Chapter 2 Sheretivre % Aton Ey Ate» An ottern isthe Amatleat: Of mrmocttet LS, phous Obh I -properetiet Amel takes past inthe Chemical Acachons and ishoae inde pendarct exlelence ts cloubt ful. Mtence ,-Hre atoms > dome elaments enctete in native Ldtule Ae Atoms 4 mocb Sh Hee Clownemts ola wot exiet in mattre- A) The three bavie ponies fae el Preeemt: in Qn aban art electron, Proton amet mexrtron, ® lave +treorey — @A ie dined a4 Q -pereiodia Deturbamee. in space ort a mediurs “Haat involves Lic placement 4 anodtouial pacticles ® @-periodlie change in korne -physical qpamhties Atle -presaure Ole, demmperatizre ett: Thus wave mmoston Aapreaatt ~peepagastion oa -peciodc disturbance Casouy ened @ he wiawe ronal fughe angles oi the viby -mohen Har Ofek @wren On ofect mNOves up arn dousn Avibvates Continuously, inta oem of Wawes ts transmitted by a Vvileraxtoey object +o a dictent place © buive chances 7 @lovelen, ~~ @St is damoted by > (Lambda) @sris dafined aacthe dictance hotseen two meareat cert a tivo meaeedk ctcouga- Bgere measured hermes of A’Cargetror) , PMC picometer), sen(namemeter) , rear (miumeter) 1 On contrmeter) , Lum (arnivcometes) ete. Scanned with CamScannerOars rir 4 Apes an, Laem = 13° ee and Lom=tirm. ok / / \ / | \ fi \ / | | / | |/ Milrroting Lource - a tha @Prgporey— > Breit ppg HS ie don by adv" | nt @ he “heeqpeney Qa Ware is dapired Pediat i Lawes Stich pars ah a tn pee | MH is measures! inn Herr Of Herte (Hz) ot 41 ot cyelee rath oS tHerte = Ls ©) lve period —> @ Stis damoteo bay @ Seis the Hire takem pot or time taken by a eve warren, ve jc the Asciphocal een: TH a wave to pam Hecougn ene Wave +9 Completi- clistance 4 @oeeis rmeaawred In aeumd. a Scanned with CamScanner@)Special L Nole—> The een oh awave is Invewtely propeetional: ho He wavelemsth, ya [Pes @ =v) uhere ‘c’is a proportioned ty Comueunt Utuch te called ar velocity ef Lat Ce axi0 ome oF axe emt | Wave mums. DY )—> fe ic danstid aa (Cprubary 0 " st is dafined asthe mumber “+ Waves pe Wont Jangth © Gris exprersacd OA om: \ © Ampbtude —> Oi denotes! by ‘a Ost ieee hesghe & the exeak adepth of the ea a Ware. ® Stic bait He Vvecticnl cLstemen purr the Hap of the ware to “tee lester 84 the Wave . @MH determines she iw ity A bsughtnens a hoamey Laglt wane. vend “ % 6 2 Scanned with CamScanner&)Electro netic \alave thesry— ®) Tames Manwell Aug tho Uthen elecbet Charged -posebicle moves Unclat aacelanaHon , eee dlecteical and somgnene pl Are -prodiscaof and tran venitted by tt: &) These elt ane bramsenitleol in-Hre 3 of Waves called as electav~iners Wavet 0 eldetromap netic Andsabons Oman araumphons of Maxwellte Blectro magnetic jwave Theoty » oscillaHry ete sbete Ano weagnatis yes pucoducae| os cLLOH ~poeticles ane ~perperdiertar +0 cach othea amo} loath are —perpenclicular cpotte direcHen aon Wave. sn aoe im mete eld Cornponentr Qn fester ware have the dame Wavelength, Satan lips and aomplitade , bck they VibAcie. hy-t20 rraballes sporpera —planes, Electret x Bireotion “f propagation 4 Wave v ooqrete ‘fret! Ele chromnsgretic Waves Scanned with CamScanner Zz@Unvke A ee teeadndle mec. lane hee medium and Cammove in Vacuum but Agee Chavmepet to dupterent rmnediwms , @)Treee aves travel witb tha vretocsty oy gibt ie. 3 xi ~™s in VOCLUUm. Eo Poucticle Native Blechomagnétic Aadsations, —» ( Plamek's Plamekis quaritim + theory AodeaHons) —> colli a a hoe given y ent as Q Conhinioud ergy bathe foe Beals mie deat erst Cartan phenomena. qt. but ode the Aame He, it failed +o eet mi ies nore pronoment LUch a2 24 a The a electrons yearn Ho untae oe DS een ys AacloHons er