ORCHID Institute

CLASS Xth
CHAPTER – OPTICS
TOPIC – REFRACTION OF LIGHT

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 ASSIGNMENT
Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. If a ray of light goes from a rarer medium to a denser medium, will it bend towards the
normal or away from it?

2. If a ray of light goes from a denser medium to rarer medium, will it bend toward the
normal away or away from the normal?

3. A beam of light travelling in a rectangular glass slab emerges into air. Draw a ray-
diagram indicating the changed in its path.

4. A beam of light travelling in air is incident on water. Draw a ray-diagram indicating the
change in its path in water.

5. A ray of light travelling in water emerges into air. Draw a ray-diagram indicating the
change in its path.

6. A ray of light travelling in air is incident on a parallel-sided glass slab (or rectangular
glass slab). Draw a ray-diagram indicating the change in its path in glass.

7. A ray of light travelling in glass emerges into air. State whether it will bend towards the
normal or away from the normal.

8. A ray of light travelling in air enters obliquely into water. Does the ray of light bend
towards the normal or away from the normal? Why?

9. A ray of light goes from water into air. Will it bend towards the normal or away from the
normal?

10. State two effects caused by the refraction of light.

11. Name the phenomenon due to which a swimming pool appears less deep than it really
is.

12. When a ray of light passes from air into glass, is the angle of refraction greater than or
less than the angle of incidence?

13. A ray of light from air into a block of glass. Does it bend towards the normal or away
from it?

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14. As light rays pass from water into glass, are they refracted towards the normal or away
from the normal?

15. In which material do you think light rays travel faster-glass or air?

16. Which phenomenon of light makes the water to appear shallower than it really is?

17. State whether the following statement is true or false :

Refraction occurs because light slows down in denser materials.

18. Why does a ray of light bend when it travel from one medium to another?

19. Fill in the following blanks with suitable words :

(a) Light travelling along a normal is . . . . . . . refracted.
(b) Light bends when it passes from water into air. We say that it is . . . . . . .

20. What name is given to the ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of
refraction?

21. Write the relation between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction for a
medium.

22. What is the unit of refractive index?

23. Which has higher refractive index : water or glass?

24. Refractive indices of carbon disulphide and ethyl alcohol are 1.63 and 1.36 respectively.
Which is optically denser?

25. The refractive index of diamond is 2.42. What is the meaning of this statement in
relation to the speed of light?

26. If the refractive index for light going from air to diamond be 2.42, what will be the
refractive index for light going from diamond to air?

27. How is the refractive index of a material related to the speed of light in it?

28. Fill in the following blank with a suitable word :

When a ray of light goes from air into a clear material, you see the ray bend. How much
the ray bends is determined by the . . . . . . . of the material.

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29. Name the lens which can concentrate sun’s rays to a point and burn a hole in a piece of
paper.

30. Give the usual name for the following :

A point inside a lens through which the light passes undeviated.

31. A 1 cm high object is placed at a distance of 2 f from a convex lens. What is the height of
the image formed?

32. If the image formed by a convex lens is of the same size as that of the object, what is the
position of the image with respect to the lens?

33. If an object is placed at the focus of a convex lens, where is the image formed?

34. Where should an object be placed in order to use a convex lens magnifying glass?

35. Where should an object be placed in front of a convex lens so as to obtain its virtual,
erect and magnified image?

36. Where should an object be placed in front of a convex lens so as to obtain its real,
inverted and magnified image?

37. For what position of an object a real, diminished image is formed by a convex lens?

38. If an object is at a considerable distance (or infinity) in front of a convex lens, where is
the image formed?

39. Draw the given diagram in your answer book and complete it for the path of a ray of
light after passing through the lens.

40. What type of lens would you use as a magnifying glass? How close must the object be to
the lens?

41. Name two factors on which the focal length of a lens depends.

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42. State any two uses of convex lenses.

43. Fill in the following blanks with suitable words :

(a) Parallel rays of light are refracted by a convex lens to a point called the . . . . . .
(b) The image in a convex lens depends upon the distance of the . . . . . . . . from the
lens.

44. Write the formula for a lens connecting image distance (v), object distance ( u ) and the
focal length ( f ). How does the lens formula differ from the mirror formula?

45. Write down the magnification formula for a lens in terms of object distance and image
distance. How does this magnification formula for a lens differ from the corresponding
formula for a mirror?

46. What is the nature of the image formed by a convex lens if the magnification produced
by the lens is +3?

47. What is the nature of the image formed by a convex lens if the magnification produced
by the lens is −0.5 ?

48. What is the position of image when an object is placed at a distance of 10 cm from a
convex lens of focal length 10 cm?

49. Describe the nature of image formed when an object is placed at a distance of 30 cm
from a convex lens of focal length 15 cm.

50. At what distance from a converging lens of focal length 12 cm must an object be placed
in order that an image of magnification 1 will be produced?

51. If the image formed by a lens is always diminished and erect, what is the nature of the
lens?

52. Copy and complete the diagram below to show what happens to the rays of light when
they pass through the concave lens :

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53. Which type of lenses are :
(a) Thinner in the middle that at the edges?
(b) Thicker in the middle than at the edges?

54. A ray of light is going towards the focus of a concave lens. Draw a ray diagram to show
the path of this ray of light after refraction through the lens.

55. (a) What type of images can a convex lens make?

(b) What type of image is always made by a concave lens?

