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Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities

Department of Linguistic and Translation

Latrícia Douglas

José Fernando

Edson Massaite

Micheque Fernando

Group IV

Formal and Informal Language

Universidade Púnguè

Chimoio

2024
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Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities

Department of Linguistic and Translation

Latrícia Douglas

José Fernando

Edson Massaite

Micheque Fernando

Group IV

Formal and Informal L;anguage

Assignment submitted to the Department of

Linguistics and Translation, faculty of Arts,

Social Sciences and humanities

Master: Francis Madhanzi.

Universidade Púnguè

Chimoio

2024
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Table of contents
Introduction..............................................................................................................................................4
Objectives................................................................................................................................................5
General objective....................................................................................................................5
Specific Objectives.................................................................................................................5
Methodology............................................................................................................................................5
Introduction of Language.........................................................................................................................6
Formal and Informal Language...............................................................................................................6
Formal Language....................................................................................................................6
Informal Language.................................................................................................................6
Characteristics of Formal and Informal Language..................................................................................6
Characteristics of formal language:........................................................................................6
Characteristics of informal language......................................................................................7
When to use Formal and Informal language............................................................................................7
When to use formal language.................................................................................................7
When to use informal language..............................................................................................8
Main differences between Formal and Informal Language.....................................................................8
Vocabulary and word choice..................................................................................................8
Sentences structure and grammar...........................................................................................9
Pronouns and Addressing:....................................................................................................10
Addressing:...........................................................................................................................11
Contractions..........................................................................................................................11
Tone and politeness:.............................................................................................................12
Cultural references and jargon:............................................................................................12
Verb usage:...........................................................................................................................13
Emphasis and Intensity:........................................................................................................14
Importance of formal and informal language........................................................................................15
Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................16
References..............................................................................................................................................17
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Introduction
Language is a powerful tool that allows us to communicate and express our thoughts, ideas,
and emotions. Within the realm of language, we encounter two distinct forms, formal and
informal language. These two styles of communication serve different purposes and are used
in various contexts. Understanding the characteristics and appropriate in usage of formal and
informal language is crucial for effective communication. (Evans, 2023).

Objectives

General objective
 To highlight more information related to formal and informal language.

Specific Objectives
 Explain the difference between formal and informal language;
 Identify and discuss the different types of languages;
 Identify and explain proper and improper language.

Methodology.
 The information in this assignment was extracted in book research and consultations
on internet.
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What is Language?
According to Bloch and Trager (1942), says that language is a system of arbitrary vocal
symbols by means of which a social group cooperates.

Lyon (1981), says that, language is a purely human and non-instictive method of
communication.

Types of Language

Formal Language
Evans (2023), says that formal language is reserved for situations that demand a high level of
respect, professionalism, and politeness; it is used in academic, professional and official
settings, where proper etiquette and adherence to established norms are essential business
correspondence. Formal language is used in academic papers, official reports, presentations
and speeches.

Informal Language
According to Garry Evans (2023), says that informal Language is characterized by its relaxed
and casual tone. It is often used in familiar, everyday situations where the level of politeness
is less important. Informal language is suitable for interactions with friends, family, and
colleagues you have a close relationship.

Characteristics of Formal and Informal Language.

Characteristics of formal language:

 Less personal: Formal language is less personal than informal language. It is used in
professional or academic writing, such as graduate school assignments.
 Avoidance of colloquialisms: Formal language does not use colloquialisms, which are
informal expressions or slang.
 Avoidance of contractions: Contractions, such as "can't" or "don't," are not used in
formal language.
 Avoidance of first-person pronouns: Formal language typically avoids the use of first-
person pronouns like "I" or "we”.
 Use of Standard English: Formal language is characterized by the use of Standard
English.
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 Complex sentence structures: Formal language often employs more complex sentence
structures.
 Lack of colloquial or slang terms: Formal language avoids the use of informal
expressions or slang. (Evans, 2023)

Characteristics of informal language

 More casual and spontaneous: Informal language is more casual and spontaneous. It is
used in communication with friends or family, both in writing and conversation.
 Use of nonstandard English forms: Informal language allows the use of nonstandard
English forms.
 Use of colloquial vocabulary: Informal language includes colloquial vocabulary,
which consists of informal expressions or slang.
 Shorter sentence structures: Informal language typically uses shorter sentence
structures
 Use of contractions: Contractions, such as "can't" or "don't," are commonly used in
informal language
 Use of pronouns: Informal language makes more frequent use of personal pronouns
like "I" or "we"

