Hata Model

¾ An empirical formula for propagation loss

) Based on Okumura’s measurement data
) Propagation loss between isotropic antenna
) Only for Quasi-smooth terrain
) Standard formula : urban area propagation loss
¾ The propagation loss in an urban area
L p = A + B log10 R
) A , B – functions of frequency(MHz) and antenna height (m)
) R – distance (km)
¾ System designs for land mobile radio services
) Frequency : 100 ~ 1500 (MHz) , Distance : 1 ~ 20 (km)
) Base station antenna height : 30 ~ 200 (m)
) Vehicular antenna height : 1 ~ 10 (m)

Wireless Channel Modeling 1

 Propagation Loss Between Isotropic Antenna

¾ Received Power Pr
Pr ( dBm ) = Pu ( dBm / m 2 ) + 10 log10 ( Aeff )
Aeff = λ2 / 4 π
Pu ( dBm / m 2 ) = E ( dBμV / m ) − 10 log10 (120 π ) − 90
Aeff : Absorption cross section of an istropic antenna
Pu : Received power density
E : Received field strength of an isotropic antenna
¾ Propagation Loss Lp
L p ( dB ) = Pt − Pr
= Pt ( dBW ) − E (dBμV / m ) − 10 log10 ( λ2 / 4 π ) + 145.8
Pt : Effective radiated power of an istropic antenna
Wireless Channel Modeling 2
Okumura’s Prediction Curves and Propagation Loss

¾ Transform the unit from ERP/dipole to EIRP

) Absolute power gain of the dipole antenna : 2.2 dB

Pt ( dBW EIRP ) = Pt ' ( dBW ERP / dipole ) + 2.2 ( dB )

) Pt (dBW EIRP) = 32.2 dB [when Pt’ = 1 kW (ERP/dipole)]

¾ Propagation Loss Lp ( between the isotropic antenna )

L p ( dB ) = 178 − 10 log10 ( λ2 / 4 π ) − E (dBμV / m )
= 139.45 + 20 log10 f c − E (dBμV / m )
where f c : carrier frequency ( MHz )
E : Received field strength of an isotropic antenna

Wireless Channel Modeling 3

 Empirical Formula for Propagation Loss

¾ The field strength E

E ( dBμV / m ) = γ + β log10 R
γ , β : constans determined
by hb ( m ) & f c ( MHz )
¾ Propagation Loss Lp
L p ( dB ) = A + B log10 R
A = 178 − 10 log10 ( λ 2 / 4 π )
− γ − a ( hm )
B = −β
a ( hm ) : the correction factor for
the vehicular station
antenna height hm ( m )
Wireless Channel Modeling 4
 Introduction of the Empirical Formula

¾ A : Value of the Propagation Loss at R = 1 (km)

fc (MHz)

hb (m) 150 450 900 1500

30 105.5 117.0 124.5 132.0

50 103.0 114.0 122.5 129.5

70 101.0 112.0 120.5 127.0

100 98.5 110.0 118.0 125.0

150 96.5 108.0 116.5 123.0

200 94.5 106.0 114.5 121.0

¾ A = α − 13.82 log10 hb − a ( hm )
α = 69.55 + 26.16 log10 f c
Wireless Channel Modeling 5
 Introduction of the Empirical Formula (Cont’d)

¾ B : Slope of the Propagation Loss Curve

fc (MHz)

hb (m) 150 450 900 1500

30 35.0 35.0 35.7 35.7

50 33.4 34.1 33.8 34.1

70 33.2 32.5 32.2 33.4

100 31.5 31.3 32.5 32.2

150 30.4 30.4 31.1 30.9

200 29.9 29.4 29.9 29.9

¾ B = 44.9 − 6.55 log10 hb

Wireless Channel Modeling 6

 Empirical Formula for Propagation Loss

¾ L p ( dB ) = A + B log10 R
= 69.55 + 26.16 log10 f c − 13.82 log10 hb
− a ( hm ) + ( 44.9 − 6.55 log10 hb ) log10 R
) Frequency (fc) : 150 ~ 1500 MHz
) Base station antenna height (hb): 30 ~ 200 m
) Distance (R) : 1 ~ 20 km
) a(hm) : correction factor for the vehicular station antenna height hm(m)

¾ Correction factors
) a(hm) : Correction factors in a meium-small or large city
) Kr : Corrections for Suburban
) Qr : Corrections for Open areas
Wireless Channel Modeling 7
 Correction factors in a medium-small city (1/2)