56. Take down this figure into your answer book and complete the path of the ray.

57. Fill in the following blanks with suitable words :

(a) A convex lens . . . . . . rays of light, whereas a concave lens . .. . . . rays of light.
(b) Lenses refract light to form image : a . . . . . . lens can form both real and virtual
images, but a diverging lens forms only . . . . . . images.

58. Things always look small on viewing through a lens. What is the nature of the lens?

59. The lens A produces a magnification of, −0.6 whereas lens B produces a magnification
of +0.6
(a) What is the nature of lens A ?
(b) What is the nature of lens B?

60. A 50 cm tall object is at a very large distance from a diverging lens. A virtual, erect and
diminished image of the object is formed at a distance of 20 cm in front of the lens. How
much is the focal length of the lens?

61. An object is placed at a distance of 4 cm from a concave lens of focal length 12 cm. Find
the position and nature of the image.

62. A concave lens of focal length 15 cm forms an image 10 cm from the lens. How far is the
object placed from the lens? Draw the ray-diagram.

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63. An object 60 cm from a lens gives a virtual image at a distance of 20 cm in front of the
lens. What is the focal length of the lens? Is the lens converging or diverging? Give
reasons for your answer.

64. A concave lens of 20 cm focal length forms an image 15 cm from the lens. Compute the
object distance.

65. A concave lens has focal length 15 cm. At what distance should the object from the lens
be placed so that it forms an image at 10 cm from the lens? Also find the magnification
produced by the lens.
66. Calculate the image distance for an object of height 12 mm at a distance of 0.20 m from
a concave lens of focal length 0.30 m, and state the nature and size of the image.

67. A concave lens has a focal length of 20 cm. At what distance from the lens a 5 cm tall
object be placed so that it forms an image at 15 cm from the lens? Also calculate the
size of the image formed.

68. An object is placed 20 cm from (a) a converging lens, and (b) a diverging lens, of focal
length 15 cm. Calculate the image position and magnification in each case.

69. A 2.0 cm tall object is placed 40 from a diverging lens of focal length 15 cm. Find the
position and size of the image.

70. The lens A has a focal length of 25 cm whereas another lens B has focal length of 60
cm. Giving reason state, which lens has more power : A∨B .

71. Which causes more bending (or more refraction) of light rays passing through it : a
convex lens of long focal length or a convex lens of short focal length?

72. Name the physical quantity whose unit is dioptre.

73. Define 1 dioptre power of a lens.

74. Which type of lens has (a) a positive power, and (b) a negative power?

75. which of the two has a greater power : a lens of short focal length or a lens of large focal
length?

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76. How is the power of a lens related to its focal length?

77. Which has more power : a thick convex lens or a thin convex lens, made of the same
glass? Give reason for your choice.

78. The focal length of a convex lens is 25 cm. What is its power?

79. What is the power of a convex lens of focal length 0.5 m?

80. A converging lens has a focal length of 50 mm. What is the power of the lens?

81. What is the power of a convex lens whose focal length is 8 0 cm?

82. A diverging lens has a focal length of 3 cm. Calculate its focal length.

83. The power of a lens is +0.2 D . Calculate its focal length.

84. The power of a lens is −2 D. What is its focal length.

85. What is the nature of a lens having a power of +0.5 D ?

86. What is the nature of lens whose power is, −4 D?

87. The optician’s prescription for a spectacle lens is marked +0.5 D . What is the :
(a) Nature of spectacle lens?
(b) Focal length of spectacle lens?

88. A doctor has prescribed a corrective lens of power, −1.5 D . Find the focal length of the
lens. Is the prescribed lens diverging or converging?

89. A lens has a focal length of, −10 cm. What is the power of the lens and what is its
nature?

90. The focal length of a lens is +150 mm. What kind of lens is it and what is its power?

91. Fill in the following blanks with suitable words :

a. The reciprocal of the focal length in metres gives you the . . . . . . . . of the lens, which
is measured in . . . . . . . .
b. For converging lenses, the power is . . . . . . . . while for diverging lenses, the power
is . . . . . . .

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Short Answer Type Questions
92. What is meant by ‘refraction of light’? Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the
refraction of light.

93. A ray of light travelling in air is incident on a rectangular glass block and emerges out
into the air from the opposite face. Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the complete
path of this ray of light. Mark the two points where the refraction of light takes place.
What can you say about the final direction of ray of light?

94. Draw a labelled ray diagram to show how a ray of light is refracted when it passes :
(a) From air into an optically denser medium.
(b) From an optically denser medium into air.

95. The diagram given shows a ray of light entering a rectangular block of glass.
(a) Copy the diagram and draw the normal at the point of entry.
(b) Draw the approximate path of the rat of light through the glass block and out of the
other side.

96. What is meant by the ‘angle of incidence’ and ‘angle of refraction’ for a ray of light?
Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction
for a refracted ray of light.

97. Light travels more quickly through water than through glass.
(a) Which is optically denser : water or glass?
(b) If a ray of light passes from glass into water, which way will it bend : towards the
normal or away from the normal?

98. Draw a labelled ray diagram to show how a ray of light passes through a parallel sided
glass block :
(a) If it hits the glass block at 90 0 (that is, perpendicular to the glass block)
(b) If it hits the glass block at angle other than 90 0 (that is, obliquely to the glass block).

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 99. When a light ray passes from air into glass, what happens to its speed? Draw a diagram
to show which way the ray of light bends.