aanlie Aurface Ts a a4 BT ade ef fent” > pie apecheal Times emntitd by enated atone Cen | Que Kinasn as Lve Kpectrumn dnd Aral inte | i easton tre Clamrents- Ben olan to explo? mn “fhe Above phenomena, Max Plarads | hn SOL “put founandedl atheoty kunsum ab Plamelel 6 Qluauntwrrn | oor Blectrowmageetic Aadiadions rade up Ythe | areHeles: @) Te vas further extendas! by Sinesteln in 1905: | The rood pba phe Ha are Qk 14 — | © yee > ® Scanned with CamScannerTe Aacbaut energy is emilted 6 absovbed by abems OL rndlewdtes dis continuo iy Hue. 40m Aarne. pocketr Oe anh eal % emer ty ideas Coad at ‘s ‘ bn cana Jagtet tho a emerty pascers or energy bumdles ave Catlad at photon 8) (he energy 4 each -phston ic cLivectly prepectional +o soe feasponcy Og Hare. AadiaHon. j-e- Env “ER OD Here his a ~prepetetionality tnutant Called as Plametle Constant uStroae Value le 662 x10 Fa DThe total Gevaunt Of en emittrol Or Obssebarcl b | & ody tc a Aome nawnbaars MU ple 4 qpaauetin. | ie. [e=nhv) nN =1,2,3,4--- — ot Where - br nee N= @ poartive mnteger, 5) Ihe energy arrocricittd with vegas Number (Va) % Qpourta ts as Bmesten of Energy (@). Its value is a = Na be (here Na = AVO Numbers 602% 10% @) Murs, Plamckeorctre Lire Hine haa Given @ Aelationsip betusean aL a opie Aocdoten, - : ® | And He energy anno cory -HN Scanned with CamScannerWary —mportamt featire feature hotend—y 7 8 eneng “4 “aogle se AadiaHon intro photons, which ee witty the a 4 Light. 2) Brevgy of Aingle photon [e= sho che ' S AU Ho photons wviacuum pyanrel | ml Hh. Ape Baxi me beet theby 4peca he changed Pal if tenent gai ae Arowever, fe spony Awana auc: ski secal SEBEA 4 PEE saves bub tre abastbecd or emifed as particles 8) Exergy Absorbed) Inthe. of protons ig equal to the ementy Acloaaoel me pent platens. Fae. So) (dg, hy, ths, +hy3 ow Y= VP) +9 495 nr = ada Dobe 1 AL Dy _UShere, hy, , hv, and by ave the emensy Of Alaaaast otens 4,2 anda Avapectively. Prondy, Ovethe feaquenty of Mulenaze phetin, 4, oe Asepectiv — Dy, pA Dy are the Wavelength of Asteased Hictent 1,2 ands Aeapectvely. a Scanned with CamScannerQI. thow ma opens @ wavelength ACOON are Ang red +o vide $ Toute 4 energy) Soe! ce = mhe a a . Lamx 6-62x18t xaxte a <5 aso x10! fie fora L (: co — ~*~ ms LAOREET G42) axa 19 ne V5) +1 4 plato Q2 A ababetbs a- Lon © wavelomat 3007: ard tt Acemits hoo proton Hf eine ne ie 4 for photon fs 4oorrn tam hat vill be dre & _ gt Aetanel phaten- So" \ ce tadb Dobe ~»y oe ae 7 = a. A cad Ro A60 Ae A ee Ne (200 pees A 1209 X%, = \200N™m 02 Warelern so platen are A4000A and gro 4° Apspect in vito Coll) Le Hae AnH Of thelr pan: Ext | aa eee Gat? x» || tnetioty or ° Roe Ae Lk senee[ SE BEY Scanned with CamScanner©) Protoetectic expect Bison Let ee Deodert proton torts Cevain rnintmum a = preqperey?9 Abuice the prover A ce. Ghonetab sthenthe electrand be fected {yum Metol oy Hae Aurpace 4 tne metal: electric epfeck 7 OWE ts Caled a4 plhoto— | electric efhect Cunal the eqested electrons are Callsol ax rato electron. &)Ina Lose Clravtt, a Cunrent it ica ole -bo-Hhe vO} ehewtn tamaemb electrons Uhrich Is Collad 24 electric Current ° . jesbosuert (War $7 Bile mmisimum orergy Of & plsten Aequiced to efeck am electron (oo 2. he Collaaf Qo he Werk fier cHon aw Ose iste Sek a aaa aes | Of Hae metal. Wee hvo here W = Would chron of rmetol hy =. Planciets Constant Voz Threahotd : © eae ae a The mmininuw a -phsten Acquired ale om eben peat Nie unfue i a Yoong: te calle lac Hreahotof © eee ee naa vail) occeere ‘earl ud the foaeny Rocca paaoeng Sos) OU @ Scanned with CamScannerBH auptatmaction Oo} Ploto eledte efbect > © Aceorating +0 bPnectein, hem Lao -euthable “yepency Alla OW a rnetal Lurface, he Lught plston gives ies enero torte electrons of rretal CEM annol the elecinonte ¢ Pedte of yYtomn “Hho rnetal Aumaoce by Ahabtbing +lw%e enony andthe Aemalyly Part ©. the ener (hy- WI) © photon te Wace +o mal the kune-tHe emengy of “Hye efect=t electron. @Caswl when emergy of Incident plhoter(hy) te leas tham He work humctron af metal (i) Jho hy = hve +b] 3) © Scanned with CamScannerKEmax, = hy-hr [Remo =ht> |—© Cqposton 4 12, 2amd4 Ore Called a4 phsito elect ric Latton. +‘ om eqyastion @, bys hve teh mv* Lg be drew = hy h w= QA(Y-P) yrs Bh (9%) a ond Pen ZR Ao 2) on Qand (6) cheno ae Pe clades Ot tettre Lu} Maximus Wowelor, Hy (As) i cnegeenice ter ve ae a ometal Aurfa ae 4 tye pha electae effect ae OCHy: | psast Go, A gAg Odoouk Photo ele te eek &) Two lonpordamt Pot : electron yer 0) Ore phsten a Aurface Scanned with CamScanner‘2 ) 2 Were + hi m0 -Hme Me between the meadclent 4 Oo Auttoble - yeeqpomeg en metal Aurface ard Hee veteade o ele nse orn medal Aur ace Me ot cha. re 5 indewarly § Incielont Aigist— G&) Shen Hho ibenarh 4 [wetdowt poten 0. sight fe Invteaaod “Han we mmternbor of electrons efettid Hae metal turlace Invecaact buck Hye amare term i akexde of photoelecs pons Adatnd Constant 8 se = b | il x | x > 5 ee Irbemarty 4 bnctdlont Lat es of chamge of roomy: imerctont Light > dank Uy Qaren e pespertylonegy tae K pate ot jl deacleceend muegzaes but +Hhe mo- 2 oto efectrons tha Dmetot aun hace, irmains the Cee 290 Che. 4 we now that ee aba ight fe Csrrparing Hts eapacion cory | ne eqpation 4 = oe oar ne Shoae alope 1c equal +o A and inter copt poet vail] be equal +o |W" 4D) Scanned with CamScanner7 ) —> ae Luwelte Ener, ae cae of -fengpeny WSpecrat Note:— brhen a ee at article ae 04,’ OL Awad is ange pant by a Vootchtiol ay and abo. ‘J youes thea its Kinehe eee will be hemes Ke = wv] -O KE = bor —O From 24>@Q ard) res™ = 4, Vo vrs 24 be am electron, at Aut, it acodlacteof by a potential i i as — ae ols Hren itt Kimette enecy vaill be gen we sev [ r We givenas — ete ier! ny i esf = | 602% \0~ Goule 4 irdercanver sion a eV into 4 Poule And vice verea, @® Scanned with CamScanner@itraight Line equation ard Asad Pagrs—s Pe Spee : (Dy senx 40 ee Scanned with CamScannerQL The Wore = maa “4 armetal fe 4.2 ey gy rradiaton Of 2vo0A° alls Ont metal hen re | ete ener tf of the faatoal> proto electron ty Boule fe 1c ose Ki bienid caaxd? a) 64x10 Awa c> = ier Ite Geax ont and) = 993% 10 Fouke. Dr” “Dow xa Wedt.2eVe 4.2 x1.602xigto GF2% 18 fouls KE max = Eime -W = 993 x0'% 672x109! Ke Erman. = roe (9-43- 692) 2 2-21K 0 Poule- Q2. Who tt the Wolk fumatron Ofte aenectal ify the Lag ©} wiowelim Hy 40008" 4 erates a ~photvelectrons 4 Vebuty Exioome it? So. photoelectric eqyactton hy = WL vo We ho -Lovev™ We he pe > > ox g We 6.62x10"tx 3x VO" 1 1x ie Set 4-000 x (0'° ~ (xi e 26 We G62xXBx10 _ 4.55x10'! x sexid° af 4X10 = -Y we AGES XIV 168-810" As Lye 4965 XH 1638 X19 14 We BrB27#x10 Joule ye 2229x188 ey 2 20F EV. |. 602 «10 ® Scanned with CamScannerSE) obrets cthowic model —y “The man poatilates 4 Hats Model Qe as poo QT postulate —s -tn aterm is ele ee ee! and Aphericat In shope vortl) the pout eof Muclens Hanley protons avd mecttrans ft nro contre Stile ~ are ch electrons Aowokve arourd the mucteus Loith & depnite velocity tn a cemtan-bied closed circenfar P Callad ar ts ar -Shells oe AttatHon hater: _These aebala otbital are mumbercht aa 4, 1 Bob and stemmed as KL, MN thre Muclews- — bach vbr 94 & “pied and parched Vora yerendy istuch means Hot on ads Om electron