SQL Window Functions

Cheat Sheet

CONTENTS
WINDOW FUNCTIONS 2
AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS VS. WINDOW FUNCTIONS 2
SYNTAX 3
NAMED WINDOW DEFINITION 4
LOGICAL ORDER OF OPERATIONS IN SQL 5
PARTITION BY 6
ORDER BY 7
WINDOW FRAME 8
ABBREVIATIONS 10
DEFAULT WINDOW FRAME 10
LIST OF WINDOW FUNCTIONS 11
AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS 12
RANKING FUNCTIONS 13
DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS 14
ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS 15

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SQL Window Functions
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WINDOW FUNCTIONS
Window functions compute their result based on a sliding window frame,
a set of rows that are somehow related to the current row.

current row

AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS VS. WINDOW FUNCTIONS

Unlike aggregate functions, window functions do not collapse rows.

Aggregate Functions Window Functions

∑
∑
∑ ∑

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SYNTAX

SELECT city, month,

SUM(sold) OVER (
PARTITION BY city
ORDER BY month
RANGE UNBOUNDED PRECEDING) total
FROM sales;

SELECT <column_1>, <column_2>,

<window_function> OVER (
PARTITION BY <...>
ORDER BY <...>
<window_frame>) <window_column_alias>
FROM <table_name>;

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NAMED WINDOW DEFINITION

SELECT country, city,

RANK() OVER country_sold_avg
FROM sales
WHERE month BETWEEN 1 AND 6
GROUP BY country, city
HAVING sum(sold) > 10000
WINDOW country_sold_avg AS (
PARTITION BY country
ORDER BY avg(sold) DESC)
ORDER BY country, city;

SELECT <column_1>, <column_2>,

<window_function>() OVER <window_name>
FROM <table_name>
WHERE <...>
GROUP BY <...>
HAVING <...>
WINDOW <window_name> AS (
PARTITION BY <...>
ORDER BY <...>
<window_frame>)
ORDER BY <...>;

PARTITION BY, ORDER BY, and window frame definition are all
optional.

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SQL Window Functions
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LOGICAL ORDER OF OPERATIONS IN SQL

1. FROM, JOIN
2. WHERE
3. GROUP BY
4. aggregate functions
5. HAVING
6. window functions
7. SELECT
8. DISTINCT
9. UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT
10. ORDER BY
11. OFFSET
12. LIMIT/FETCH/TOP

You can use window functions in SELECT and ORDER BY. However, you
can't put window functions anywhere in the FROM, WHERE, GROUP BY, or
HAVING clauses.

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PARTITION BY
divides rows into multiple groups, called partitions, to which the window
function is applied.

month city sold

1 Rome 200
2 Paris 500
1 London 100
1 Paris 300
2 Rome 300
2 London 400
3 Rome 400

PARTITION BY city
month city sold sum
1 Paris 300 800
2 Paris 500 800
1 Rome 200 900
2 Rome 300 900
3 Rome 400 900
1 London 100 500
2 London 400 500

Default Partition: With no PARTITION BY clause, the entire result set is

the partition.

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ORDER BY
ORDER BY specifies the order of rows in each partition to which the
window function is applied.

sold city month

200 Rome 1
500 Paris 2
100 London 1
300 Paris 1
300 Rome 2
400 London 2
400 Rome 3

PARTITION BY city
ORDER BY month
sold city month
300 Paris 1
500 Paris 2
200 Rome 1
300 Rome 2
400 Rome 3
100 London 1
400 London 2

Default ORDER BY: With no ORDER BY clause, the order of rows within
each partition is arbitrary.

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WINDOW FRAME
A window frame is a set of rows that are somehow related to the current
row. The window frame is evaluated separately within each partition.

<ROWS | RANGE | GROUPS> BETWEEN lower_bound AND

upper_bound

UNBOUNDED
N PRECEDING PRECEDING

N ROWS

CURRENT ROW

M ROWS

M FOLLOWING UNBOUNDED
FOLLOWING

The bounds can be any of the five options:

UNBOUNDED PRECEDING
n PRECEDING
CURRENT ROW
n FOLLOWING
UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING

The lower_bound must be BEFORE the upper_bound.

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ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING
AND 1 FOLLOWING
city sold month
Paris 300 1
Rome 200 1
Paris 500 2
Rome 100 4
current Paris 200 4
row
Paris 300 5
Rome 200 5
London 200 5
London 100 6
Rome 300 6

1 row before the current row and 1 row after the current row

RANGE BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING

AND 1 FOLLOWING
city sold month
Paris 300 1
Rome 200 1
Paris 500 2
Rome 100 4
current Paris 200 4
row
Paris 300 5
Rome 200 5
London 200 5
London 100 6
Rome 300 6

values in the range between 3 and 5 ORDER BY must contain a single expression

GROUPS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING

AND 1 FOLLOWING
city sold month
Paris 300 1
Rome 200 1
Paris 500 2
Rome 100 4
current Paris 200 4
row
Paris 300 5
Rome 200 5
London 200 5
London 100 6
Rome 300 6

1 group before the current row and 1 group after the current row regardless of the value

As of 2024, GROUPS is only supported in PostgreSQL 11 and up.