100. Give three examples of materials that refract light rays. What happens to the speed of
light rays when they enters these materials?

101. Define Snell’s law of refraction. A ray of light is incident on a glass slab at an angle of
incidence of 600 . If the angle of refraction be 32.7 0, calculate the refractive index of glass.
(Given : sin 600 =0.866 , and sin 32.7 0=0.540).

102. The speed of light in vacuum and in two different glasses is given in the table below :

Medium Speed of light

8
Vacuum 3.00 ×10 m/ s
8
Flint glass 1.86 ×10 m/ s
8
Crown glass 1.97 ×10 m/ s
(a) Calculate the absolute refractive indexes of flint glass and crown glass.
(b) Calculate the relative refractive index for light going from crown glass to flint glass.

103. The speed of light in air 3 ×10 8 m/s . In medium X its speed is 2 ×108 m/s and in medium
Y the speed of light is 2.5 ×10 8 m/ s. Calculate :
a. airn X b. airnY c. xnY .

6
104. What is the speed of light in a medium of refractive index if its speed in air is
5
3 , 00,000 km/s?

105. The refractive index of glass is 1.5 . Calculate the speed of light in glass. The speed of
light in air is 3.0 ×10 8 ms−1.

106. The speed of light in water is 2.25 ×10 8 m/ s. If the speed of light in vacuum be
3 ×10 m/s , calculate the refractive index of water.
8

107. Light enters from air into diamond which has a refractive index of 2.42. Calculate the
speed of light in diamond. The speed of light in air is 3.0 ×10 8 ms−1.

108. What is a lens? Distinguish between a convex lens and a concave lens. Which of the two
is a converging lens : convex lens or concave lens?

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109. (a) Explain with the help of a diagram, why the convex lens is also called a converging
lens.
(b) Define principal axis, principal focus and focal length of a convex lens.

110. (a) Explain with the help of a diagram, why the concave lens is also called a diverging
lens.
(b) Define the principal focus of a concave lens.

111. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of a real magnified image by a convex lens.
(In your sketch the position of object and image with respect to the principal focus of lens
should be shown clearly).

112. Describe with the help of a ray-diagram, the formation of image of a finite object placed
in front of a convex lens between f and 2 f . Give two characteristics of the image so
formed.

113. Describe with the help of a ray diagram the nature, size and position of the image
formed when an object is placed in front of a convex lens between focus and optical
centre. State three characteristics of the image formed.

114. An object is placed at a distance equal to 2 f in front of a convex lens. Draw a labelled
ray diagram to show the formation of image. State two characteristics of the image
formed.

115. Describe with the help of a ray-diagram, the size, nature and position of the image
formed by a convex lens when an object is placed beyond 2 f in front of the lens.

116. Describe with the help of a ray-diagram, the size, nature and position of the image
formed when an object is placed at infinity (considerable distance) in front of a convex
lens. State three characteristics of the image so formed.

117. (a) What type of lens is shown in the diagram on the right? What will happen to the
parallel rays of light? Show by completing the ray diagram.
(b) Your eye contains a convex lens. Why is it unwise to look at the sun?

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118. Where must the object be placed for the image formed by a converging lens to be :
(a) Real, inverted and smaller than the object?
(b) Real, inverted and same size as the object?
(c) Real. Inverted and larger than the object?
(d) Virtual, upright and larger than the object?

119. Draw a diagram to show how a converging lens held close to the eye acts as a
magnifying glass. Why is it usual to choose a lens of short focal length for this purpose
rather than one of long focal length?

120. How could you find the focal length of a convex lens rapidly but approximately?

121. State and explain the New Cartesian Sign Convention for spherical lenses.

122. An object 4 cm high is placed at a distance of 10 cm from a convex lens of focal length
20 cm. Find the position, nature and size of the image.

123. A small object is so placed in front of a convex lens of 5 cm focal length that a virtual
image is formed at a distance of 25 cm. Find the magnification.

124. Find the position and nature of the image of an object 5 cm high and 10 cm in front of a
convex lens of focal length 6 cm.

125. Calculate the focal length of a convex lens which produces a virtual image at a distance
of 50 cm of an object placed 20 cm in front of it.

126. An object is placed at a distance of 100 cm from a converging lens of focal length 40 cm
(i) What is the nature of image?
(ii) What is the position of image?

127. A convex lens produces an inverted image magnified three times of an object placed at a
distance of 15 cm from it. Calculate focal length of the lens.

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128. A converging lens of focal length 5 cm is placed at a distance of 20 cm from a screen.
How far from the lens should an object be placed so as to form its real image on the
screen?

129. An object 5 cm high is held 25 cm away from a converging lens of focal length 10 cm.
Find the position, size and nature of the image formed. Also draw the ray diagram.

130. At what distance should an object be placed from a convex lens of focal length 18 cm to
obtain an image at 24 cm from it on the other side? What will be the magnification
produced in this case?

131. An object 2 cm tall is placed on the axis of a convex lens of focal length 5 cm at a
distance of 10 m from the optical centre of the lens. Find the nature, position and size of
the image formed. Which case of image formation by convex lenses is illustrated by this
example?

132. The filament of a lamp is 80 cm from a screen and a converging lens forms an image of it
on a screen, magnified three times. Find the distance of the lens from the filament and
the focal length of the lens.

133. An erect image 2.0 cm high is formed 12 cm from a lens, the object being 0.5 cm high.
Find the focal length of the lens.

