Basics of Operating System

Monalisa Mishra
Assistant Professor, CSE
C.V Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar
Today’s Discussion
01 02 03 04 05

Open Source
TYPES OF cui vs gui and OBJECTIVES & COMPONENTS OF
SOFTWARE Proprietary FUNCTIONS OS
Systems
Hardware and Software

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Major Categories of Software

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Examples of Software

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 System Management Software

System software consists of several programs, which are directly responsible for
controlling, integrating and managing the individual hardware components of a
computer system.

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 System Management Software

 OPERATING SYSTEM
Objective: Provide a link between the computer hardware and user

 DEVICE DRIVERS
Objective: To introduce our PC to a hardware device

 SYSTEM UTILITIES
Objective: To perform tasks on maintenance of the computer system

1. Disk Compression
2. Disk Fragmenters
3. Back Up Utilities
4. Disk Clean Up
5. Anti Virus 5
BIOS- Booting Process
The boot process in the operating system can be explained as:

Two types of booting:

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CUI VS GUI

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Proprietary Vs Open Source

Proprietary refers to software that is owned by the individual or

company who published/sells it. Windows

Open source refers to software that is available for anyone to access

or change/modify the code. Linux (Suse, Ubuntu…), Android

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 Structure of a Computer System

A Computer System comprises:

 End Users (Target audience who use computer, Lehman to Smart users, Machine)
 Application Programs (Word processors, Databases, Games, Video player, Browsers, etc.)
 System Programs (Device Drivers, Shells, Batch, Editors, Compilers, etc.)
 Operating System ( Windows, Linux, Unix, DOS, Mac, Android…)
 Hardware ( CPU, Disks, Memory, Monitor, USB etc.)
 Operating System ?
• An OS is a System Software that plays an intermediary/interface between a user of a computer and the computer
hardware
• Operating system goals:
– Execute user programs, Resource Allocation, CPU management, File Management and other tasks to make the computer system
convenient to use
– Use the computer hardware in an efficient and optimal manner
– Permits the effective development, testing and introduction of new system functions without affecting the existing one
Popular OS
 Role of an Operating System

Micro Role Macro Role

 Booting Process by loading bootstrap program at power-up or  Process Management
reboot  Process Synchronization
 Loads operating system kernel and starts execution (running at  Memory Management
all times is the kernel).  CPU Scheduling
 Manages all resources. Decides between conflicting requests  File Management
for efficient resource use  Security
 Manages the various peripheral devices(I/O).
 Manages Memory allocate memory to processes, move
processes between disk and memory
 Provides File Management such as storing, saving, retrieving,
manipulating etc.

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 Types of OS
Based on Operation Based on Distribution
Batch OS
Time Sharing/Multi-tasking OS Open Source(Free) OS
Proprietary(Licensed OS)
Multi-programming OS
Multi-processing OS
Real Time OS
Distributed OS
Networking OS
Single User OS
Multi User OS
 Batch OS
Batch OS (1st OS of the second-generation computer-1970’s)
 System executed the jobs one by one in batch.
 When one job from the batch executed, then the second job has taken from it and so on.
as queue for execution (spooling).
 Batch operating system took the input on the punch card.

Disadvantages:
 Costly and difficult to debug
 Infinite loop possibility, other jobs wait for unknown time.
 Starvation
 Multi-Programming OS
Multi-programming OS(overcome of under utilization of CPU and MM)
 Executes more than one program/task using a single processor machine. i.e. those are present inside the
main memory at one point of time.

Disadvantages:
 CPU scheduling is compulsory because lots of jobs are ready to run on CPU simultaneously.
 User is not able to interact with jobs when it is executing.
 Programmers also cannot modify a program that is being executed.
 Time Sharing OS
Time-sharing/Multi-tasking OS
 Each task is given some time(Quantum) to execute. After this time interval is over OS switches over to the
next task.
 So that all the tasks work smoothly. Each user gets the time of CPU as they use a single system

Disadvantages:
 Problem of reliability.
 Security and integrity of user programs and data.
 Problem of data communication.
 Multi-Processing OS
Multi-processing OS (failure of any processor will not halt the system)
 More than one processor(connected with physical memory, buses, clocks, and peripheral devices) which work
parallel to perform the required operations.
 Load on each processor less so electricity consumed also be less as compared to single processor.

Disadvantages:
 More Memory required
 Chances of Deadlock
 Expensive
 Real Time OS
Real-time OS (Small, fast, responsive, and deterministic)
 Rapidly switches between Tasks (or individual programming threads ) to give the impression that multiple
programs are executing simultaneously.
 RTOS is most often used in an embedded system. (MTS, Lynx, QNX, VxWorks etc.)

Hard Real Time OS: the deadline is handled very strictly

Soft Real Time OS: accepts some delays by the Operating system.
Disadvantages:
 Costly to develop (complicated layout principles)
 Very complex and can consume critical CPU cycles.
 Distributed OS
Distributed OS (Resource Sharing, Security, Fault Tolerance, Scalability, communicating)
 Uses many central processors to serve multiple real-time applications and users. Therefore data processing
jobs are distributed between the processors.

Types: Ex:

Client- Solaris
server OSF/1
Peer-Peer Micros
Middleware DYNIX
Three-Tier Locus
N-Tier Mach

Disadvantages:
 Latency, Downtime, Cost Expensive
 Use of complex software
 Very complicated databases, Risk of data loss
 Network OS
Network OS
 Uses to support workstations, personal computers a printer, a server and file server and, in some instances,
other terminals that are connected on a local area network (LAN)

Ex:
Artisoft’s LANtastic
Banyan’s VINES
Novell’s NetWare
Microsoft’s LAN Manager
Microsoft Windows Server
UNIX/Linux
 Printer and application sharing.
 Common file system and database sharing.
 Network security(authentication and access control)
 Backup and web services.
Disadvantages:
 Depend on the central location to perform the operations.
 High cost to buying server.
 Regular updating and maintenance are required.
 Single User OS
Single User OS
 Allows a single user to perform only 1 task at a time is called a Single-User Single-Tasking OS
 Printing a document, downloading images, etc., can be performed only one at a time

Types: Ex:
MS-DOS,
Single-User Single-Tasking OS Palm OS
Single-User Multi-Tasking OS

Disadvantages:
 It can perform only a single task at a time and takes longer time
 Idle time is higher
 Multi-User OS
Multi-user OS
 Allows multiple users that are on different computers connected through a network to access a single system's
OS resources simultaneously.
 Resource Sharing, Multi-Tasking, Background Processing, Time-Sharing

Types: Ex:
Unix
Distributed System
Time-Sliced Systems
Multiprocessor System

Disadvantages:
 If a virus hits one computer, it spreads to the entire network system simultaneously, and fails
 Leak of personal information.
Kernel, Shell/Batch and
Application
 OS System Calls
 System call is an approach for programs to interact with the operating system.
 A computer program makes a system call when it makes a request to the operating system’s
kernel.
 System call provides the services of the OS to the user programs via Application Program
Interface(API).

Types of System Call:

 Process Control
 File Management
 Device Management
 Information
Maintenance
 Communication
Thank You
Any questions?