tevewvif jramorbit tt meithe mor Looms en , — Bleotrens Aenoined i ef orbl ts onan tinue suasdortie +0 force? urbseh are rea» Kez —O (fur hohe T poatilalz) my smh a an e) ce « ios > vez oh Qn On page in equation (), we ge om (eh— = Kxe™ QT mbm . xe® Ananth yf a a Khe Fate he Plounctets umstamt 2 6.62% eye R=Ble fae ee &-s) ee he xivreu Cas unit of change Of electren) me 4 11a’, me Boelws whe qe actaamie wo. 04 the element xe rods ong tei hn 2, in eguocion B, Ve Scanned with CamScannerr ~ oO e29x 108 110” on | Fe ee Oe 0 nS Zz ®Oishen both m and -z are mat umstant, yr on za Scanned with CamScanner; && )Detevrimaten 3 valent an electren by Bom pectalotes fev = ze! a) (4yeem Sent pectuelate) oreut = a —® (C « v i ) 26 rp = toh 2nmv On p othe ualve + in equation 1, Ve kz" x anyif ie ae © On pubtlng the voles Ke, Tandy in equation ©, Eten z Ve Contam => y 7 Scanned with CamScannerShen both 2 amd nave mot Constent—> Vol n SE) MMetermincelton of emery ofan oleetven by Bobws pottulates—y We pote emer a eee in ay orbit is eqpal to the Aw of Hae KE Qrnd PE Of the electron Inte eit Go [TE = KE FPE | —O z KE * am alectyon = 1 mv Ce rove ke!) = otk CE + kaze Pon an + PAB. Of aan electron ew o-FXY — Kegnr a Pé = -Kee* LO ‘he olure Of PE. and KE in equation, we get Op "g 7 = ee =. —Kze") = kee Kas" 25 Th = Ks" 4-1) @2) Scanned with CamScannerOn pains wuewabeect in oq ysdion 4, we gt ae mh Aanrtmize™ whe Kee ve Artes! On pre Has Volt 04 Tren 10, aud h in £4, "One TEs DLAI XI Z2e og mt Lerye (0 Soule, 20 Tes - 2143 wie xe Gouke per adorn |-0 * leve \ 602 X10" Soule Ee TEE = B26 KZ vead mmavoT! (6 7 = Ten IBD KE KT maT! Te: = —13\2 FE KS —@ n> 6 Gand \o dunotes Hae chygerent 4 ehectvon Mm & en a Tybee SLbit™ Giron is comstee | Exp BG) “ eet | ins on 4 deoren® son 6,48, 1 Ts es, a Hence the ener fy es niiththe Fe in 20S ober GUbit a Scanned with CamScanner&)ishen mm te mic Comucteuct — [ex | ee paises, Errser Go, With the invwense Inthe Adowic No ener | af paroutat de etren in agp cleoregaes (6) Len both 2 and n arre mot Conelen™ Ea 25 he aa S Ve Ao, ' L (21 SARs) @ For Hatem , eh ere eT] aS on ao Rabric sebit €)- 38H ey | € - ~8#ev Ge -\Shev Ey = 208h eV = -OS4ev ® E,-E)= 10-2EV = Agar &) by -&y = D€agn = & C4" & * Degas? O66 eV bn & = Abe? & aLeVv Aiene, withthe Increase inthe ele ~, energy eleatren 120 but the erorty » bse: aI \-e9ev 24 Scanned with CamScanner) Re ieee , KE ef am electron (&) P.6. QY am elechron—> pé. = —Kee = (>) TE. Pi meron Té. = —kee™ ar KE’ nea Ope Bron * t\ fe [ke --Té at Del Abit hove min. woud Stade usbvle +he callact at Cxcited Stedes the Wavst excited tala 2) ta the hypreak on A tr Ans other Bone Orbits ovr The aecond Doober's eke Vile He ingintte Bobs obs Gr= Snakes —» St isthe nergy isthe Awmove oy move on Blethen “from ume aide maces | excted ease) in ad atbm. or Alyy ae “rn £peces. Ve ond fe pees aes (12Ez2) - (Bee ey iL) Ae = OFISS27 ae = 18627 eV Dp tyeagensiaw 24 00 [ae STEER] Scanned with CamScanner©)Sepaxotion on emergiy — St isthe energy Atgpived fo Arimore oto excite an electron excitcof Atate ho infinity Chisghiedt ected Ltede) ing en Ube atiarn . OE = &- Em De = F196 x27) _ (3.62% A ne DE = +1962? ne AE = 13627 eV her mn ts al ne amore tham 1 les -Hhoun co ©) fax typlaagen etm 22h D-for SExy mira GEy) =e = 13-6 xt)” @ GE, = 136. 