When to use Formal and Informal language

 According to ( White, 2022), Professional and academic writing: is commonly used in
professional and academic settings, such as business correspondence, reports, research
papers, and presentations. It is important to use formal language to convey
professionalism and maintain a serious tone.
 According to ( White, 2022), Official documents: Formal language is necessary when
writing official documents, such as contracts, legal agreements, and official letters.
These documents require a formal tone to ensure clarity and precision
 According to ( White, 2022), Presentations and public speaking: When giving
presentations or speaking in public, it is important to use formal language to convey
expertise and professionalism. This helps to establish credibility and engage the
audience
 According to ( White, 2022), Job applications and interviews: When applying for a
job or attending an interview, it is crucial to use formal language to present oneself in
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a professional manner. This includes writing a formal cover letter, resume, and using
formal language during the interview
 According to (white, 2022), Academic and professional discussions: In academic and
professional discussions, formal language is used to convey ideas and arguments
clearly and objectively. It helps maintain a respectful and professional tone during
debates and discussions
 According to White (2022), argued that, in casual conversations: Informal language is
used in everyday conversations with friends, family, and acquaintances. It allows for a
more relaxed and friendly tone, fostering closer relationships and open
communication.
 According to White (2022), says that in personal emails and text messages: When
communicating with friends or family through emails or text messages, informal
language is commonly used. It allows for a more casual and spontaneous style of
communication.
 On social media and online platforms: Informal language is prevalent on social media
platforms, where users engage in casual conversations, share personal experiences,
and express opinions in a more relaxed manner. (White, 2022),
 In informal writing: Informal language can be used in certain types of writing, such as
personal blogs, informal essays, and creative writing. It allows for a more expressive
and personal style of writing. (White, 2022),

Main differences between Formal and Informal Language

Vocabulary and word choice

Formal Language: employs sophisticated vocabulary and avoids slang or colloquialisms.

Informal Language: uses everyday words and may include slang or informal expressions.

 Slang: According to Jonathon Green (2019), slang refers to informal and non-standard
language that is specific to a particular group or subculture. It consists of words,
phrases, and expressions that are created and used in casual, everyday conversations
rather than in formal or academic settings. Slang evolves rapidly and is influenced by
cultural shifts, technological advancements, and popular culture. It is characterized by
its dynamic nature and can vary across regions, age groups, social classes, and
professions.
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 Colloquialism: According to David Crystal (2006), colloquialism refers to "words,

phrases, and idioms used in ordinary, everyday, informal, and conversational
language." It is the language that is typically used in casual, familiar settings rather
than in formal or written contexts. Colloquialisms often vary across regions and social
groups and can include slang, regional dialects, and informal expressions.

Formal Language: employs sophisticated vocabulary and avoids slang or colloquialisms.

Example:"I would like to purchase a ticket for the concert."

Example: "I am not able to attend the meeting due to a scheduling conflict."

Informal Language: uses everyday words and may include slang or informal expressions.

Colloquialism: "I wanna buy a ticket for the concert."

Informal Language (Colloquialism): "Sorry, I can't make it to the meeting. I've got something
else going on."

Sentences structure and grammar

According Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum (2002), Sentence structure refers to
the organization and arrangement of words, phrases, and clauses within a sentence. It
determines how the elements of a sentence are linked together to convey meaning.

In formal language: Sentence structure tends to follow standard grammatical rules and
conventions.

Example: "The professor explained the concepts clearly, and the students took diligent
notes."

Example: "She arrived at the meeting early, prepared with a detailed report."

In informal language: There may be more flexibility and variation in sentence structure.

Example: "The professor, he explained stuff really well, and the students, they were taking
lots of notes."

Example: "She got to the meeting early, all ready with a super detailed report."

 Grammar: According to Rodney (2002), grammar is a set of rules and principles that
govern the structure, formation, and usage of a language. It encompasses various
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aspects such as syntax, morphology, semantics, and phonology, which determine how
words and sentences are constructed and how they convey meaning.

Rodney (2002), says that formal Language: In formal language, grammar usage adheres to
standardized grammatical rules. The sentences follow proper subject-verb agreement, use
correct verb tenses, and employ appropriate word forms. The language is precise, concise,
and avoids colloquial expressions.