¾ Correction curves shown by

straight lines with hm in linear
scale
¾ The reference hm of Lp : 1.5m
⇒ a1.5 = 0 dB at hm = 1.5 m

¾ a1.5 = ξ ( f c ) ⋅ hm − η ( f c )

¾ξ ( f c ) = 1.1⋅ log10 ( f c ) − 0.7

¾η ( f c ) = 1.56 ⋅ log10 ( f c ) − 0.8

) For a median-small city

Wireless Channel Modeling 8

 Correction factors in a medium-small city (2/2)

¾a ( hm ) = (1.1⋅ log10 ( f c ) − 0.7 ) ⋅ hm − 1.56 ⋅ log10 ( f c ) − 0.8

) hm : 1 ~ 10 m , f c : 150 ~ 1500 MHz
¾ Error to the linear approximation ∝ fc
¾ The maximum error ; fc = 1500 MHz , hm = 4 ~ 5 m

Wireless Channel Modeling 9

 Correction factors in a large city (1/2)

¾ Large city : the building height average ≥ 15 m

¾ Curves can be considered as parabolas
a
¾ 3 ' = 8. 29 ⋅ ( log10 1.54 hm ) 2

− 3.96 ( dB )
) f c ≤ 200 MHz

¾ a3 ' = 3.2 ⋅ ( log10 11.75 hm )

2

− 7.63 ( dB )

) f c ≥ 400 MHz ,

Wireless Channel Modeling 10

 Correction factors in a large city (2/2)

¾ a ( hm ) = 8.29 ⋅ ( log10 1.54 hm ) 2

− 1.10 ( dB )
) f c ≤ 200 MHz

¾ a ( hm ) = 3. 2 ⋅ ( log10 11. 75 hm ) 2

− 4.97 ( dB )

) f c ≥ 400 MHz

¾ Maximum error ; About 1 dB

) fc ≤ 200 MHz and hm ≥ 5 m

Wireless Channel Modeling 11

 Estimation of the Approximation Error (1/2)

¾ The error for each frequency

) very small(1-20 km)
) Maximum error : 1 dB
) Independent of the distance
¾ Only term A depends on freq.

¾ A = α − 13.82 log10 hb − a ( hm )
α = 69.55 + 26.16 log10 f c

ƒ Solid lines : Values from the formula

ƒ Dashed lines : Values from the prediction curves
Wireless Channel Modeling 12
 Estimation of the Approximation Error (2/2)

¾ The error for each hb

) Maximum value : 1 dB
) Due to the linear
approximation of B

¾ B = 44.9 − 6.55 log10 hb

ƒ Solid lines : Values from the formula

ƒ Dashed lines : Values from the prediction curves
Wireless Channel Modeling 13
 Corrections for Suburban

¾ The suburban correction

factor Kr (dB)

¾ K r ( dB ) = 2 { log10 ( f c / 28 ) }
2

+ 5.4
¾ The propagation loss in
suburban area Lps (dB)
¾ L ps ( dB ) = L p ( In urban ) − K r

Wireless Channel Modeling 14

 Corrections for Open areas

¾ The open area correction

factor Qr (dB)
Q
¾ r ( dB ) = 4.78 ( log f
10 c ) 2

−18.33 log10 f c
+ 40.94

¾ The propagation loss in

open area Lpo (dB)
¾ L po ( dB ) = L p ( In urban ) − Qr

Wireless Channel Modeling 15

 Semi-deterministic and empirical models for
urban areas ( COST 231-Hata model )

¾ COST 231 – Hata Model

) Extension of Hata’s model to the freq. band 1500 ≤ fc (MHz) ≤ 2000
) Lb ( dB ) = 46.3 + 33.9 ⋅ log f c ( MHz ) − 13.82 ⋅ log hb ( m ) − a ( hm )

+ [ 44.9 − 6.55⋅ log hb ( m ) ]⋅ log d ( km ) + Cm

9 Lb: Basic Transmission Loss
⎧ 0 dB for medium sized city and suburban
⎪ centers with medium tree density
) where Cm = ⎨
⎪ 3 dB for metropolitan centers
⎩

) restriction : ⎧ f c = 1500 ~ 2000 ( MHz )

⎪
⎪ hb = 30 ~ 200 ( m )
⎨
⎪ hm = 1 ~ 10 ( m )
⎪
⎩ d = 1 ~ 20 ( km )
Wireless Channel Modeling 16
 COST 231-Walfisch-Ikegami model
(COST231-WI model) (1/4)

¾ A combination of the Walfisch and Ikegami models

¾ Improved path-loss estimation
) Consider more data : hr (heights of buildings)
w (widths of roads), b (building separation)
ϕ (road orientation w.r.t. the direct radio path)

Base station Mobile

d

α
Δhb

hb Δhm
r hr
hm
b w
l

¾ Distinguish LOS and non-LOS situations

Wireless Channel Modeling 17

 COST231-WI model (2/4)

¾ LOS case ( a simple propagation loss formula )

) Lb ( dB ) = 42.6 + 26 ⋅ log d ( km ) + 20 ⋅ log f c ( MHz ) for d ≥ 20 m
9 To determine first constant, using free space loss for d = 20 m

¾ Non-LOS case
) Composed of three terms
9 L0 ; free space loss
9 Lmsd ; multiple diffraction loss
9 Lrts ; rooftop-to-street diffraction and scatter loss

⎧ L0 + Lrts + Lmsd for Lrts + Lmsd > 0

) Lb = ⎨
⎩ L0 for Lrts + Lmsd ≤ 0

) L0 ( dB ) = 32.4 + 20 ⋅ log d ( km ) + 20 ⋅ log f c ( MHz )

Wireless Channel Modeling 18

 COST231-WI model (3/4)
¾ Lrts is mainly based on Ikegami’s model
) Lrts ( dB ) = − 8.2 − 10 ⋅ log w ( m ) + 10 ⋅ log f c ( MHz )
+ 20 ⋅ log Δ hm ( m ) + LOri
⎧ − 10 + 0.354 ⋅ϕ ( deg ) for 0 D ≤ ϕ < 35 D
⎪
⎪
where LOri = ⎨ 2.5 + 0.075⋅ [ ϕ ( deg ) − 35 ] for 35 D ≤ ϕ < 55 D
⎪
⎪⎩ 4.0 − 0.114 ⋅ [ ϕ ( deg ) − 55 ] for 55 D ≤ ϕ ≤ 90 D

¾ Lmsd is based on Walfisch and Bertoni model

) Lmsd ( dB ) = Lbsh + k a + k d ⋅ log d ( km ) + k f ⋅ log f c ( MHz ) − 9 ⋅ log b ( m )

9 Lbsh ; Path loss due to Δ hb > 0

⎧ − 18⋅ log10 ( 1 + Δ hb ( m ) ) , hb ≥ hr
9 Lbsh = ⎪⎨
⎪⎩ 0 , hb ≤ hr

Wireless Channel Modeling 19

 COST231-WI model (4/4)
9 ka; the increase of the path loss for Δ hb < 0
⎧ 54 , hb > hr
⎪⎪
9 ka = ⎨ 54 − 0.8⋅ Δ hb , d ≥ 0.5 km and hb ≤ hr
⎪
⎪⎩ 54 − 1.6⋅ Δ hb ⋅ d ( km) , d < 0.5 km and hb ≤ hr
9 kd, kf ; the multi-screen diffraction loss vs. distance and frequency

⎧ 18 , hb > hr ⎧ 0.7 ⋅ [ f c ( MHz) / 925 − 1 ] , medium sized city and

⎪ ⎪⎪ suburban centers
9 kd = ⎨ Δ hb ( m ) 9 kf = − 4 + ⎨
⎪ 18 − 15⋅ , hb ≤ hr ⎪
⎩ hr (m) ⎪⎩ 1.5⋅ [ f c ( MHz) / 925 − 1 ] , metropolitan centers

9 Default values
⎧ 3 ( m ) ; pitched
9 hr = 3 × ( # of floors) + roof-height , roof-height = ⎨
⎩ 0 ( m ) ; flat
9 b = 20 ~ 50 m, w = b / 2, ϕ = 90°
9 Restrictions
9 fc : 800 ~ 2000 MHz, hb: 4 ~ 50 m, hm: 1~3 m, d: 0.02 ~ 5 km
Wireless Channel Modeling 20
 Multiple screen diffraction (1/5)
¾ Relatively uniform height buildings modeled as
absorbing half-screens
¾ A process of multiple diffraction past rows of buildings
¾ Assumptions
) Propagation perpendicular to the rows of buildings
) Magnetic field polarized parallel to the ground (vertically polarized)
) Consider the problem of plane-wave diffraction past a semi-infinite
sequence of rows labeled n = 0, 1, 2, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅

α
hb
hr
hm
b x
d
Wireless Channel Modeling 21
 Multiple screen diffraction (2/5)
Elevated antennas
¾ For elevated antennas
e jπ / 4 ∞ e − jkr
) H n +1 ( y ) =
2 λ ∫0
H n ( y' )
r
( cos δ + cos α ) dy '

where r = b 2 + ( y − y ' ) 2 , cos δ = b / r

¾ Numerical results
) Hn(y = 0) for elevated antennas settles to a nearly constant value
for n large enough
¾ Excess path loss due to multiple screen diffraction, Le
y
) Le = -10 log (Q2)
Nbtanα
) Q depends on BS antenna height α
x
H & row spacing d through b
the dimensionless parameter n=0 1 2 3 N-1 N
Wireless Channel Modeling 22
 Multiple screen diffraction (3/5)
Elevated antennas

¾ The dimensionless parameter gp

b hb − hr h − hr
) gp = α where α = tan −1 ≈ b
λ d d

¾ Q( g p ) = 2.35 g p 0.9
) Over the range of 0.01 < gp < 0.4
) Ex) for 900 MHz, typical row spacing of b = 40 m, and hb – hr= 10 m
⇒ Range of gp correspond to 0.3 km < d < 11 km
¾ In order to apply the theory for smaller values of d
2 3
¾ Q( g p ) = 3.502g p − 3.327 g p + 0.962g p
) Over the range of 0.01 < gp < 1 ⇒ 0.11 km < d < 11 km (900 MHz)

Wireless Channel Modeling 23

 Multiple screen diffraction (4/5)
Low antennas
¾ Le for low antennas
) The factor QN giving the reduction of the field at the top of last screen
due to screens

∑ [ ]
∞
1 q 1
) QN = N + 1 2gc jπ I N,q where g c = y0 , y0 = hb − hr
q! λb
q =0

N (q − 1) 1 N −1 I N , q −1
IN,q =
2 ( N + 1)
I N , q −2 + ∑
2 π ( N + 1) n = 1 ( N − n)
1/ 2

N
1 1 1
I N ,0 =
( N + 1) 3/ 2
, I N ,1 =
4 π
∑n
n=0
3/ 2
( N + 1 − n) 3/ 2
( initial condition )

) QN depends on the source height y0 above or below the rooftops

and the row separation b

Wireless Channel Modeling 24

 Multiple screen diffraction (5/5)
Examples
¾ Field after multiple diffraction over absorbing screens

QN QN

N N

ƒ fc = 900 MHz and b = 50 m ƒ fc = 1800 MHz and b = 50 m

¾ For antennas above the rooftops (y0 > 0)
) A rate of decrease for field is less than 1/N, but approaches 1/N
¾ For antennas below the rooftops (y0 < 0)
) The field initially decreases more rapidly than 1/N, but quickly
approaches the 1/N variation
Wireless Channel Modeling 25
 ITU-R P. 1411 model
¾ Estimating path loss for short-range(less than 1km) outdoor
radio systems
¾ Propagation affected primarily by buildings and trees
¾ Classified into 3 categories according to propagation situation ,
rooftops-NLOS(1), street canyons-NLOS(2), LOS(3)
¾ Rooftops-NLOS model is similar to MS1
BS1 (1)
COST231-WI model
BS2

(3) (3) (2) MS3

MS2 MS4

Wireless Channel Modeling 26

 Rooftops NLOS model (P. 1411)
¾ The formula is same as the COST231-WI model
) Extension of COST231-WI model to the freq. band fc (MHz) ≤ 5000
for Δhb > hr (ITU-R P.1411-3, March, 2005)
) ka = 71.4, kf = – 8 for Δhb > hr and fc > 2000 MHz
¾ Assumption
) The roof-top heights differ only by an amount less than the 1st Fresnel-
zone radius over a path of length l, hr = the average roof-top height
) The roof-top heights vary by much more than the 1st Fresnel-zone
radius: a preferred method of knife-edge diffraction calculation due to
the the highest buildings along the path is recommended to replace the
multi-screen model
) Where l : distance over which the buildings extend

Wireless Channel Modeling 27

 Rooftops NLOS model (P. 1411)
¾ Lmsd has two formulas according to Δhb and incidence angle
¾ A criterion for grazing incidence : settled field distance ds
λ ⋅d2
) ds = 2
where Δhb = hb − hr
Δhb

¾ When l > ds, Lmsd has same formula as COST231-WI model

) Where l : distance over which the buildings extend
¾ When l < ds ⎧ ⎛ Δhb b ⎞
0.9
⎪ 2.35 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ , for hb > hr
⎪ ⎜ d ⎟
λ⎠
) Lmsd = −10 ⋅ log10 ( QN 2 ) ⎪ ⎝
⎪⎪ b
θ = arctan ( Δhb b ) QN =⎨ , for hb ≈ hr
⎪ d
⎪
ρ= Δhb 2 + b 2 ⎪ b λ ⎛1
⎜⎜ −
1 ⎞
⎟ , for hb < hr
⎪ 2πd ρ ⎝ θ 2π + θ ⎟⎠
⎪⎩
Wireless Channel Modeling 28
 Street canyons NLOS model (P. 1411)
¾ Situations where both antennas are below roof-top level
(
¾ LSC (dB) = − 10 ⋅ log10 10 − Lr /10 + 10 − Ld /10 )
) Lr : reflection path loss
f (α ) ⎛ 4π ⎞
9 Lr (dB) = 20 log10 ( x1 + x2 ) + x2 x1 + 20 log10 ⎜ ⎟
w1 w2 ⎝ λ ⎠
3.86
f (α ) = where 0.6 (≈ 34 D ) < α (rad ) < π
α 3.5

) Ld : diffraction path loss x2

9 Ld (dB) = 10 log10 [x2 x1 ( x1 + x2 )]+ 2 Da

⎛ 180 ⎞ ⎛ 4π ⎞
− 0.1⎜ 90 − α ⎟ + 20 log10 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ π ⎠ ⎝ λ ⎠ w2

x1
⎛ 40 ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ x2 ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞ π ⎤ α
MS
Da = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎢ arctan ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + arctan ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ − ⎥ w1
⎝ 2 π ⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎝ w2 ⎠ ⎝ w1 ⎠ 2 ⎥⎦

BS

Wireless Channel Modeling 29

LOS situations within street canyons (P. 1411)
¾ Basic transmission loss can be characterized by two slopes
and a single breakpoint
¾ An approximate lower bound
⎧⎪ 20 log10 ( d / Rbp ) for d ≤ Rbp
) L = Lbp + ⎨
⎪⎩ 40 log10 ( d / Rbp ) for d > Rbp
LOS , l

4hb ⋅ hm
where Rbp ≈ : the breakpoint distance
λ
¾ An approximate upper bound
⎧⎪ 25 log10 ( d / Rbp ) for d ≤ Rbp
) L = Lbp + 20 + ⎨
⎪⎩ 40 log10 ( d / Rbp ) for d > Rbp
LOS , u

⎛ λ2 ⎞
where Lbp = 20 log10 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ : the basic transmission loss at the break point
⎝ 8 π hb hm ⎠
Wireless Channel Modeling 30
 ITU-R P. 1546 model (1/4)
¾ Point-to-area predictions for terrestrial services
) Frequency range : 30 MHz to 3000 MHz
) The distance range : 1 km to 1000 km
¾ The propagation curves at nominal frequencies of 100, 600
and 2000 MHz as a function of various parameters used
) Curves are based on measurement data
) Represent the field-strength values for 1 kW e.r.p. exceeded for
50%, 10% and 1 % of time
¾ Interpolation and extrapolation for nominal values such as
frequency, distance, percentage time, base antenna height
and mixed land sea path are used

Wireless Channel Modeling 31

 ITU-R P. 1546 model (2/4)
¾ Interpolation / Extrapolation
) For frequency, distance and BS antenna height
log( h b , d , f / h inf , d inf , f inf )
) E = E inf + ( E sup − E inf )
log( h sup , d sup , f sup / h inf , d inf , f inf )

9 Einf, Esup: Field strength value for lower/higher nominal value

9 hb, d, f: required value for prediction
9 hinf, dinf, finf / hsup, dsup, fsup: lower/higher nominal value

) For percentage time

) E = E sup (Qinf − Qt ) /( Qinf − Qsup ) + E inf (Qt − Qsup ) /( Qinf − Qsup )