9-4eV a re a ea illest +9 oF cited AE 2 Sm, - Ens Dé = pues (eee mae Efe 5 eV. ne ia tephogpen dim e- 9 ft Seu) mea. EO: CA) +e s6cn* = 138 + 136 ees [eer aaee TORT fray tte Scanned with CamScannerH)Spectum—> Spectwm ithe impression produced ona Aceon UhKen vocation’, OF a paseticrlay Wavelam pts ane anol zed -f Oa priem Ogee ave w'beleay claaeit red Into duvo iypes- © a Kes a Emeion ‘ apectyurn. leu 2) Noapeption ny Apect yw, —y EShen Lote ptt sear CUmy Rare ig fvtt paseo! Feaveth ‘the Seat dy vapours a chemical substance and dee voural sec{ bry thro apedtxoscope hen Much type 4 eapecir ine fe cattecl as baorphon Apectrum. Bests aloo 4s Lig ceapPinccous Apectrusn * clarfe Lines. @Emission 4 pect —7 When the Aadtection emiitteof Ame Aswree -& q hore AWM or by poo pasting el eabete cUxch: Sl a gaa eck Lod prvaurs Ov by Aeath Agere Atubstamee “bo fs demperature etc, Rg rolls dnd aay “The prtem ane then Lecelved onthe protograptc plate the apectrarn oblaned Le CaALtedl at Bmission Qpectywm. &) Te Apectun Q AadliaHon emilee by Q Auubstamce wr tte excited & is the enctacion Apectwm. @Emurcion Spectrum ie Of two a> Continuous apectrum >) ge ectrud 2 ea aN le lmurce Auchas Aun 0 bulb & ownates by pacing emoudl. artim, i ne Cala BLE ap te anon dient enous ron il towed SI, Scanned with CamScanner®) Thea colowrt ave 10 Com yntvowt “Hak each afthem omens intothe neat Hence, Hae spectrum fe cA Mad ad Comtinuoet dpectwm &9t may ba moled Hrot on para Toca “the pric , red Colows NTH the Lengeat Wavelem ath ic den tata east Lule violet: colow wath Fhe Qiscontnnius -epectrum—y Wihen gases ov vapound 9 O- chemical aubtance are droatad nan lectete ave OF Oma. Runoon flame ‘i. ie emitted Of Tots Upbtyay he pamad ahraoudl. @ prion t om cLicComtinnows Apectrum re Jrodiucads Hat te vtwoo type - bb Lin - Spectrum of atowic Apectrurn it) Bam Apectwwr a, Molecntak cpectru. lone Soectun | Band Qnectrum Dstica cUecontinuons emriecoy $) ot te @ cLiscunfinucus exstssten dpechrum Cdhich has Aharp, “emresion £ pectnum atti x Astinet and well dapinednes a Aertet edd worth dau wre Lines: * “ad “ent * 3) The Line £pectrwn tethe — 2)The hand specteum te the chanacterittes “ atoms Ardit choracteristies andletules ae fealeo called as atewe eeetoyptien Eunbston oT — a Continuous Aitcosrti woud C rs - L Lane ov Apbomie Apectrwm Promd ur Molecular Spectrum H)Enaseion Spectre 4 H Sy Ashen Kane na at Low tetoleen im the duschage the Lt ernitleof on pea electtte ccchy te examined ma pectrogiaph, the apechrunn oblaued fr called a4 the emarition apecttwm st ; QS conta loge murber o| Lret uShich are qouped Into BL eseres UNI are Ad jolt WD hymen Aerses 2) Palret Aerred S Faschen Aenried 4) Bracket dented 5) Pspurd Avred: @ Te woe murmlant Of AU dre Lines in ol the Aeriet 6 Combo caloattd bythe Pydlorg eqpatton. (Shere myarnd mare hale numb Ond YP) Zz - Abomie no- the Alngls dlechond ENOL Re Qiks Conttamsls 1096 EO, & Scanned with CamScanner&® Difjorent denier OfSpecivad Lnee In - plrvogon Seen ee “ee Name of om, \ Lpectral A2glan. the dertet i q' Dayan Seid 1 | 2,3,4,5,6,9----| Utyaviolet ac 2)Babrret Losses 2 345, Gt -----| YilbleAegion \ | 9) Prosten ek \"* 6 A------- Neal Tne ved Aagion ae | 4 Bb %----- = + Sneaared Acgton SDP frre Aorteh 5 |gt------- Pteperes egies © Beewasion Rydberg’ eq pox Pokus Poatnlocted when a recstcl +0 Mediate ‘recharge 91 heatial © athe Sako tee hound sie fe wes ‘alum en i. emery levels: Ax Hy ee Jevels, Ao they emit energy and Actin to Ground atole or Other Lowel ener: y Ate he the ew are brghet en 4 i hethe energy Y ernitted Aod adton rae fom Boke Kinna thet TEE shu |) Oe Ne ee energy Atadtes are, and my asepectt es SO ae Scanned with CamScanner®0~ P Png He \yalues 6, And 6 in @guacton ds — Dn? mjePare* _ an eo aatenkig?) « hv wath 4 Degree: 2etet petmita't hv aah h* yro2ecD metas of In equadten 4, we ack atonetate! (a= #2)" hev oe Cmatan 2 