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LEARNER’S WEEKLY GUIDE

SY 2024-2025

Subject: PRE-CALCULUS Level: GRADE 11

Quarter: First Week: 1

Topic: The Conics: Circle

Concept:

● A conic section (or simply conic) is a curve obtained as the intersection of the surface
of a cone with a plane. The three types of conic sections are the hyperbola, the
parabola, and the ellipse. The circle is type of ellipse and is sometimes considered
to be a fourth type of conic section.

● A circle is the set of all points (x,y) in a plane whose distances from a fixed point
is a constant. The fixed point is called the center of the circle, and the constant is
called the radius of the circle.

Discussion:

The Conics
Conic sections can be generated by intersecting a plane with a cone. A cone has two
identically shaped parts called nappes. One nappe is what most people mean by “cone,”
and has the shape of a party hat.

● The fix line is called the axis.

● The vertex is the point shared by two cones
● The line that passes through the vertex and forms the cones are called generators.

Conic sections are generated by the intersection of a plane with a cone. If the plane is parallel
to the axis of revolution (the y-axis), then the conic section is a hyperbola. If the plane is
parallel to the generating line, the conic section is a parabola. If the plane is perpendicular
to the axis of revolution, the conic section is a circle. If the plane intersects one nappe at an
angle to the axis (other than 90∘90∘), then the conic section is an ellipse.
A focus is a point about which the conic section is constructed. In other words, it is a point
about which rays reflected from the curve converge. A parabola has one focus about which
the shape is constructed; an ellipse and hyperbola have two.

A directrix is a line used to construct and define a conic section. The distance of a directrix
from a point on the conic section has a constant ratio to the distance from that point to the
focus. As with the focus, a parabola has one directrix, while ellipses and hyperbolas have
two.

Parts of conic sections: The three conic sections with foci and directrices labeled.

● A parabola is the set of all points whose distance from a fixed point, called the focus,
is equal to the distance from a fixed line, called the directrix. The point halfway between
the focus and the directrix is called the vertex of the parabola.
● An ellipse is the set of all points for which the sum of the distances from two fixed
points (the foci) is constant. In the case of an ellipse, there are two foci, and two
directrices.
● A hyperbola is the set of all points where the difference between their distances from
two fixed points (the foci) is constant. In the case of a hyperbola, there are two foci and
two directrices. Hyperbolas also have two asymptotes.
● A circle is the set of all points (x,y) in a plane whose distance from a fixed point is a
constant. The fixed point is called the center of the circle and the constant is called the
radius of the circle.

Standard Equation of a Circle

There are two types of circles with respect to the center.

1. Equation of a circle whose center located at the origin

since a = r
Standard equation of a circle whose center is at the
origin (0, 0)

x2 + y2 = r2
2. Equation of a circle whose center located at any point on the plane

The standard equation of a circle with center at and

radius of length is

(x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2

The general equation of a circle is 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑦 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑦 + 𝐸 = 0

When we graph equation of a circle we need to transform general to standard form. It is
because in standard form the radius and the center of the circle are visible. Center and
radius are the two important elements in graphing a circle.

For the circle whose center is at the origin:

Example 1:
Find the center and the radius of a circle having the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9. Graph the circle.

Solution: For the equation of the circle whose center is at the origin, the third and fourth
terms are absent 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑦 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑦 + 𝐸 = 0. Therefore, center (0, 0). If we go back to the
standard form𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , the whole equation is just equivalent to(𝑥 − 0)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 = 32 .
From that equation (h, k) = (0, 0) and r = 3
For the circle whose center is at any point on the plane:

First method: Completing the square

Example 2:

Find the center and the radius of a circle having the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 1 = 0.
Graph the circle.

Solution: We use the concept of completing the square to write the equation in standard
form.

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 1 = 0

(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥) + (𝑦 2 − 6𝑦) = −1

(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) + (𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 9) = −1 + 1 + 9

(𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 32

Therefore, the center of the circle is (−1, 3) and the radius is 3.

Example 3.

Write the equation of a circle whose diameter is the line segment joining
𝐴(−3, −4)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 (4, 3).

Solution:
First, we need to determine the distance between each point using the distance formula,

𝑑 = √(𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2 + (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )2

𝑑 = √(−3 − 4)2 + (−4 − 3)2

𝑑 = √(−7)2 + (−7)2

𝑑 = √49 + 49

𝑑 = √49 ∗ 2

𝑑 = 7√2

7√2
Since radius is half of the diameter, therefore the radius= 2

𝑥1+𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
Second, we need to determine the center using the midpoint formula,(ℎ, 𝑘) = ( , )
2 2

−3 + 4 −4 + 3
(ℎ, 𝑘) = ( , )
2 2

1 −1
(ℎ, 𝑘) = ( , )
2 2
 2
1 1 7√2
Therefore, our equation is (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = ( )
2

1 1 98
Final answer: (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 4
Subject: PRE-CALCULUS Level: GRADE 11
Quarter: First Week: 1
THE CONICS: CIRCLE

ACTIVITY 1.1

I. Directions: Write an equation in the standard form of each circle described below.

1. 𝑟 = 3 , Center (−3, 3)
1
2. 𝑟 = 3, Center (4, −2)

II. Directions: Find the center and radius of each circle.

1. (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 1
2. (𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 − 4)2 = 9
3. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 9 = 0

III. Directions: Identify the center and radius of each circle, and then sketch its graph.

1. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 12𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 52 = 0

Solution:

2. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16

Solution: