6 Functions

6.1 Relations and Functions

Relati
6.2
6 2 Repre
Representations
p of Functions
6.3 Linear Functions
6.4 Comparing Linear and Nonlinear Functions
6.5 Analyzing and Sketching Graphs

e.”
nother on
“Here’s a
gram.”
Here’s a math ana
“

“It is my treat-conv
er
many cat treats I inpter function machine. However
ut, the machine ou
that many dog bis tputs
cuits. Isn’t that cool? TWICE
”

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 What You
Learned Before
“Do you th
in
Example 1 Find the missing value in the table. shirt make k the stripes in this
me look to
o linear?”

x y

30 0 Each y-value is 30 less than the x-value.

40 10

50 20
So, the missing value is 60 − 30 = 30.
60

Find the missing value in the table.

1. x y 2. x y 3. x y

5 10 0.5 1 15 5

7 14 1.5 2 30 10

10 20 3 3.5 45 15

40 9.5 60

Evaluating Algebraic Expressions

Example 2 Evaluate 2x − 12 when x = 5.

2x − 12 = 2(5) − 12 Substitute 5 for x.

= 10 − 12 Using order of operations, multiply 2 and 5.
= 10 + (−12) Add the opposite of 12.
= −2 Add.

Evaluate the expression when y = 4.

y
4. −4y + 2 5. — − 8 6. −10 − 6y
2

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 6.1 Relations and Functions

How can you use a mapping diagram to show

the relationship between two data sets?

1 ACTIVITY: Constructing Mapping Diagrams

Work with a partner. Copy and complete the mapping diagram.
a. Area A Input, x Output, A

1
2 2
3
x 4

b. Perimeter P Input, x Output, P

1
2 2
3
x 4

c. Circumference C Input, r Output, C

1
2
r 3
4

Functions
In this lesson, you will d. Volume V Input, h Output, V
● define relations

and functions. 1
● determine whether
2
relations are functions.
● describe patterns in 3
mapping diagrams. h
4

3
3

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 2 ACTIVITY: Describing Situations
Math Work with a partner. How many outputs are assigned to each input? Describe
Practice a possible situation for each mapping diagram.
View as
Components a. Input, x Output, y b. Input, x Output, y
What are the input
12 6 10 0
values? Do any of
the input values 23 13 11 1
point to more than 30 15 2
12
one output value?
How does this help 48 20 13 3
you describe a
possible situation?

3 ACTIVITY: Interpreting Mapping Diagrams

Work with a partner. Describe the pattern in the mapping diagram. Copy
and complete the diagram.
a. Input, t Output, M b. Input, x Output, A
1 8 1 4/3
2 10 2 5/3
3 12 3 2
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you use a mapping diagram to show the
relationship between two data sets?

“I made a mapping diagram.” “It shows how I feel about my

skateboard with each passing day.”

Use what you learned about mapping diagrams to complete

Exercises 3–5 on page 246.

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 6.1 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

Ordered pairs can be used to show inputs and outputs.

Key Vocabulary
input, p. 244 inputs
output, p. 244 (0, 1) (1, 2) (2, 4)
relation, p. 244
outputs
mapping diagram,
p. 244
function, p. 245

Relations and Mapping Diagrams

A relation pairs inputs with outputs. A relation can be represented by
ordered pairs or a mapping diagram.
Ordered Pairs Mapping Diagram
(0, 1) Input Output
(1, 2) 1
0
(2, 4) 1 2
2 4

EXAMPLE 1 Listing Ordered Pairs of a Relation

List the ordered pairs shown in the mapping diagram.
a. Input Output b. Input Output

1 3 0 1
2 6 2 0
3 9 4 −2
4 12 −3

The ordered pairs are (1, 3), The ordered pairs are (0, 0),
(2, 6), (3, 9), and (4, 12). (2, 1), (2, −2), and (4, −3).

List the ordered pairs shown in the mapping diagram.

Exercises 6–8 1. Input Output 2. Input Output
0 12 −1
2 10 1 −2
4 8 2 −3
6 6 −4

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 A relation that pairs each input with exactly one output is a function.