134. A convex lens of focal length 0.10 m is used to form a magnified image of an object of
height 5 mm placed at a distance of 0.08 m from the lens. Calculate the position, nature
and size of the image.

135. A convex lens of focal length 6 cm is held 4 cm from a newspaper which has print 0.5 cm
high. By calculation, determine the size and nature of the image produced.

136. Determine how far an object must be placed in front of a converging lens of focal length
10 cm in order to produce an erect (upright) image of linear magnification 4 .

137. A lens of focal length 20 cm is used to produce a ten times magnified image of a film
slide on a screen. How far must the slide be placed from the lens?

138. An object placed 4 cm in front of a converging lens produces a real image 12 cm from
the lens.

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 (a) What is the magnification of the image?
(b) What is the focal length of the lens?
(c) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image. Mark clearly F and 2 F in the
diagram.
139. An object lies at a distance of 2 f from a concave lens of focal length f . Draw a ray-
diagram to illustrate the image formation.

140. Show by drawing a ray-diagram that the image of an object formed by a concave formed
by a concave lens is virtual, erect and diminished.

141. Given the position, size and nature of image formed by a concave lens when the object
is placed :
(a) Anywhere between optical centre and infinity.
(b) At infinity.

142. Which type of lens is : (a) a converging lens, and which is (b) a diverging lens? Explain
your answer with diagrams.

143. With the help of a diagram, explain why the image of an object viewed through a
concave lens appears smaller and closer than the object.

144. How would a pencil look like if you saw it through (a) a concave lens, and (b) a convex
lens? (Assume the pencil is close to the lens). Is the image real or virtual?

145. An object is placed at a distance of 4 cm from a concave lens of focal length 12 cm. Find
the position nature of the image.

146. A concave lens of focal length 15 cm forms an image 10 cm from the lens. How far is the
object placed from the lens? Draw the ray-diagram.

147. An object 60 cm from a lens gives a virtual image at a distance of 20 cm in front of the
lens. What is the focal length of the lens? Is the lens converging or diverging? Give
reasons for your answer.

148. A concave lens of 20 cm focal length forms an image 15 cm from the lens. Compute the
object distance.

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149. A concave lens has focal length 15 cm. At what distance should the object from the lens
be placed so that it forms an image at 10 cm from the lens? Also find the magnification
produced by the lens.

150. Calculate the image distance for an object of eight 12 mm at a distance of 0.20 m from a
concave lens of focal length 0.30 m, and state the nature and size of the image.

151. A concave lens has a focal length of 20 cm. At what distance from the lens a 5 cm tall
object be placed so that it forms an image at 15 cm from the lens? Also calculate the size
of the image formed.

152. An object is placed 20 cm from (a) a converging lens, (b) a diverging lens, of focal length
15 cm. Calculate the image position and magnification in each case.

153. A 2.0 cm tall object is placed 40 cm from a diverging lens of focal length 15 cm. Find the
position and size of the image.

154. An object of height 4 cm is placed at a distance of 15 cm in front of a concave lens of

power, −10 dioptres. Find the size of the image.

155. An object of height 4.25 mm is placed at a distance of 10 cm from a convex lens of

power +5 D . Find (i) focal length of the lens, and (ii) size of the image.

156. A convex lens of power 5 D and a concave lens of power 7.5 D are placed in contact
with each other. What is the :
(a) Power of this combination of lenses?
(b) Focal length of this combination of lenses?

157. A convex lens of focal length 25 cm and a concave lens of focal length 10 cm are placed
in close contact with one another.
(a) What is the power of this combination?
(b) What is the focal length of this combination?
(c) Is this combination converging or diverging?

158. The power of a combination of two lenses X and Y is 5 D . If the focal length of lens X
be 15 cm :
(a) Calculate the focal length of lens Y
(b) State the nature of lens Y .

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 159. Two lenses A and B have focal lengths of +20 cm and −10 cm, respectively.
(a) What is the nature of lens A and lens B?
(b) What is the power of lens A and lens B?
(c) What is the power of combination if lenses A and B are held close together?

Long Answer Type Questions

160. (a) Explain why, a stick half immersed in water appears to be bent at the surface. Draw
a labelled diagram to illustrate your answer.
(b) A coin in a glass tumbler appears to rise as the glass tumbler is slowly filled with water.
Name the phenomenon responsible for this effect.

161. (a) With the help of a labelled diagram, explain why a tank full of water appears less
deep than it actually is.
(b) Name the phenomenon due to which a pencil partly immersed in water and held
obliquely appears to be bent at the water surface.

162. (a) With the help of a diagram, show how when light falls obliquely on the side of a
rectangular glass slab, the emergent rat is parallel to the incident ray.
(b) Show the lateral displacement of the rat on the diagram.
(c) State two factors on which the lateral displacement of the emergent ray depends.

163. Explain with the help of a labelled ray diagram, why a pencil partly immersed in water
appears to be bent at the water surface. State whether the bending of pencil will increase
or decrease if water is replaced by another liquid which is optically more dense than
water. Give reason for your answer.

164. (a) State and explain the laws of refraction of light with the help of a labelled diagram.
(b) What is meant by the refractive index of a substance?
(c) Light travels through air at 300 million ms−1. On entering water it slows down to 225
million ms−1. Calculate the refractive index of water.

165. (a) With the help of a labelled diagram explain how a convex lens converges a beam of
parallel light rays. Mark the principal, axis optical centre, principal focus and focal length
of the convex lens on the diagram.
(b) State whether convex lens has a real focus or a virtual focus.
(c) List some things that convex lens and concave mirror have in common.

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166. (a) With the help of a labelled diagram, explain how a concave lens diverges a beam of
parallel light rays.
(b) State whether concave lens has a real focus or a virtual focus.
(c) List some things that concave lens and convex mirror have in common.

167. Draw ray diagrams to represent the nature, position and relative size of the image
formed by a convex lens for the object placed :
(a) at 2 F1
(b) Between F 1 and the optical centre O of the lens.
Which of the above two cases shows the use of convex lens as a magnifying glass?
Give reasons for your choice.

168. (a) An object is placed well outside the principal focus of a convex lens. Draw a ray
diagram to show how the image is formed, and say whether the image is real or virtual.
(b) What is the effect on the size and position of the image of moving the object (i)
towards the lens, and (ii) away from the lens?

169. (a) Explain what is meant by a virtual, magnified image.

(b) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of a virtual magnified image of an object by
a convex lens. In your diagram, the position of object and image with respect to the
principal focus should be shown clearly.
(c) Three convex lenses are available having focal lengths of 4 cm, 40 cm and 4 m
respectively. Which one would you choose as a magnifying glass and why?

170. (a) Explain why, a real image can be projected on a screen but a virtual image cannot.
(b) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of a real diminished image of an object by a
convex lens. In your diagram, the position of object and image with respect to the
principal focus should be shown clearly.
(c) Name one simple optical instrument in which the above arrangement of convex lens is
used.

171. (a) An object 2 cm tall stands on the principal axis of a converging lens of focal length 8
cm. Find the position, nature and size of the image formed if the object is :
(i) 12 cm from the lens (ii) 6 cm from the lens.
(b) State one practical application each of the use of such a lens with the object in
position (i) and (ii).

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172. (a) An object 3 cm high is placed 24 cm away from a convex lens of focal length 8 cm.
Find by calculations, the position, height and nature of the image.
(b) If the object is moved to a point only 3 cm away from the lens, what is the new
position, height and nature of the image?
(c) Which of the above two cases illustrates the working of magnifying glass?

173. (a) Find the nature, position and magnification of the images formed by a convex lens of
focal length 0.20 m if the object is placed at a distance of :
(i) 0.50 m (ii) 0.25 m (iii) 0.15m.
(b) Which of the above cases represents the use of convex lens in a film projector, in a
camera, and as a magnifying glass?

174. (a) An object is placed 10 cm from a lens of focal length 5 cm. Draw the ray diagrams to
show the formation of image if the lens is (i) converging, and (ii) diverging.
(b) State one practical use each of convex mirror, concave mirror, convex lens and
concave lens.

175. (a) Construct ray diagrams to illustrate the formation of a virtual image using (i) a
converging lens, and (ii) a diverging lens.
(b) What is the difference between the two images formed above?

176. (a) Find the position and size of the virtual image formed when an object 2 cm tall is
placed 20 cm from :
(i) A diverging lens of focal length 40 cm.
(ii) A converging lens of focal length 40 cm.
(b) Draw labelled ray diagram to show the formation of images in cases (i) and (ii) above
(The diagrams may not be according to scale).

177. (a) A small object is placed 150 mm away from a diverging lens of focal length 100 mm
(i) Copy the figure below and draw rays to show how an image is formed by the lens.

(ii) Calculate the distance of the image from the lens by using the lens formula.
(b) The diverging lens in part (a) is replaced by a converging lens also of focal length 100
mm. The object remains in the same position and an image is formed by the converging

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 lens. Compare two properties of this image with those of the image formed by the
diverging lens in part (a).

178. (a) What do you understand by the power of a lens? Name one factor on which the
power of a lens depends.
(b) What is the unit of power of a lens? Define the unit of power of a lens.
(c) A combination of lenses for a camera contains two converging lenses of focal lengths
20 cm and 40 cm and a diverging lens of focal length 50 cm. Find the power and focal
length of the combination.

179. (a) Two lenses A and B have power of (i) +2 D and (ii) −4 D respectively. What is the
nature and focal length of each lens?
(b) An object is placed at a distance of 100 cm from each of the above lenses A and B.
Calculate (i) image distance, and (ii) magnification, in each of the two cases.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

180. Light travelling from a denser medium to a rarer medium along a normal to the
boundary :
a. Is refracted towards the normal b. Is refracted away from the normal
c. Goes along the boundary d. Is not refracted.

181. A ray of light passes from glass into air. The angle of refraction will be :
a. Equal to the angle of incidence b. Greater than the angle of incidence
c. Smaller than the angle of incidence d. 45 0.

182. A ray of light travelling in air goes into water. The angle of refraction will be :
a. 90 0 b. Smaller than the angle of incidence
c. Equal to the angle of incidence d. Greater than the angle of incidence.

183. The speed of light in air is :

a. 3 ×10 8 cm/ s b. 3 ×10 8 mm /s
c. 3 ×10 8 km/ s d. 3 ×10 8 m/s .

184. When a ray of light travelling in glass enters into water obliquely :
a. It is refracted towards the normal b. It is not refracted at all
c. It goes along the normal d. It is refracted away from the normal.

185. A ray of light travelling in water falls at right angles to the boundary of a parallel-sided
glass block. The ray of light :

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 a. Is refracted towards the normal b. Is refracted away from the normal
c. Does not get refracted d. Is reflected along the same path.

186. A ray of light passes from a medium X to another medium Y . No refraction of light
occurs if the ray of light hits the boundary of medium Y at an angle of :
a. 0 0 b. 45 0 c. 90 0 d. 1200.

187. The refractive indices of four substances P , Q, R and S are 1.50 , 1.36 ,1.77 and 1.31
respectively. The speed of light is the maximum in the substance :
a. P b. Q c. R d. S.

188. The refractive indices of four material A , B ,C and D are 1.33 , 1.43 ,1.71 and 1.52
respectively. When the light rays pass from air into these material, they refract the
maximum in :
a. material A b. material B c. material C d. material D .

3
189. The refractive index of glass for light going from air to glass is . The refractive index for
2
light going from glass to air will be :
1 4 4 5
a. b. c. d. .
3 5 6 2

190. The refractive indices of four media A , B ,C and D are 1.44 , 1.52 ,1.65 and 1.36
respectively. When light travelling in air is incident in these media at equal angles, the
angle of refraction will be the minimum :
a. in medium A b. in medium B c. in medium C d. in medium D .

191. The speed of light in substance X is 1.25 ×108 m/s and that in air is 3 ×10 8 m/s . The
refractive index of this substance will be :
a. 2.4 b. 0.4 c. 4.2 d. 3.75 .

192. The refractive indexes of four substances P , Q, R and S are 1.77 , 1.50 , 2.42 and 1.31
respectively. When light travelling in air is incident on these substance at equal angles,
the angle of refraction will be the maximum in :
a. substance P b. substance Q c. substance R d. substance S.

193. The refractive index of water is :

a. 1.33 b. 1.50 c. 2.42 d. 1.36 .

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 4
194. The refractive index of water with respect to air is . The refractive index of air with
3
respect to water will be :
a. 1.75 b. 0.50 c. 0.75 d. 0.25 .

195. Refractive indices of water, sulphuric acid, glass and carbon disulphide are 1.33, 1.43,
1.53 and 1.63 respectively. The light travels slowest in :
a. Sulphuric acid b. Glass c. Water d. Carbon disulphide.
3
196. The refractive index of glass with respect to air is and the refractive index of water
2
4
with respect to air is . The refractive index of glass with respect to water will be :
3
a. 1.525 b. 1.225 c. 1.425 d. 1.125 .

197. A convex lens has a focal length of 10 cm. At which of the following position should an
object be placed so that this convex lens may act as a magnifying glass?
a. 15 cm b. 7 cm d. 20 cm d. 25 cm.

198. Which one of the following materials cannot be used to make a lens?
a. Water b. Glass c. Plastic d. Clay.

199. A small bulb is placed at the focal point of a converging lens. When the bulb is switched
on, the lens produces :
a. A convergent beam of light b. A divergent beam of light
c. A parallel beam of light d. A patch of coloured light.

200. An illuminated object is placed at a distance of 20 cm from a converging lens of focal

length 15 cm. The image obtained on the screen is :
a. Upright and magnified b. Inverted and magnified
c. Inverted and diminished d. Upright and diminished.

201. An object is placed between f and 2 f of a convex lens. Which of the following
statements correctly describes its image?
a. Real, larger than the object b. Erect, smaller than the object
c. Inverted, same size as object d. Virtual, larger than the object.

202. Which of the can make a parallel beam of light when light from a bulb falls on it?
a. Concave mirror as well as concave lens b. Convex mirror as well as convex lens
c. Concave mirror as well as convex lens d. Convex mirror as well as concave lens.

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203. In order to obtain a real image twice the size of the object with a convex lens of focal
length 15 cm, the object distance should be :
a. More than 5 cm but less than 10 cm b. More than 10 cm but less than 15 cm
c. More than 15 cm but less than 30 cm d. More than 30 cm but less than 60 cm.

204. A converging lens is used to produce in image of an object on a screen. What change is
needed for the image to be formed nearer to the lens?
a. Increase the focal length of the lens
b. Insert a diverging lens between the lens and the screen
c. Increase the distance of the object from the lens
d. Move the object closer to the lens.

205. A convex lens of focal length 8 cm forms a real image of the same size as the object. The
distance between object and its image will be :
a. 8 cm b. 16 cm c. 24 cm d. 32 cm.

206. A virtual, erect and magnified image of an object is to be obtained with a convex lens.
For this purpose, the object should be placed :
a. Between 2 F and infinity b. Between F and optical centre
c. Between F and 2 F d. at F .

207. A burning candle whose flame is 1.5 cm tall is placed at a certain distance in front of a
convex lens. An image of candle flame is received on a white screen kept behind the lens.
The image of flame also measures 1.5 cm. If f is the focal length of convex lens, the
candle is placed :
a. At f b. Between f and 2 f c. At 2 f d. Beyond 2 f .

208. A spherical mirror and a spherical lens each a focal length of −15 cm. The mirror and
the lens are likely to be :
a. Both concave
b. Both convex
c. The mirror is concave but the lens is convex
d. The mirror is convex but the lens is concave.

209. Linear magnification produced by a convex lens can be :

a. Less than 1 or more than 1
b. Less than 1 or equal to 1

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 c. More than 1 or equal to 1
d. Less than 1, equal to 1 or more than 1.

210. Magnification produced by a concave lens is always :

a. More than 1 b. Equal to 1 c. Less than 1 d. More than 1 or less than 1.

211. In order to obtain a magnification of, −3 (minus 3) with a convex lens, the object should
be placed :
a. Between optical centre and F b. Between F and 2 F
c. At 2 F d. Beyond 2 F .

212. A convex les produces a magnification of +5 . The object is placed :

a. At focus b. Between f and 2 f c. At less than f d. Beyond 2 f .

213. If a magnification of, −1 (minus 1) is obtained by using a converging lens, then the
object has to be placed :
a. Within f b. At 2 f c. Beyond 2 f d. At infinity.

214. To obtain a magnification of, −0.5 with a convex lens, the object should be placed :
a. At F b. Between optical centre and F c. Between F and 2 F d. Beyond 2 F
.

215. An object is 0.09 m from a magnifying lens and the image is formed 36 cm from the lens.
The magnification produced is :
a. 0.4 b. 1.4 c. 4.0 d. 4.5 .

216. To obtain a magnification of, −2 with a convex lens of focal length 10 cm, the object
should be placed :
a. Between 5 cm and 10 cm b. Between 10 cm and 20 cm
c. At 20 cm d. Beyond 20 cm.

217. A convex lens of focal length 15 cm produces a magnification of + 4. The object is

placed:
a. At a distance of 15 cm b. Between 15 cm and 30 cm
c. At less than 15 cm d. Beyond 30 cm.

218. If a magnification of, −1 is to be obtained by using a converging lens of focal length 12

cm, then the object must be placed :

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 a. Within 12 cm b. At 24 cm c. At 6 cm d. Beyond 24 cm.

219. In order to obtain a magnification of, −0.75 with a convex lens of focal length 8 cm, the
object should be placed :
a. At less than 8 cm b. Between 8 cm and 16 cm c. Beyond 16 cm d. At 16 cm.

220. A diverging lens is used in :

a. A magnifying glass b. A car to see objects on rear side
c. Spectacles for the correction of short light d. A simple camera.
221. When an object is kept at any distance in front of a concave lens, the image formed is
always :
a. Virtual, erect and magnified b. Virtual, inverted and diminished
c. Virtual, erect and diminished d. Virtual, erect and same size as object.

222. When sunlight is concentrated on a piece of paper by a spherical mirror or lens, then a
hole can be burnt in it. For doing this, the paper must be placed at the focus of :
a. Either a convex mirror or convex lens
b. Either a concave mirror or concave lens
c. Either a concave mirror or convex lens
d. Either a convex mirror or concave lens.

223. A beam of parallel light rays is incident through the holes on one side of a box and
emerges out through the holes on its opposite side as shown in the diagram below :

Which of the following could be inside the box?

a. A rectangular glass block b. A concave lens
c. A convex lens d. A glass prism.

224. A beam of light is incident through the holes on one side of a box and emerges out
through the holes on its opposite side as shown in the following figure :

The box contains :

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 a. A glass prism b. A concave lens
c. A convex lens d. A parallel-sided glass slab.

225. Which of the following can form a virtual image which is always smaller than the object?
a. A plane mirror b. A convex lens c. A concave lens d. A concave mirror.

226. A concave lens produces an image 20 cm from the lens of an object placed 30 cm from
the lens. The focal length of the lens is :
a. 50 cm b. 40 cm c. 60 cm d. 30 cm.
227. Only one of the following applies to a concave lens. This is :
a. Focal length is positive
b. Image distance can be positive or negative
c. height of image can be positive or negative
d. Image distance is always negative.

228. The magnification produced by a spherical mirror and a spherical lens is +0.8 .
a. The mirror and lens are both convex
b. The mirror and lens are both concave
c. The mirror is concave but the lens is convex
d. The mirror is convex but the lens is concave.

229. The magnification produced by a spherical lens and a spherical mirror is +2.0 .
a. The lens and mirror are both concave
b. The lens and mirror are both convex
c. The lens is convex but the mirror is concave
d. The lens is concave but the mirror is convex.

230. The focal lengths of four convex lenses P , Q, R and S are 20 cm, 15 cm, 5 cm and 10 cm,
respectively. The lens having greatest power is :
a. P b. Q c. R d. S.

231. A converging lens has a focal length of 50 cm. The power of this lens is :
a. +0.2 D b. −2.0 D c. +2.0 D d. −0.2 D.

232. A diverging lens has a focal length of 0.10 m. The power of this lens is :
a. +10.0 D b. +1.0 D c. −1.0 D d. −10.0 D .

233. The power of a lens is +2.0 D . Its focal length should be :

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 a. 100 cm b. 50 cm c. 25 cm d. 40 cm.

234. If a spherical lens has a poer of, −0.25 D , the focal length of this lens will be :
a. −4 cm b. −400 mm c. −4 m d. −40m.

235. The power of a concave lens is 10 D and that of a convex lens is 6 D . When these two
lenses are placed in contact with each other, the power of their combination will be :
a. +16 D b. + 4 D c. −16 D d. −4 D.

236. The power of a converging lens is 4.5 D and that of a diverging lens is 3 D . The power of
this combination of lenses placed close together is :
a. +1.5 D b. +7.5 D c. −7.5 D d. 1.5 D.

237. A convex lens of focal length 10 cm is placed in contact with a concave lens of focal
length 20 cm. The focal length of this combination of lenses will be :
a. +10 cm b. +20 cm c. −10 cm d. −20 cm.

