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Waves Progressive & Stationary

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Syed Ammar Ul Hassan
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31 views4 pages

Waves Progressive & Stationary

Uploaded by

Syed Ammar Ul Hassan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Waves

Progressive & Stationary


 Wave motion:-

 Wave Equation:- d2y/dt2 = v2 (d2y/dx2)

 Transverse wave motion:-It is the type of wave motion in which the particles of the medium are
vibrating in a direction at right angles to the direction of propagation of wave.
(a) Velocity of transverse wave,Vt = √T/m = √T/πr2ρ
(b) Vibrations of the particles of medium are normal to the direction of wave propagation.

 Longitudinal wave motion:-It is the type of wave motion in which the particles of the medium
vibrate in the direction of propagation of wave.

(a) Velocity of longitudinal wave, Vl = √E/ρ


(b) Vibrations of the particles are parallel to the direction of wave propagation.

 Relation between phase difference (?) and path difference (λ):-


Phase Difference = (2π/λ)×(path difference)

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 Simple Harmonic Motion:-A wave which originates from a source, undergoing simple harmonic
motion, is called a simple harmonic wave.
Equation:-y = rsinωt
= r sin2πft

= rsin2π(v/λ)t

= r sin2πx/λ

 Equation of progressive wave:- A relation between the instantaneous displacement of a particle


executing SHM and time is called equation of progressive wave.
y = r sin2π (ωt± 𝛿)
y = r sin [(ωt± (2π/λ)x]
y = r sin (ωt± kx)
y = r sin 2π (t/T ± x/λ)
y = r sin 2π/λ (vt± x)

 Angular wave number (k): k = 2π/λ

 Relation between particle velocity (V) and wave velocity (v):-


V = (2πr/λ) vcos*(2π/λ)(vt±x)]

Vmax = (2πr/λ) v

 Energy transmission in a progressive wave:-E = ½ mω2r2

 Energy per unit volume:- E = ½ ρr2ω2 Here ρ is the density of medium.

 Intensity of a wave:-
I = 2π2ρvf2r2

Intensity of a wave varies directly as the square of its amplitude.

So, I∝r2

 Velocity of transverse wave in stretched string:-v = √(T/m), Here,T is the tension in the string.

 Interference:- Interference is the phenomenon by virtue of which there is a modification in the


distribution of energy due to super position of two or more waves.
y1 = a1sinωt, y2 = a2sin(ωt+𝛿)

y = y1+y2

Amplitude, A = √*a12+a22+2 a1 a2coswt])


Intensity, I = kA2 and I = I1+I2+2(√ I1I2) coswt
Here, I1 = ka12 andI2 = ka22

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Angle, θ = tan-1[a2sinwt/(a1+a2coswt)]

 Constructive interference:-
Phase difference = 2nπ, n = 0,1,2,3…
A = a1+a2

Imax = *√I1+√I2]2

Path difference, x = 2n(λ/2)

 Destructive interference:-
Phase difference = (2n+1)π, n = 0,1,2,3…
A = 2acoswt/2

I = 4a2k cos2wt/2

Imax = 4a2k

Imin = 0

Path difference, x = (2n+1)(λ/2)

 Stationary Wave:-
Wave equation, y = 2acos (2π/λ) x sin (2π/λ) vt
Amplitude, A = 2acos(2π/λ) x
Condition for maxima (anti-nodes), x = k(λ/2)
Condition for minima (nodes), x = (2k+1)(λ/4)

 Frequency of transverse vibrations in stretched string:-


f = (1/2l) √(T/m), Here l is the length, T is the tension and m is the mass.

f = (1/lD) √(T/πρ), Here l is the length, T is the tension, D is the diameter and ρ is the density.

 Harmonics in stretched strings:-


(a) First harmonic (fundamental frequency), f0=(1/2l) √(T/m)

(b) Second harmonic (first overtone), f1 = 2f0=(2/2l) √(T/m)

(c) Third harmonic (second overtone), f2 = 3f0=(3/2l) √(T/m)

(d) pth harmonic (p-1 overtone), fp-1 = pf0=(p/2l) √(T/m)

Here, p=1,2,3…

 Frequency of tuning fork:-


f∝(t/l )√(E/ρ)

Here, t is the thickness, l is the length, E is the elastic constant and ρ is the density.

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 Phenomenon of Beats:- Periodic variations of amplitude resulting from the superposition of two
waves of slightly different frequencies is known as phenomenon of beats.
If m is the number of beats per second, then, m = f1-f2. Here f1 and f2 are the frequencies of the
two waves.

y1 = asin2πf1t, y2 = asin2πf2t

y = y1+y2= Asin2πft

Amplitude, A = 2acos2π(f1-f2/2)t, Frequency, F = f1-f2/2

(a) Maxima:- t = f/f1-f2


(b) Minima:- t = 2f+1/2(f1-f2)

 Beat period (tb):- It is defined as the time interval between consecutive beats or it is the time
between two consecutive maxima or minima of intensity of sound.
tb = 1/f1-f2

If m is the number of beats per second, then,

m = 1/beat period = f1-f2

This signifies, the number of beats per second is equal to the difference in frequencies of two waves.

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