EXAMPLE 2 Determining Whether Relations Are Functions

Determine whether each relation is a function.
a. Input Output b. Input Output
−9 0 −2 3
−2 5 −1 4
5 10 0 5
12 1 6
Each input has exactly 2 7
one output. So, the The input 0 has two
relation is a function. outputs, 5 and 6. So, the
relation is not a function.

EXAMPLE 3 Describing a Mapping Diagram

Input Output Consider the mapping diagram at the left.

a. Determine whether the relation is a function.
1 15
2 30 Each input has exactly one output.
3 45 So, the relation is a function.
4 60
b. Describe the pattern of inputs and
outputs in the mapping diagram. Input Output
Look at the relationship between
1 15
the inputs and the outputs. +1 +15
2 30
+1 +15
3 45
As each input increases by 1, +1 +15
the output increases by 15. 4 60

Determine whether the relation is a function.

Exercises 9–11 3. Input Output 4. Input Output
and 13–15
1 2 2 6
−—
2 4 4 3
1 7
— 6 0
3 9 8 −3

5. Describe the pattern of inputs and outputs in the

mapping diagram in On Your Own 4.

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 6.1 Exercises
Help with Homework

1. VOCABULARY In an ordered pair, which number represents the input?

the output?
2. PRECISION Describe how relations and functions are different.

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

Describe the pattern in the mapping diagram. Copy and complete the diagram.
3. Input Output 4. Input Output 5. Input Output

1 4 1 2 1 −3
2 8 2 8 2 2
3 12 3 14 3 7
4 4 4
5 5 5
6 6 6

List the ordered pairs shown in the mapping diagram.

1 6. Input Output 7. Input Output 8. Input Output
0 4 1 8 6
3 5 3 6 7 −5
6 6 5 4 8 −10
9 7 7 2 9

Determine whether the relation is a function.

2 9. Input Output 10. Input Output 11. Input Output
−2 5 0 −18 −3
0 10 4 −9 −2 7
2 15 8 0 −1 14
4 20 12 9 0

12. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct

✗ Input Output
5
Each output
is paired with
the error in determining whether the 4 6 exactly one input.
relation is a function. 7 So, the relation
8 is a function.

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 Draw a mapping diagram for the graph. Then describe the pattern of inputs and outputs.
3 13. y 14. y 15. y
3 12 35
2 10 30
1 8 25
6 20
Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 x
4 15
Ź2 2 10
Ź3 5
Ź4 Ź2 2 4 6 8 x
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x

16. SCUBA DIVING The normal pressure at sea level is one

atmosphere of pressure (1 ATM). As you dive below sea level,
the pressure increases by 1 ATM for each 10 meters of depth.
a. Complete the mapping diagram. Input, Output,
b. Is the relation a function? Explain. Depth Pressure

c. List the ordered pairs. Then plot the 0m 1 ATM

ordered pairs in a coordinate plane. 10 m 2 ATM
d. Compare the mapping diagram and 20 m
graph. Which do you prefer? Why? 30 m
e. RESEARCH What are common depths 40 m
for people who are just learning to 50 m
scuba dive? What are common depths
for experienced scuba divers?

17. MOVIES A store sells previously viewed movies. The table Movies Cost
shows the cost of buying 1, 2, 3, or 4 movies.
1 $10
a. Use the table to draw a mapping diagram. 2 $18
b. Is the relation a function? Explain. 3 $24
c. Describe the pattern. How does the cost per movie 4 $28
change as you buy more movies?

18. Repeated
Reasoning The table shows the outputs Input, x 0 1 2 3 4
for several inputs. Use two methods to
find the output for an input of 200. Output, y 25 30 35 40 45

The coordinates of a point and its image are given. Is the reflection in the
x-axis or y-axis? (Section 2.3)
19. (3, −3) (−3, −3) 20. (−5, 1) (−5, −1) 21. (−2, −4) (−2, 4)

22. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which word best describes two figures that have the same size
and the same shape? (Section 2.1)
A congruent
○ B dilation
○ C parallel
○ D similar
○

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 6.2 Representations of Functions

How can you represent a function in

different ways?

1 ACTIVITY: Describing a Function

Work with a partner. Copy and complete the mapping diagram for the area of
the figure. Then write an equation that describes the function.
a. b. x
2 2

x 2

2x

Input, x Output, A Input, x Output, A

1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4

2 ACTIVITY: Using a Table

Work with a partner. Make a table that shows the pattern for the
area, where the input is the figure number x and the output is
1 square unit
the area A. Write an equation that describes the function. Then
use your equation to find which figure has an area of 81 when
the pattern continues.
a.
Functions
In this lesson, you will
● write function rules.

● use input-output tables

to represent functions.
● use graphs to represent

functions. Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4

b.

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4

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 3 ACTIVITY: Using a Graph
Work with a partner. Graph the data.
Math Use the graph to test the truth off
Practice each statement. If the statementt is
Construct ws
true, write an equation that shows
Arguments
how to obtain one measurement nt
How does the graph
help you determine from the other measurement.
whether the a. “You can find the horsepower of a race car engine if you know its
statement is true? volume in cubic inches.”
Volume (cubic inches), x 200 350 350 500
Horsepower, y 375 650 250 600

b. “You can find the volume of a race car engine in cubic centimeters
if you know its volume in cubic inches.”

Volume (cubic inches), x 100 200 300

Volume (cubic centimeters), y 1640 3280 4920

4 ACTIVITY: Interpreting a Graph

Work with a partner. The table shows the average speeds of the winners of
the Daytona 500. Graph the data. Can you use the graph to predict future
winning speeds? Explain why or why not.

Year, x 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Speed (mi/h), y 156 135 143 149 153 133 137 130 140

5. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you represent a function in different ways?

“I graphed our profits.” “And I am happy to say that they

are going up every day!”

Use what you learned about representing functions to complete

Exercises 4 –6 on page 253.

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 6.2 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

Key Vocabulary
function rule, p. 250
Functions as Equations
A function rule is an equation that describes the relationship between
Remember inputs (independent variable) and outputs (dependent variable).

An independent
ź2
variable represents Input
a quantity that can ź6
Output
change freely. A
dependent variable
depends on the
independent variable.

EXAMPLE 1 Writing Function Rules

a. Write a function rule for “The output is five less than the input.”

Words The output is five less than the input.

Equation y = x −5

A function rule is y = x − 5.

b. Write a function rule for “The output is the square of the input.”

Words The output is the square of the input.

Equation y = x2

A function rule is y = x 2.

EXAMPLE 2 Evaluating a Function

What is the value of y = 2x + 5 when x = 3?

y = 2x + 5 Write the equation.
= 2(3) + 5 Substitute 3 for x.
= 11 Simplify.

When x = 3, y = 11.

1. Write a function rule for “The output is one-fourth of the input.”

Exercises 7–18
Find the value of y when x = 5.
2. y = 4x − 1 3. y = 10x 4. y = 7 − 3x

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 Functions as Tables and Graphs
A function can be represented by an input-output table and by a
graph. The table and graph below represent the function y = x + 2.

y
Input, Output, Ordered Pair, 6
x y (x, y) 5
(2, 4) (3, 5)
4
1 3 (1, 3) 3
(1, 3)
2 4 (2, 4)
1

3 5 (3, 5) 1 2 3 4 5 6 x

By drawing a line through the points, you graph all of the solutions
of the function y = x + 2.

EXAMPLE 3 Graphing a Function

Graph the function y = −2x + 1 using inputs of −1, 0, 1, and 2.

Make an input-output table.

Input, x −2 x + 1 Output, y Ordered Pair, ( x, y)

−1 −2(−1) + 1 3 (−1, 3)

0 −2(0) + 1 1 (0, 1)

1 −2(1) + 1 −1 (1, −1)

2 −2(2) + 1 −3 (2, −3)

Plot the ordered pairs and draw a line through the points.
y
3
(Ź1, 3)
(0, 1)
1
(1, Ź1)
Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 2 3 4 x

Ź2
(2, Ź3)
Ź3

Graph the function.

Exercises 19 –24 5. y = x + 1 6. y = −3x 7. y = 3x + 2

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 EXAMPLE 4 Real-Life Application
The number of pounds p of carbon dioxide produced by a car is 20 times
the number of gallons g of gasoline used by the car. Write and graph a
function that describes the relationship between g and p.
Write a function rule using the variables g and p.
Words The number of pounds is 20 times the number of gallons
of carbon dioxide of gasoline used.
Equation p = 20 ⋅ g

Make an input-output table that represents the function p = 20g.