9 Qt = Qi(t/100), t: percentage time

9 Qi(x): inverse complementary cumulative normal distribution function
Wireless Channel Modeling 32
 ITU-R P. 1546 model (3/4)
¾ Mixed paths
) Step1. The total length of path that lies over land dl
) Step 2. The quantity Δ
⎧ d l [ Eland (1 km ) − Esea (1 km ) ] , for d l < 1 km
9 Δ=⎨
⎩ Eland (d l ) − Esea ( d l ) , otherwise
) Step 3. The mixed path value at the MS antenna distance, dtotal
9 Emix ( d total ) = Esea (d total ) + Δ
) Step 4. The difference between mixed-path and land path field strength
9 ΔE = Emix (d total ) − Eland (d total )
) Step 5. An interpolation factor
2.42 − 0.0003527 hBS
9 χ = α + ( 1 − α ) exp [ − ( β ⋅ d l )] α = 0.3, β = 0.0001
) Step 6. The field strength for the mixed path
9 E = Eland ( d total ) + ΔE ⋅ χ
Wireless Channel Modeling 33
 ITU-R P. 1546 model (4/4)
¾ Corrections
) MS antenna height
) Effective terrain clearance
angle θeff from BS antenna

) Terrain clearance angle θ from MS antenna

) Location variability
¾ Equivalent basic transmission loss
) Lb = 139 – E + 20log fc
Wireless Channel Modeling 34
Impulse response in a Multipath Environment

¾ Received Voltage: V (t ) = ∑ anδ (t − τ n )

n
) an=amplitude of nth ray
) τn=Ln/c=Travel time of the nth ray
¾ For non-overlapping impulses
P(t ) = V (t ) = ∑∑ an amδ (t − τ n )δ (t − τ m ) = ∑ an2δ 2 (t − τ n )
2

n m n

= sum of ray powers

Wireless Channel Modeling 35
 Finite Width Pulse Response in Multipath

¾ Received voltage: V (t ) = ∑ an p(t − τ n )e − jkL e jwt e jφ

n n

¾ For partially overlapping pulses

P(t ) = V (t ) = ∑∑ an am* p(t − τ n ) p(t − τ m )e − jk ( Ln − Lm )

2

n m

Wireless Channel Modeling 36

 Tapped Delay Line Model
¾ The discrete time frequency-selective fading channel model
) Tapped delay line (TDL) with spacing ts and time varying
coefficients g(t)

s(t) ts ts ts

g0(t) g1(t) g2(t) gL-1(t) gL(t)

y(t)
) ts: Poisson arrival distribution
) g(t): Rician or Rayleigh distribution

Wireless Channel Modeling 37

 Saleh & Valenzuela Model
¾ Channel model
∞ ∞
) h (t ) = ∑∑
l=0 k =0
β kl e jθ kl δ ( t − T l − τ kl )

) {θkl}: statistically independent uniform r.v. over [0, 2π)

) {β 2kl}: monotonically decreasing functions of {Tl} and {tl}
) The first rays of the clusters & subsequent rays
9 Poisson arrival distribution ( rate Λ, γ )
9 p(Tl|Tl −1 ) = Λ exp[− Λ(Tl − Tl −1 )], p(τ kl | τ ( k −1)l ) = λ exp[−λ (τ kl − τ ( k −1)l )], l, k > 0

β 00
β 2 (t )

e −T / Γ
e −t / γ
β10 β 01
β 0l

t t
T0 T1 Tl T0 T1 Tl

Wireless Channel Modeling 38

 ETSI Channel Model

¾ Classify test environment into 3 cases

¾ Separate Channel w.r.t RMS delay spread

RMS delay of RMS delay of

Test Environment P(A) (%) P(B) (%)
Channel A (nsec) Channel B (nsec)

Indoor Office 35 50 100 45

Outdoor to Indoor and

45 40 750 55
Pedestrian

Vehicular
370 40 4000 55
(High Antenna)

Wireless Channel Modeling 39

 Examples ( ETSI Model )
Indoor office case
Channel A Channel B
Doppler
Tap Avg. Power Avg. Power
Rel. Delay (nsec) Rel. Delay (nsec) Spectrum
(dB) (dB)
1 0 0 0 0 FLAT
2 50 -3.0 100 -3.6 FLAT
3 110 -10.0 200 -7.2 FLAT
4 170 -18.0 300 -10.8 FLAT
5 290 -26.0 500 -18.0 FLAT
6 310 -32.0 700 -25.2 FLAT

Channel A Channel B

0 500 1000 Relative Delay (nsec) 0 500 1000 Relative Delay (nsec)
Wireless Channel Modeling 40
 JTC Channel Model

¾ Classify test environment into 9 cases

¾ Separate Channel w.r.t RMS delay spread

Residential
Indoor Office
Commercial
Urban High-Rise
Pedestrian Urban/Suburban Low-Rise
Residential
Outdoor
Urban High-Rise
Vehicular Urban/Suburban Low-Rise
Residential

Wireless Channel Modeling 41

 Examples ( JTC Model )
Indoor Office Case

Channel A Channel B Channel C

Doppler
Tap Avg.
Rel. Delay Avg. Power Rel. Delay Avg. Power Rel. Delay Spectrum
Power
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 FLAT
2 100 -8.5 100 -3.6 200 -1.4 FLAT
3 200 -7.2 500 -2.4 FLAT
4 300 -10.8 700 -4.8 FLAT
5 500 -18.0 1100 -1.0 FLAT
6 700 -25.2 2400 -16.3 FLAT

Channel A Channel B Channel C

0 500 Relative Delay (nsec) 0 500 Relative Delay (nsec) 0 500 1000 1500 Relative Delay (nsec)

Wireless Channel Modeling 42

 IEEE-802.11 WLANs TGn channel model

¾ Five delay profile models proposed for different indoor

environments
¾ Include spatial information for channel model
RMS delay
K (dB) # of
Model Condition (ns) Environments
LOS/NLOS clusters
(NLOS)
Optional, 1 tap at
A LOS/NLOS 0/–∞ 0 1 tap
0 ns delay model
B LOS/NLOS 0/–∞ 15 2
C LOS/NLOS 0/–∞ 30 2
Residential homes
D LOS/NLOS 3/–∞ 50 3
and small offices
E LOS/NLOS 6/–∞ 100 4
F LOS/NLOS 6/–∞ 150 6

Wireless Channel Modeling 43

 Examples (WLANs TGn channel model B)

Tap index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Excess delay
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
(ns)
Cluster 1 Power (dB) 0 - 5.4 -10.8 -16.2 -21.7

AoA AoA (°) 43 43 43 43 43

AS(Rx) AS (°) 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4

AoD AoD (°) 225.1 225.1 225.1 225.1 225.1

AS(Tx) AS (°) 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4

Cluster 2 Power (dB) - 3.2 - 6.3 - 9.4 - 12.5 - 15.6 - 18.7 - 21.8

AoA AoA (°) 118.4 118.4 118.4 118.4 118.4 118.4 118.4

AS(Rx) AS (°) 25.2 25.2 25.2 25.2 25.2 25.2 25.2

AoD AoD (°) 106.5 106.5 106.5 106.5 106.5 106.5 106.5

AS(Tx) AS (°) 25.4 25.4 25.4 25.4 25.4 25.4 25.4

Wireless Channel Modeling 44

 Spatial Channel Model (SCM) (1/2)
• Moving Focus : from Propagation Channel to Radio Channel
- Spatial description of channel attributes (DoA, DoT, AS, DS, per-path PDP, etc)
- Inclusion of the antenna pattern
- Time-dependent trajectory of the MS

MODULATION
CHANNEL

PROPAGATION
CHANNEL

TRANSMITTER RECEIVER

IF/RF IF/RF
CODER MODEM MODEM CODER
STAGES STAGES

RADIO CHANNEL

@Mobile Radio Comm

DIGITAL CHANNEL by Raymond

Wireless Channel Modeling 45

 Spatial Channel Model (SCM) (2/2)
Example of spatial channel information
• Real Measurement Data : Angle vs Delay vs Power -

Wireless Channel Modeling 46

 Link level vs System level SCM
• Link Level Spatial Channel Parameters (Base Station and Terminal Specific)
- Mean Angle of Arrival
- Rms Angle Spread
- Power Azimuth Spectrum
- Behavior per Resolvable Path
- Ricean and Rayleigh Fading

• System Level Spatial Channel Parameters (System Wide Parameters)

- BS, MS Positions
- AOA, AS, PAS for each terminal
- Random MS Orientation
- Mixture of Channel Models
- Explicit Spatial Interference Modeling
- Per-path spatial parameters

Wireless Channel Modeling 47

Link Level SCM assumptions (1/3): parameters
• Only one snapshot of the channel behavior
• Not used to compare performance of different algorithms.
• Only for calibration : comparison of performance results from different implementations
of a given algorithm.

