2 2
2

Mole-mole analysis :

Concentration terms :
Molarity (M) :
 w ×1000
∴ Molarity ( M )=
( Mol. wt of solute )×V inml

Molality (m) :
Molality
number of moles of solute
¿ ×1000=1000 w 1 /M 1 w2
mass of solvent in gram

Mole fraction (x) :

n
∴ Mole fraction of solution ( x 1 )=
n+ N

N
∴ Mole fraction of solvent ( x 2 )=
n+ N

x 1+ x2 =1

mass of solute in gm
(i) %w /w= ×100
mass of solution in gm

mass of solute in gm
(ii) %w /v= × 100
Volume of solution in ml

Volume of solute in ml
(iii) %v/ v= × 100
Volume of solution

Derive the following

conversion :
 1. Mole fraction of solute into molarity of
x 2 ρ ×1000
solution M =
x 1 M 1+ M 2 x 2

2. Molarity into mole fraction

MM 1 × 1000
x 2=
ρ× 1000−MM 2

x 2 ×1000
3. Mole fraction into molality m=
x1 M 1

4. Molality into mole fraction

m1
x 2=
1000+mM 1

m ρ ×1000
5. Molality into molarity M =
1000+mM 2

M ×1000
6. Molarity into Molality m=
1000 ρ−MM 2

M 1 and M 2 are molar masses of solvent and

solute. ρ is density of solution (gm/mL)

M =¿ Molarity (mole/lit.), m=¿ Molality

(mole/kg), x 1=¿ Mole fraction of solvent, x 2=¿
Mole fraction of solute

Average/Mean atomic mass :

a1 x 1 +a 2 x 2+ … ..+an x n
A x=
100
Mean molar mass or
molecular mass :
j=n

n1 M 1+ n2 M 2 +… … nn M n
∑ ❑ nj M j
M avg. = or M avg. = j=1j=n
n1 +n2 +… . nn
∑ ❑ nj
j=1

Calculation of individual oxidation number :

Formula : Oxidation Number = number of

electrons in the valence shell

 number of electrons left after bonding

Concept of Equivalent
weight/Mass :
For elements, equivalent weight
Atomic weight
(E)=
Valency − factor

For acid/base,

M
E=
Basicity / Acidity

Where M =¿ Molar mass

For O.A/R.A,
 M
E= −¿ gained/lost
no. of moles of e ¿

Equivalent weight
Atomic or moleculear weight
(E)=
v.f.

(v.f. = valency factor)

Concept of number of equivalents :

No. of equivalents of solute

Wt W W
¿ = =
Eq⋅ wt . E M /n

No. of equivalents of solute ¿ No. of moles of

solute × v.f.

Normality ( N ) :
Normality
Number of equivalents of solute
(N )=
Volume of solution (in litres )

Normality ¿ Molarity × v.f.

Calculation of valency
Factor :
+¿¿
n -factor of acid = basicity ¿ no. of H ion(s)
furnished per molecule of the acid.
 −¿¿
n-factor of base ¿ acidity ¿ no. of OH ion(s)
furnised by the base per molecule.

At equivalence point :
N 1 V 1=N 2 V 2
n1 M 1 V 1=n2 M 2 V 2

Volume strength of H 2 O2 :

20 V 2 O2 means one litre of this sample of H 2 O2

on decomposition gives 20 It. of O 2 gas at S.T.P.

Normality of
Volume, strength of H 2 O2
H 2 O2( N )=
5.6

Molarity of
Volume strength of H 2 O2
H 2 O2( M )=
11.2

Measurement of
Hardness :
mass of CaCO3 6
Hardness in ppm ¿ × 10
Total mass of water

Calculation of available chlorine from a sample

of bleaching powder :
 3.55 × x ×V (mL)
% of Cl 2= where x=¿ molarity
W ( g)
of hypo solution

and v=mL. of hypo solution used in titration.

GASEOUS STATE
Temperature Scale :
C−O K −273 F−32 R−R (O)
= = =
100−0 373−273 212−32 R (100)−R(O)
where R= Temp. on unknown scale.

Boyle's law and measurement of pressure :

At constant temperature,

1
Vα
P
P1 V 1=P2 V 2

Charles law :

V1 V 2
At constant pressure, V α T or =
T 1 T2

Gay-lussac's law :

P1 P2
At constant volume, P α T = → temp on
T1 T 2
absolute scale Ideal gas Equation :

PV =nRT
w d
PV = RT or P= RT or Pm=dRT
m m
Daltons law of partial
pressure :
n1 RT n2 RT n3 RT
P 1= , P 2= , P 3= and so on.
v v v

Total pressure ¿ P1 + P2+ P3+ ¿

Partial pressure ¿ mole fraction X Total
pressure.

Amagat's law of
partial volume :
V =V 1+V 2+V 3 + … …

Average molecular mass of gaseous mixture :

Total mass of mixture n1 M 1 +n2 M 2+ n3 M 3

M mix = =
Total no. of moles in mixture n1 +n 2+ n3

Graham's Law :
1
Rate of diffusion r ∝ ; d=¿ density of gas
√d
r1 √ d2 √ M 2
= =
r 2 √d 1 √ M 1
=
√
V ⋅ D2
V ⋅ D1
Kinetic Theory of
Gases :
1 2
PV = mN U Kinetic equation of gases
3

Average K.E. for one mole

¿NA ( 12 mU )= 32 K N T = 32 RT
2
A

(a) Root mean square speed

U rms =
√ 3 RT
M
molar mass must be in kg/mole

Average speed

U av =U 1+U 2+U 3+ … … … … U N

U avg. =
√ 8 RT
πM
=
8 KT
πm √K is Boltzmman constant

→ Most probable speed

U MPS =
√ 2 RT
M √
=
2 KT
m

Van der Waal's equation :

( )
2
an
P+ 2
(v−nb)=nRT
v
㔀

Critical constants :

a 8a
V c =3 b , P C = , TC =
27 b
2
27 Rb

THERMODYNAMICS
Thermodynamic
processes :
1. Isothermal process: T =¿ constant dT =0
Δ T =0

2. Isochoric process: V =¿ constant dV =0

ΔV =0

3. Isobaric process: P=¿ constant dP=0

Δ P=0

4. Adiabatic process: q=0

or heat exchange with the surrounding ¿ 0 (zero)

IUPAC Sign convention about Heat and Work :

Work done on the system = Positive

Work done by the system = Negative

st
1 Law of Thermodynamics
 Δ U =( U 2 −U 1 )=q +w

Law of equipartion of energy :

f
U= nRT
2
(onlyforidealgas )

f
ΔE= nR (ΔT )
2

where f =¿ degrees of freedom for that gas.

(Translational + Rotational) f =3 for
monoatomic

¿ 5 for diatomic or linear polyatmic

¿ 6 for non - linear polyatmic

Calculation of heat (q) :

Total heat capacity :

Δq dq ∘
C T= = =J / C
ΔT dT

Molar heat capacity :

Δq dq −1 −1
C= = =J mole K
nΔT ndT
γR R
CP= CV=
γ −1 γ −1

Specific heat capacity (s) :

 Δq dq −1 −1
S= = =Jgm K
mΔT mdT

WORK DONE (w) :

Isothermal Reversible expansion/compression of

an ideal gas :

W =−nRT ln ⁡( V i /V i )

Reversible and irreversible isochoric processes.

Since dV =0

So dW =−Pext . dV = 0 .

Reversible isobaric process :

W =P ( V f −V i )

Adiabatic reversible expansion :

γ −1 γ−1
⇒ T 2 V 2 =T 1 V 1

Reversible Work:

P2 V 2−P 1 V 1 nR ( T 2−T 1)
W= =
γ−1 γ −1

Irreversible Work:

P2 V 2−P 1 V 1 nR ( T 2−T 1)
W= = =nC v ( T 2−T 1 )=−Pext ( V 2−V 1 )
γ−1 γ −1
 P 1 V 1 P2 V 2
and use =
T1 T2

Free expansion-Always going to be irrerversible

and since Pext =0 so dW =−Pext . dV =0

If no. heat is supplied q=0

then ΔE=0

so

ΔT =0.