nremle et tks Rote contend) / Fe — Th” On pubis as oe cated 0 Fed Le bp Oe boned inthe wie err ae calwlatcd ae wares Bobs ene udith the copounera acne etl Devel fe Values Thos ts @ Cone Probw’s > eR Scanned with CamScanner@Axplamaction Hydungon Apetrwm Oy Botts Ta © Bohne theory Auccers' explant tre eletdin a nes bth aigen else a eSoun, t * ‘ © un cham has only one electron. @se is present In Ke-gh Hee atom (m =L). ® Shem Ayoggem Qe Is Aubjeétcd +o elecdte discharge : energy is Apples . ere ere abasth eneriy and apltt into ots @ Ts electrons meb}jeren’ Hom» abst aifgerent Ho. He hapten energy the Clectrenk Are excitedo Qneo FES ft €xcH Ati ave Umetable, tr the eledums duek bade (rto clip erent Azmet, Lower ened alates eo Zoveral, Ate snare ep tne orergy emittect Inthe foern Of hosters and if nalrcasted ly atime ; achive Ave dopinite Leis Mera B eckrurn Of 4 eed ape * cleat Luywrnaun Series Are obtained In UV Aagion shen elechren ee ee aa eund Atacte (mes) from dupher, emrerey pots do thw, : = ALS we AO or, pene me ave obtained invisible dagion_wshen Clectren Rotwens To He rete Leumd On level (m=) Aagher Jivelé 63-5, cod 40 &n), on Aeseres AVS obtained fy mean Inpeared 77s gon, Cred © ee iathren Ankur +o “thbed enagy levee > ne en devel = 4,56 => and AO on). B Bence ANAL obleuneat in in porn (hen elechren Aetutnato fourth ccergy leet [rel fier igher, Coord aeres ne $64 Qn~d 10 on), @® Scanned with CamScanner@r beseres Are Obletined | tn Rlectnen Actiutnd -bo-Hae 0 emery bevel. Cm 23) =5) ie Aypher emer emecty Jewela (n = 6,4: anal 40 On Syne anol 40 On) - fo jon Spectrum ahoverg spectral nex tm out , heres» i UII TA NY — ena ACATCL G rrasviolet Atgion) ©The maximum setae cee dat ypu to mnths Apectra Qf emulticlectren 4 pot Could mot explain the hime Arructure of abonc Sr anewmst explain He apie pe tral Lines the influence ( electron in varios Pohr'e pees eB into O op “on Unes obtc Yield ( Zeeman ct) and elechric wee) Zeer ebeet Aten 4 y isa preclctt He clafinite Orbit Hot hevelvief elect On comma | of ele : 5) Bolnt theous te in afreomert wort Hettenberzie uncertalnge treiple. (©) Qual Nature B Moet CRe-Broqliele Hypotheste) > ent Alnows dual mature ie, awe. obitre avol cle witivwe- Scanned with CamScanner©The phenomenon Like bftractton , Intertemence . ete. cam | oe explained by the Wowe motive ap Up - @Bvtte phemerrenon photoele te effect Canbe ae the earners awe Dik i | t Iscogie posed a C eas aia we Darel Led eecty para neutron, edn possessed dual bohowiour fe. Wome nachire Ounef poseticle ne OL: From Plumes Quantum th wwe. ena Haak — [ea from Emetielne emegiy mans Aslatonehtp we leno Hrot— (eam |-© On compu both tthe 2gpotions pwe pet hyve he | —(@) we know thot v i On ge x vin =7"@) ag In mone & En heme > Sf the velocity of tefl he o then, pee ne Kenaathak p= aev Cmomentun) e © E9M@ ard © ove Knog a8 Re-bryg rete Relocten. 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Se d * in arsletorn ons a Accu: OY we determine fn 4 Arent copte poetic A der vela beesnes ers Accrrate and vice vere. @MNemce the acer or cerctunty in One a intoduces the Wneerdalnity or Inacevacy fn awoth x d yar @ Scanned with CamScannerSHtthe vneerrtaunty Inthe “poten 4 sole te ge by Ase ana Hee Umesrrtolnviey im the rninadtton rmarmenttim porticte ie guen by Ap , then aecodes “bo Hee prindple Hye product at Wr corte ag pe posstion and reread y se eeetate te Cone tthe (eee tan oy pat to them? | A Fe | cron [HE] here AP em AV Ast: nN 2h rn = Mane Of porch an Ax = Wacertoedarty In dhe delete ince ns postin petite _ ae mnarmerttm «4 w Ap = u 4 AV = u cog “ . eines co lh = Plamolet ann 6.62 x1e"t Fe. @© he principle be mot ap cable 4or maw 8 copte Object ke exuicket bow eft: aie Palos whe applicobte for tne mntuvocespte poate at Acat: &) Thus, its applicable to moving mn tnat copie pastel. Slee tine electrens in afr, an ae shew poartion when Ly en-them,. Orr wmeertainty Inte dlsterrminodron Of poston a ponsiche k zew dine Uncertainty inthe determination the ee erneahurn 4 prettele becomes in pinite arf A\nee Venta, Scanned with CamScannerRelation borseon Kinette energy and Retreslre ranvelongs Uelnow trot & iets AolaHon | ener ew | OF a —O Now eb ab ney \ 4 8. KE ed mv” ia DO ™ kgs = Pe 2™ prs QanieE | p= dame On pune the, wal of p in e4poetron 5, we get EE h ] Z A 2 KeE © gil: egpation © demates ths. Asletion lochavcon Detroy oer wavelomath And [Kinedte e1- pkeats h & De torgatre’s inaveling® he Nook cotont re Mans 4 He ren verso 0cOpte particle ay 0 “the parttele. ICE = KineHe € Scanned with CamScannerOo Areut) ban (ey 2 Ute CA. p-4-b) exfyseet kab wets) (xp) Osta: —> Mt isrthe three cUrmentional Apace anownd the muclers Shere the “probabilly 4 prey aun electron fs snare tr, Cire. 95%) ©) Subshelloor 1 kubemertyf evel — The Aweshells a Aud eredy devel Awe present tm the Aheu Obit fenogulevel and Ove explained Ont, bass 4 tm Abou chore 4 the Spectral res obtained In AbBnnie Apectrum. OTe aubshell are * yor = i) SAubshell —o Mf Atencls re hap” 2) Pp iu — ee o pretrnesphe ” 2) dew oe a wou Sfeaseh De Ble + Qenterentl @ Dijerres lthscon sabi east and Oebital—> orbit =—_ orbital Dm obbit bt @ well mest | An Opbitol tea. “3-CUmemalonal obrtwlar path in clewten | Apace Qround Pre nucles 94 an perfalves Ordurd thre Mucles wy Were ee Probar Us am cibsin. Om elechron jc MARIN eed ay orbit Hee BD ho Serta daprearmts the mnovemaxk tf ee shron none Mawvorent % elecdron indiree ome | damrentional paces: Scanned with CamScannerOrbit ; | Orbiter a orbits ave Cyoular Ob 3) Otbilala dave cl JUske & phevical,, durmbelL, eWWeHeal In A . \ 7 4 on | double duumbell etc &) Amott meant Wt poritton £5 9n am opbital, tte mot poztible. as willox the velocity the to Lind the poaitton aa welt ar electron cam ba noun with | ety of electron canbe cettanty. | insu US cotelinty, 5>0rb do not howe UUrectoral, 5) except 'd orbital, SU tHe other ahoracterteHtes. gbttalt Aawe oLiwe Hono ODAA cer ieHes, & merit cam Arane ama xin Oy Obit Cov aceemodate a maummbar | Lin eleabrent. roan trnwmn 4 dO Oleobvends (shee ne rouccletae of Behe Whidh are. % opposite Aplin ee 2 _ Se) Quantum Nureoes —} The ntumbint vPtith aiverrtte by aboutbithe electrore preaont MWthe Otbitats % am oiemare callad o& gpovertuum number &ythere ave outages Sh quamtuy anwerleert hich are as fpllaue > Prineupal Quomtum Number(). 2 Arivoudal » : ) > melien / “ em) 4) Spin 4 4 @). » Prinerpal Quanititin Nwmlaet (os) pM wire given bay Noe Dor donoteatre abitno-orthe emorgpy evel bn Stuteh the electran Lt preant ty am altar m= —> Kdheth or st oabit me. —2 Lebel dy ft oubit ee elo, (tote mcy—a N Abell or Athos bit mes O shell 9 S*OAbit: : Scanned with CamScanner@St donotes He mo: Aruoahetle qresent na aholt Wich tr aho eqpal fom. neh —— bAhell or Morbit —s one subshelt C19) mr2—9 L&hell or aml pubit —» two Aubshells (22, 2p) meR—9 MAWCLL or @ orbit > Shree Aulsshells( 34,3p 34) med —7 N dhol or 4 Orbit —» four aubshells (+4 4p, 4 At), Ome ws mo-of otbitaly wg Abel or obits ie Qleo exyrrersed interna oy’ wShich is eget tom _ med— Abele (A 8UbIt)— Dus aa bonll 4 ort mer —y Lahell Coterbit) 7 Two aubshells (r4,p)-» 4 Gtbrials . ed, hree Ash ells —> 4 9b tals neg Mahell (a erbit)— Ee Opa) me Nabell C#MLIL)_» tour Awbshells 7 14 Orbitals ay 4p-44.4L) @ihe ano: of dlectren presents In Q Ale ov Abit Halen exqprenassl ete Wn" udstuich te epee to “2nt meb—> Khel (e* Obit) — one Aubshell a Lorbhala2e ner —o Lehely (obit) tuo aubahells + 4 eibttals —, ge med» MAKE (POUILJ 9 Hrree Atwoahella— 9 Bebtala—y |BE- meg, N AheLL @Movbit) 4 pour duhahelle — 16 Hbtab+~ ae @TRe odivese Y an ewbit or the aver ege dxdonee butrseen Hee ele Ian Wet cecal ate actor 4 me fen im terms Of m1, 20-524 Xap Scanned with CamScanner6) The velocity of am elector Im anorbit Ie alan Piven In enim 4 », — q VE2lax XQ cn]a | " OTe erent of any electron In BOlw!e Galt he alo eaproraccl Praderms Oy. ='36%2% eV pewolon ae x aL EN ee Ee ye| 2 C, cca A) Tre vale of Lala. mrernerthumn Bf dan eck en in an Orbit te Grven interme ny Temes th OTe yale Of 1 Cankbe 1,7.1,4.----00. but Cam never bo 2Zew, — Knee nay ottonal, @ Punter v YW lnndearmsy of Ae Given ae me AL OTe Vole Yn’ is as oes shan, Yond in! ©) Aeirructrad, kant Number (L)—> @yst was given by Avmmenpield to Ol Aubahet,—7 clouHe durmmbell shape 3— “4 Auboaholl —> cemplex shape. ©The moa oebttala -preaont: hn a. dudoaheu le given ty “odes” > Yor A’ aubsholl, 20. > "Qo, No-of Odbitals = 20)+4 = ot4 = Lobitale *) job Paubsbel Lek => So, moa odsitaly = 2044 = 244 = Bobi a or A“ Aubshell., A=2 = CP y- Fe) of orb; = Dfe)4h = 7 . So, 0 % rtalo = 2(2) +4 Og | Besta tale ete’) Afar paubsholl tea => Cyc de, dni fe So, mo-€} orbitals S2X(DtLa6t) = FAbiala ®The MoO} Clectrens presont Ina, Aubslrell te givenly 2(2k+L) OL 4842 1D Hone Aubshell, £=0 = ny Qo,mo of electrons = +f0)+2 = 042 =2 Eke 2) ot § * aubshell, Le L = — Qo, mo Of electrons = 40/42 =4-4+2 = 6Elo 3) Wiaawbahell =2 = jo,mo-Of electrons = 4C2)-+2 = Q42 = 10eu. 4) pr awbsholl, h=2 => So, no.e4 elechrond = 4(3) +2 =12-+2 =14 Ele. Scanned with CamScanner©) The stbital wah memenhir UY am electron ina Poretortar 4 eu ie given in-terma | 10 “UStdla te a fotlawe- aera NCQ) 1) oh s-ubsholt C20) —> OAM. = < b Lafond = fh [a05 = 0 pane 0-4. B AVCHD = de {10 ye nian ee ain an > joc Eau a2)=> OAM. ch fatae = zs 2(3) “iE _ 7. &n OAM: - AEA ow (B® 4p pt fA a DAM. “Pp ALED = 2 ptx Do lth «Ath EAE (©) The value A pamges eo Yto'm-1" (4) The Value ae Can mevet be ~megative mOL pactonal. ©The Valine O Lt’ te Qhuaye Leora tram ttre value of nt OTe Aiphest value of Lie equal to n~b Scanned with CamScanner(Special Note:- Thode Arbahetls jy uthich n andl are equal or Wis eater thom W’, do mat exitt in nativre - “RK Lp Bb Ag, ad @Magwete Quaawtibwr Ntrmber. (rm) —) Wt Laat hodueed by Lamcte’ +o explain Zeeman eppect: © Ot repens to dt tee dlde;taHons of electron could Occupy wa -potion ni Aubshell cdtuch are called at orbitals ® Mm elechvon ducto it Oebital emotion around the nucleus generates an eClectric ele’ USbuch intiuin -produced a ett Yield Wich can itera wits the extemal metiopetd. Tus, under Hee Inflromec athe external nett. Yell the electrons O a AubahelL Can oerent +herselvet ty cevteun preferred egies 4 pace around hemucleur Called at orbitals. | OHlence the metic, dum numbet daterminestre | umber OL Geierytations Othe electron precentin Q Aubshell- © Since, each eitentotion Carrespenclt fo am OLbital Hentie, tha magnetic qpaenhum mumbo etermines Hae muse & epbitals present bn ee ©) Total values Of on =) Deed Rove Hae yodiae 6} my = Ltott imeluscling cor. Qo, the values Oe dependent ontine vale ie © The volues 4" Cam be posite, negative eter but can nevel cHonal. &) Like the vole MM. the values af om Qre aleo_lers than the values of wi ® Scanned with CamScanner