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ABBREVIATIONS

ABBREVIATION MEANING
UNBOUNDED PRECEDING BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW
n PRECEDING BETWEEN n PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW
CURRENT ROW BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND CURRENT ROW
n FOLLOWING BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND n FOLLOWING
UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING

DEFAULT WINDOW FRAME

If ORDER BY is specified, then the frame is RANGE BETWEEN

UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW.

Without ORDER BY, the frame specification is ROWS BETWEEN

UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING.

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LIST OF WINDOW FUNCTIONS

Aggregate Functions
avg()
count()
max()
min()
sum()

Ranking Functions
row_number()
rank()
dense_rank()

Distribution Functions
percent_rank()
cume_dist()

Analytic Functions
lead()
lag()
ntile()
first_value()
last_value()
nth_value()

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AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS

avg(expr) – average value for rows within the window frame

count(expr) – count of values for rows within the window frame
max(expr) – maximum value within the window frame
min(expr) – minimum value within the window frame
sum(expr) – sum of values within the window frame

ORDER BY and Window Frame: Aggregate functions do not require an

ORDER BY. They accept window frame definition (ROWS, RANGE,
GROUPS).

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RANKING FUNCTIONS
row_number() – unique number for each row within partition, with
different numbers for tied values
rank() – ranking within partition, with gaps and same ranking for
tied values
dense_rank() – ranking within partition, with no gaps and same
ranking for tied values

row_number rank dense_rank

city price
over(order by price)
Paris 7 1 1 1
Rome 7 2 1 1
London 8.5 3 3 2
Berlin 8.5 4 3 2
Moscow 9 5 5 3
Madrid 10 6 6 4
Oslo 10 7 6 4

ORDER BY and Window Frame: rank() and dense_rank() require

ORDER BY, but row_number() does not require ORDER BY. Ranking
functions do not accept window frame definition (ROWS, RANGE,
GROUPS).

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DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS
percent_rank() – the percentile ranking number of a row—a value
in [0, 1] interval: (rank-1) / (total number of rows - 1)
cume_dist() – the cumulative distribution of a value within a group
of values, i.e., the number of rows with values less than or equal to the
current row’s value divided by the total number of rows; a value in (0,
1] interval

percent_rank() OVER(ORDER BY sold)

city sold percent_rank
Paris 100 0
Berlin 150 0.25
Rome
Moscow
London
200
200
300
0.5
0.5
1
*
* without this row 50% of values are less than this row's value

cume_dist() OVER(ORDER BY sold)

city sold cume_dist
Paris 100 0.2
Berlin 150 0.4
Rome
Moscow
London
200
200
300
0.8
0.8
1
*
* 80% of values are less than or equal to this one

ORDER BY and Window Frame: Distribution functions require ORDER

BY. They do not accept window frame definition (ROWS, RANGE, GROUPS).

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ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
lead(expr, offset, default) – the value for the row offset
rows after the current; offset and default are optional; default values:
offset = 1, default = NULL

lead(sold) OVER(ORDER BY month)

month sold lead
order by month

1 500 300
2 300 400
3 400 100
4 100 500
5 500 NULL

lead(sold, 2, 0) OVER(ORDER BY month)

month sold lead
order by month

1 500 400
2 300 100
3 400 500
offset = 2

4 100 0
5 500 0

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lag(expr, offset, default) – the value for the row offset

rows before the current; offset and default are optional; default values:
offset = 1, default = NULL

lag(sold) OVER(ORDER BY month)

month sold lag
order by month

1 500 NULL
2 300 500
3 400 300
4 100 400
5 500 100

lag(sold, 2, 0) OVER(ORDER BY month)

month sold lag
order by month

1 500 0
offset = 2

2 300 0
3 400 500
4 100 300
5 500 400

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ntile(n) – divide rows within a partition as equally as possible into

n groups, and assign each row its group number.

ntile(3)
city sold ntile
Rome 100 1
Paris 100 1 1
London 200 1
Moscow 200 2
Berlin 200 2 2
Madrid 300 2
Oslo 300 3
3
Dublin 300 3

ORDER BY and Window Frame: ntile(), lead(), and lag() require

an ORDER BY. They do not accept window frame definition (ROWS,
RANGE, GROUPS).

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first_value(expr) – the value for the first row within the window
frame
last_value(expr) – the value for the last row within the window
frame

first_value(sold) OVER
(PARTITION BY city ORDER BY month)

city month sold first_value

Paris 1 500 500
Paris 2 300 500
Paris 3 400 500
Rome 2 200 200
Rome 3 300 200
Rome 4 500 200

last_value(sold) OVER
(PARTITION BY city ORDER BY month
RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING
AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING)
city month sold last_value
Paris 1 500 400
Paris 2 300 400
Paris 3 400 400
Rome 2 200 500
Rome 3 300 500
Rome 4 500 500

Note: You usually want to use RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED

PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING with last_value().
With the default window frame for ORDER BY, RANGE UNBOUNDED
PRECEDING, last_value() returns the value for the current row.

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nth_value(expr, n) – the value for the n-th row within the

window frame; n must be an integer

city month sold nth_value

Paris 1 500 300
Paris 2 300 300
Paris 3 400 300
Rome 2 200 300
Rome 3 300 300
Rome 4 500 300
Rome 5 300 300
London 1 100 NULL

ORDER BY and Window Frame: first_value(), last_value(),

and nth_value() do not require an ORDER BY. They accept window
frame definition (ROWS, RANGE, GROUPS).

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