Questions Based on High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)

238. Which of the following diagrams shows the ray of light refracted correctly?

239. A vertical ray of light strikes the horizontal surface of some water :
a. What is the angle of incidence? b. What is the angle of refraction?

240. How is the reflection of light ray from a plane mirror different from the refraction of
light ray as it enters a block of glass?

241. How does the light have to enter the glass :

a. To produce a large amount of bending?
b. For no refraction to happen?

242. (a) How can you bend light away from the normal?
(b) How must light travel out of a substance if it is not going to be refracted?

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243. Draw and complete the following diagrams to show what happens to the beams of light
as they enter the glass block and then leave it :

244. Why does a beam of light bend When it enters glass at an angle? Why does it not bend if
it enters the glass at right angles?
245. The following table gives the refractive indices of a few media :
1 2 3 4 5
Medium : Water Crown glass Rock salt Ruby Diamond
Refractive index : 1.33 1.52 1.54 1.71 2.42
Use this table to give an example of :
(i) A medium pair so that light speeds up when it goes from one of these medium to
another.
(ii) A medium pair so that light slows down when it goes from one of these medium
to another.

246. Refractive indices of four media A , B ,C and D are given below :

Medium Refractive index
A 1.33
B 1.44
C 1.52
D 1.65
In which of these four media is the speed of light ( i ) maximum, and ( ii ) minimum?
247. A lens of focal length 12 cm forms an erect image three times the size of the object. The
distance between the object and image is :
a. 8 cm b. 16 cm c. 24 cm d. 36 cm.

248. If an object is placed 21 cm from a converging lens, the image formed is slightly smaller
than the object. If the object is placed 19 cm from the lens, the image formed is slightly
larger than the object. The approximate focal length of the lens is :
a. 5 cm b. 10 cm c. 18 cm d. 20 cm.

249. An object is placed at the following distance from a convex lens of focal length 15 cm :
a. 35 cm b. 30 cm c. 20 cm d. 10 cm.
Which position of the object will produce :

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 (i) A magnified real image?
(ii) A magnified virtual image?
(iii) A diminished real image?
(iv) An image of same size as the object?

250. When an object is placed at a distance of 36 cm from a convex lens, an image of the
same size as the object is formed. What will be the nature of image formed when the
object is placed at a distance of :
a. 10 cm from the lens? b. 20 cm from the lens?
251. (a) Draw a diagram to show how a converging lens focuses parallel rays of light.
(b) How would you alter the above diagram to sho how a converging lens can produce a
beam of parallel rays of light.

252. A student did an experiment with a convex lens. He put an object at different distances
25 cm, 30 cm, 40 cm, 60 cm and 120 cm from the lens. In each case he measured the
distance of the image from the lens. His results were 100 cm, 24 cm, 60 cm, 30 cm and 40
cm, respectively. Unfortunately his results are written in wrong order.
a. Rewrite the image distances in the correct order
b. What would be the image distance if the object distance was 90 cm?
c. Which of the object distance gives the biggest image?
d. What is the focal length of this lens?

253. A magnifying lens has a focal length of 100 mm. An object whose size is 16 mm is placed
at some distance from the lens so that an image is formed at a distance of 25 cm in front
of the lens.
a. What is the distance between the object and the lens?
b. Where should the object be placed if the image is to form at infinity?

254. A lens forms a real image 3 cm high of an object 1 cm high. If the separation of object
and image is 15 cm, find the focal length of the lens.

255. An object 50 cm tall is placed on the principal axis of a convex lens. Its 20 cm tall image
is formed on the screen placed at a distance of 10 cm from the lens. Calculate the focal
length of the lens.

256. When an object is placed 10 cm in front of lens A , the image is real, inverted, magnified
and formed at a great distance. When the same object is placed 10 cm in front of lens B,
the image formed is real, inverted and same size as the object.

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 a. What is the focal length of lens A ?
b. What is the focal length of lens B?
c. What is the nature of lens A ?
d. What is the nature of lens B?

257. When a fork is seen through lenses A and B one by one, it appears as shown in the
diagrams. What is the nature of (i) lens A , and (ii) lens B? Give reason for your answer.

258. What kind of lens can form :

a. An inverted magnified image?
b. An erect magnified image?
c. An inverted diminished image?
d. An erect diminished image?

259. A camera fitted with a lens of focal length 50 mm is being used to photograph a flower
that is 5 cm in diameter. The flower is placed 20 cm in front of the camera lens.
a. At what distance from the film should the lens be adjusted to obtain a sharp image of
the flower?
b. What would be the diameter of the image of the flower on the film?
c. What is the nature of camera lens?
260. An object is 2 m from a lens which forms an erect image one-fourth (exactly) the size of
the object. Determine the focal length of the lens. What type of lens is this?

261. An image formed on a screen is three times the size of the object. The object and screen
are 80 cm apart when the image is sharply focused.
a. State which type of lens is used
b. Calculate focal length of the lens.

262. The optical prescription for a pair of spectacles is :

Right eye :- 3.50 D Left eye :-4.00 D
a. Are these lenses thinner at the middle or at the edges?
b. Which lens has a greater focal length?
c. Which is the weaker eye?

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263. A person got his eyes tested by an optician. The prescription for the spectacle lenses to
be made reads :
Left eye : +2.50 D Right eye +2.00 D
(a) State whether these lenses are thicker in the middle or at the edges
(b) Which lens bends the light rays more strongly?
(c) State whether these spectacle lenses will converge light rays or diverge light rays.

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