Example: "She carefully reads classic novels to enhance her literary knowledge."

Example: "The committee's decision was based on thorough analysis and extensive research."

Evans (2023),argues that in informal language, grammar can be more flexible and may
deviate from strict formal rules. There can be variations in word order, omission of certain
words, and the use of colloquial expressions. Informal language often reflects conversational
speech and a more casual, relaxed tone.

Example 1: "She reads classic novels to up her literary game."

Example 2: "The committee, they made their decision after doing a ton of research."

Pronouns and Addressing:

Evans (2023), argues that in formal language: pronouns are words used to replace nouns and
noun phrases. They help avoid repetition and make sentences more concise. Formal pronouns
include personal pronouns (e.g., he, she, it, they), possessive pronouns (e.g., his, hers, its,
theirs), and reflexive pronouns (e.g., himself, herself, itself, themselves).

Example: "The CEO arrived at the meeting, and he presented the company's financial report."

Example: "After finishing their work, the employees submitted their reports to the manager."

Evans (2023), says that in informal language: Pronouns are used in a similar manner but may
exhibit more flexibility and variation. Informal pronouns can include colloquial or regional
variations, as well as informal forms of personal pronouns (e.g., he, she, it, they) and
possessive pronouns (e.g., his, hers, its, theirs).

Example: "The CEO, he came to the meeting and presented the company's financial report."

Example: "After they finished their work, the employees handed their reports to the
manager."
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Addressing:
Formal Language: In formal language, addressing refers to the way individuals are referred to
or addressed in professional or formal settings. It typically involves using appropriate titles
(e.g., Mr., Mrs., Dr., and Professor) and last names to show respect and maintain a
professional tone. (Evans, 2023)

Example: "Good morning, Professor Johnson. I wanted to discuss my research proposal with
you."

Example: "Mr. Smith, could you please provide an update on the project's progress?"

Informal Language: In informal language, addressing tends to be more relaxed and casual. It
may involve using first names, nicknames, or terms of familiarity to address individuals,
especially in informal or social contexts.

Example: "Hey, John! I wanted to talk to you about my research proposal."

Example: "Hey, Mike, can you give me an update on how the project is going?"

Contractions
David Crystal (2010) argues that contractions are shortened forms of words or phrases that
are created by combining two or more words and replacing missing letters with an
apostrophe. They are commonly used in informal language to make speech or writing more
casual and conversational. Contractions help in reducing redundancy and improving fluency
by combining words.

In formal language: contractions are avoided, and the full forms of words are used, this helps
to maintain a more precise and professional tone.

Contractions (e.g. “don’t”, “can’t”) are often avoided in formal language.

Example: "I am going to the store." (instead of "I'm going to the store.")

Example 2: "Do not forget to bring your ID." (instead of "Don't forget to bring your ID.")

In informal language: contractions are commonly used to create a more relaxed and
conversational style.

Example: "I'm going to the store."

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Example: "Don't forget to bring your ID."

Tone and politeness:

 Tone: According to Joseph M. Williams and Joseph Bizup (1990) Tone refers to the
attitude or emotion conveyed by the speaker or writer through their language choices.
It sets the overall mood or atmosphere of a communication, whether it is formal or
informal. Tone can be conveyed through word choice, sentence structure, and overall
style of expression.

Formal Language: the tone is polite, respectful, and professional, often using honorifics and
formal language markers.

Example:"We regret to inform you that your application has been declined due to insufficient
qualifications."

Informal Language: The tone is casual, relaxed, and may include humor or friendly
expressions.

Example:"Hey, I'm thrilled to let you know that you got the job! Congratulations!"

 Politeness: Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson (1987) Argues that Politeness
refers to the use of language and behavior that demonstrates respect, consideration,
and social etiquette towards others. It involves using appropriate forms of address,
expressing gratitude, using polite requests, and avoiding offensive or rude language.

Politeness: "Hey, would you mind passing me the salt, please?

Cultural references and jargon:

Cultural References:

Cultural references are elements within language that refer to aspects of a specific culture,
including its history, traditions, popular culture, or shared experiences. They can include
references to famous people, events, literature, movies, or other cultural artifacts..

Formal Language: Formal Language: avoids cultural references and specialized jargon that
might not be universally understood.