Wireless Channel Modeling 48

Link Level SCM assumptions (2/3): parameters

Wireless Channel Modeling 49

 Link Level SCM assumptions (3/3)
BS antnena parameters

• Am is max attenuation 20 dB for 3 sector, 23dB for 6 sector

• θ3dB is 70° for 3 sector, 35° for 6 sector

3 Sector Antenna Pattern

0 3-Sector Scenario

-5
BS
Gain in dB.

-10

-15

-20
Antenna Boresight in
-25 direction of arrow
-120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Azim uth in Degrees

⎡ ⎛ θ ⎞2 ⎤
A ( θ ) = − min ⎢12 ⎜ ⎟ , Am ⎥ where − 180 ≤ θ ≤ 180
⎢⎣ ⎝ θ3dB ⎠ ⎥⎦

Wireless Channel Modeling 50

 Link Level SCM Reference Values
for calibration
• Am is max attenuation 20 dB for 3 sector, 23dB for 6 sector
• θ3dB is 70° for 3 sector, 35° for 6 sector

Wireless Channel Modeling 51

General description for System level SCM (1/3)
Assumptions
• Multiple cells environments : BSs & MSs
• Performance metrics (throughput, delay etc) are collected over D drops
• Quasi-static channel for each drop
- the channel undergoes fast fading
- the locations of the MSs are fixed for each drop.

Final Goal
• For an S element BS array and a U element MS array,
obtain the channel coefficients for one of N multipath components

S -by- U matrix of
H n (t ) complex amplitudes
at nth path

⎛ G BS (θn,m,AoD ) exp( jkds sin(θn,m,AoD )) × ⎞

P
h s,u,n (t ) = n
⎜
∑
M ⎟
(
⋅ exp jk v cos(θm,n,AoA − θv ) t )
M ⎜⎜
⎝
m =1
[
G MS (θn,m,AoA ) exp( j kdu sin(θn,m,AoA ) + Φn,m ]
)⎟⎟⎠

Wireless Channel Modeling 52

General description for System level SCM (2/3)
Procedure for generating the channel matrix H n (t )
• Specify an environment : urban/suburban macro, or urban micro
• Obtain the parameters to be used in simulations
• Generate the channel coefficients

Suburban Macro Urban Macro Urban Micro

Options: Options: Options:

None Urban canyon Urban canyon
Far scattering cluster Far scattering cluster
Line of sight Line of sight

Pathloss model: (Hata) Pathloss model: (Walfish-

Ikegami)

Generate coefficients

Wireless Channel Modeling 53

General description for System level SCM (3/3)
Ray-based Scattering Model
• N time-delayed multipath (N = 6 or 3)
• M subpaths per multipath (M = 20)

Cluster n
N
Subpath m Δn ,m ,AoA
BS array Ω MS θv v
Δn ,m ,AoD
θn ,m , AoA
δ n ,AoA
N
δ n, AoD
Ω BS θ MS

θn ,m , AoD MS array broadside MS array

θ BS
MS direction
BS array broadside of travel

Wireless Channel Modeling 54

 Scenario Parameters (1/2)
• Macrocell ; BS to BS 3 km with antennas above rooftop
• Microcell ; BS to BS 1 km with antennas at rooftop height

σ AS = 10 ^ ( ε AS x + μ AS ) , x ~ η(0,1)

Wireless Channel Modeling 55

 Scenario Parameters (2/2)

Path Loss Model

• Macrocell : Modified Hata Model
• Microcell : Walfisch-Ikegami Model

Wireless Channel Modeling 56

 AoD for N multipath
• Angle of Departure (AoD) for N multipath

Wish to generate RVs : δn,AoD corresponding to nth multipath

• δn’ ~ η(0,σ2AoD) , σAoD = rAS * σAS
• Proportional factor rAS = angle occurrence (σAoD) / power weighted angular spread(σAS)

@3GPP TSGR1#25 (02) 0613

• Obtain δn,AoD as increasing order : δ1,AoD < … < δn,AoD

Wireless Channel Modeling 57