Input, g 20g Output, p Ordered Pair, (g, p)

1 20(1) 20 (1, 20)

2 20(2) 40 (2, 40)

3 20(3) 60 (3, 60)

p
Plot the ordered pairs and draw a line 70

Carbon dioxide
60
through the points. (3, 60)

(pounds)
50
40
Because you cannot have a negative (2, 40)
30
number of gallons, use only positive 20
values of g. (1, 20)
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 g
Gasoline (gallons)
8. WHAT IF? For a truck, p is 25 times g. Write and graph a function
Exercise 26
that describes the relationship between g and p.

Representations of Functions
Words An output is 2 more than the input.
Equation y=x+2

Input-Output Table Mapping Diagram Graph

Input, x Output, y Input, x Output, y y

5
−1 1 4
−1 1 3
0 2 0 2 2
1
1 3 1 3
2 4 Ź1
Ź1
1 2 3 4 x
2 4

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 6.2 Exercises
Help with Homework

1. VOCABULARY Identify the input variable and the output variable for the
function rule y = 2x + 5.
2. WRITING Describe five ways to represent a function.
3. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.

What output is 4 more What output is twice the sum

than twice the input 3? of the input 3 and 4?

What output is the sum of What output is 4 increased by

2 times the input 3 and 4? twice the input 3?

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

Write an equation that describes the function.

4. Input, x Output, y 5. 6.
Input, x Output, y Input, x Output, y
0 0 1 8 1 0
1 4
2 9 3 −2
2 8
3 12 3 10 5 −4
4 11 7 −6

Write a function rule for the statement.

1 7. The output is half of the input. 8. The output is eleven more than the input.
9. The output is three less than the input. 10. The output is the cube of the input.
11. The output is six times the input.
12. The output is one more than twice the input.

Find the value of y for the given value of x.

2 13. y = x + 5; x = 3 14. y = 7x; x = −5 15. y = 1 − 2x; x = 9
x
16. y = 3x + 2; x = 0.5 17. y = 2x 3; x = 3 18. y = — + 9; x = −12
2

Graph the function.

3 19. y = x + 4 20. y = 2x 21. y = −5x + 3
x 3
22. y = — 23. y = — x + 1 24. y = 1 + 0.5x
4 2

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 25. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error y

✗
(5, 2)
in graphing the function represented by the 2
input-output table. 1
(3, 0)
1
Ź1 1 2 3 4 5 x
Ź1
Input, x −4 −2 0 2
Ź2
(1, Ź2)
Output, y −1 1 3 5
(Ź1, Ź4)

4 26. DOLPHIN A dolphin eats 30 pounds of fish per day.

a. Write and graph a function that relates the number
of pounds p of fish that a dolphin eats in d days.
b. How many pounds of fish does a dolphin eat
in 30 days?

Match the graph with the function it represents.

27. y 28. y 29. y
6 6 5
5 5 4
4 4 3
3 3 2
2 2 1
1
1 2 3 4 5 x
Ź1
1 2 3 4 5 6 x Ź1 1 2 4 5 x

x
A. y = — B. y = x + 1 C. y = −2x + 6
3

Find the value of x for the given value of y.

x
30. y = 5x − 7; y = −22 31. y = 9 − 7x; y = 37 32. y = — − 7; y = 2
4

33. BRACELETS You decide to make and sell bracelets. The cost of
your materials is $84. You charge $3.50 for each bracelet.
a. Write a function that represents the profit P for
selling b bracelets.
b. Which variable is independent? dependent? Explain.
c. You will break even when the cost of your materials
equals your income. How many bracelets must you
sell to break even?

34. SALE A furniture store is having a sale where everything is 40% off.
a. Write a function that represents the amount of discount d
on an item with a regular price p.
b. Graph the function using the inputs 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 for p.
c. You buy a bookshelf that has a regular price of $85. What is the sale
price of the bookshelf?