Example: "This campaign aims to evoke a sense of nostalgia by referencing classic literature
and iconic artworks."
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Example: "The speaker used historical references to underscore the importance of civic
engagement."

Informal Language: Informal Language: may include cultural references and jargon that are
familiar to the intending audience

Example: "That movie is a total 'Star Wars' rip-off, with all the light sabers and galactic
battles."

Example: "She's got the moves like Jagger, dancing like a rock star on the dance floor."

 Jargon: Eric S. Raymond (1980s) argues that Jargon refers to specialized vocabulary
or terminology used within a particular profession, field, or community. It consists of
words or phrases that may be unfamiliar to those outside the specific domain but are
commonly understood by insiders.

Formal Language:

Example: "The legal document contained complex legal jargon that required expert
interpretation."

Example: "The scientific paper was dense with technical jargon specific to the field of
quantum mechanics."

Informal Language:

Example: "Let's meet up at the pub and geek out about the latest gaming consoles and all the
tech jargon!"

Example: "The conversation was filled with medical jargon that flew right over my head, but
it was fascinating to listen to."

Verb usage:
Verb usage refers to the way verbs are employed in language to express actions, states,
events, or conditions. It encompasses the choice of verb tenses, moods, voices, and aspects to
convey meaning and communicate effectively. (Evans, 2023).

Formal Language: In formal language, verb usage tends to follow standard grammatical rules
and conventions, employing appropriate verb forms and tenses.
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Example: "The meeting will commence promptly at 9 a.m. tomorrow."

Example: "She has been diligently working on the project for several weeks."

Informal Language: In informal language, verb usage can be more flexible, allowing for
colloquial expressions, contractions, and a more relaxed approach to grammar.

Example: "The party's gonna start around 7 p.m., so don't be late!"

Example: "I've been binge-watching that new series all weekend. It's so addictive!"

Emphasis and Intensity:

Emphasis and intensity refer to the degree of importance, significance, or strength given to a
particular element or expression in language. It involves emphasizing certain words or
phrases to convey the intended meaning or to amplify the impact of the message being
conveyed. (Evans, 2023)

Formal Language: In formal language, emphasis and intensity are typically conveyed through
carefully chosen words, precise language, and professional tone. The emphasis is often
placed on facts, evidence, or the logical progression of ideas. Example 1: "The results of the
study clearly demonstrate the critical importance of implementing sustainable practices."

Example: "We strongly urge all stakeholders to actively participate in the decision-making
process."

Informal Language: In informal language, emphasis and intensity can be expressed through
exaggeration, enthusiastic language, or informal expressions to convey strong emotions or
personal opinions

Example: "That movie was absolutely amazing! I loved every single minute of it!"

Example: "I seriously can't believe how delicious this pizza is. It's the best I've ever had!"
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Importance of formal and informal language

The importance of formal language is related to the need to follow grammatical rules and use
a clear and diverse vocabulary. It is essential in situations that require respectability, such as
speeches, academic presentations, official documents and job interviews. By using formal
language, it is possible to convey an image of professionalism, competence and credibility.
On the other hand, informal language plays a fundamental role in expressing identity and
building closer social relationships. It allows the use of slang, popular expressions,
abbreviations and colloquialisms, making communication more relaxed and personal.
Informal language is commonly used in informal conversations, meetings between friends
and interactions via social networks. It is important to highlight that the appropriate use of
formal and informal language depends on the context and the interlocutors involved in the
communication. Knowing how to adapt to different situations and use appropriate language is
essential for effective communication. (Evans, 2023).
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Conclusion
In short, the choice between formal and informal language depends on context and audience.
Formal language is used in academic, professional and official contexts, where respect and
professionalism are fundamental. Informal language is suitable for everyday interactions and
personal communication.
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References
Crystal, D. (2006). Words, Words, Words: The Translator and the Language Teacher.
Routledge.

Garry Evans. (2023). English Al Fresco. August 21.

Green, J. (2019). Encyclopedia of slang, Oxford University Press.

Huddleston, R. & Pullum, G. K. (2002). The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language.
Cambridge University Press.

Joseph M. Williams and Joseph Bizup, 1990.

Lyon, J. (19810. Language and Linguistics, Cambridge: CUP.

Margaret Mead. (1952). The Study of Culture at a Distance

Some Universals in Language Usage" (1987)

White, M. G. (2022, June 3). Examples of jargon in the workplace. YourDictionary.