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 35. AIRBOAT TOURS You want to take a two-hour airboat tour.
a. Write a function that
represents the cost G of $35 boarding fee
plus $5 each 1/2
a tour at Gator Tours. All rates are perhour
person.

b. Write a function that

represents the cost S of
a tour at Snake Tours. $25 per ho
h ur
c. Which is a better deal?
Explain. All rates are per
person.

36. REASONING The graph of a function is a line that goes through the
points (3, 2), (5, 8), and (8, y). What is the value of y ?

37. CRITICAL THINKING Make a table where the independent variable is the
side length of a square and the dependent variable is the perimeter. Make a
second table where the independent variable is the side length of a square
and the dependent variable is the area. Graph both functions in the same
coordinate plane. Compare the functions and graphs.

38. The blocks that form the diagonals of each square are shaded. Each
block is one square unit. Find the “green area” of Square 20. Find the “green area”
of Square 21. Explain your reasoning.

Square 1 Square 2 Square 3 Square 4 Square 5

Find the slope of the line. (Section 4.2)

39. y 40. y 41. y
6 2
Ź1 1 2 3 4 5 x
5 1 Ź1
4 Ź2
Ź3 Ź1 1 2 3 x
3 Ź1 Ź3
2 Ź2 Ź4
1 Ź3 Ź5
Ź6
1 2 3 4 5 6 x

42. MULTIPLE CHOICE You want to volunteer for at most 20 hours each month.
So far, you have volunteered for 7 hours this month. Which inequality
represents the number of hours h you can volunteer for the rest of this month?
(Skills Review Handbook)
A h ≥ 13
○ B h ≥ 27
○ C h ≤ 13
○ D h < 27
○

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 6.3 Linear Functions

How can you use a function to describe

a linear pattern?

1 ACTIVITY: Finding Linear Patterns

Work with a partner.
● Plot the points from the table in a coordinate plane.
● Write a linear equation for the function represented by the graph.

a. x 0 2 4 6 8 b. x 4 6 8 10 12

y 150 125 100 75 50 y 15 20 25 30 35

y y

200 40

150 30

100 20

50 10

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x 0 4 8 12 16 x

c. d. −4 −2
x −4 −2 0 2 4 x 0 2 4

y 4 6 8 10 12 y 1 0 −1 −2 −3
Functions
In this lesson, you will
● understand that the
y y
equation y = mx + b 16 2
defines a linear function.
● write linear functions using
12
graphs or tables. Ź4 Ź2 2 4 x
● compare linear functions.

8 Ź2

4 Ź4

Ź6
Ź4 Ź2 2 4 x

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 2 ACTIVITY: Finding Linear Patterns
Work with a partner. The table shows a familiar linear pattern from geometry.
Math
Practice ● Write a function that relates y to x.
Label Axes ● What do the variables x and y represent?
How do you know ● Graph the function.
what to label the
axes? How does
a. x 1 2 3 4 5 b.
this help you x 1 2 3 4 5
accurately graph
the data? y 2π 4π 6π 8π 10π y 10 12 14 16 18

x x

c. d.
x 1 2 3 4 5 x 1 2 3 4 5

y 5 6 7 8 9 y 28 40 52 64 76

2
2

x
4
4

3. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you use a function to describe a

linear pattern?
4. Describe the strategy you used to find the functions in
Activities 1 and 2.

Use what you learned about linear patterns to complete

Exercises 3 and 4 on page 261.

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 6.3 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

A linear function is a function whose graph is a nonvertical line. A linear

Key Vocabulary function can be written in the form y = mx + b, where m is the slope and
linear function, b is the y-intercept.
p. 258

EXAMPLE 1 Writing a Linear Function Using a Graph

Use the graph to write a linear function that relates y to x.
The points lie on a line. Find the slope by y (4, 3)
3
using the points (2, 0) and (4, 3).
2
change in y 3−0 3 1
m=—=—=— (2, 0)
change in x 4−2 2 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 x

Because the line crosses the y-axis at (0, −3), Ź2

(0, Ź3)
the y-intercept is −3. Ź3
Ź4
3
So, the linear function is y = — x − 3 . (Ź2, Ź6)
Ź5
2 Ź6

EXAMPLE 2 Writing a Linear Function Using a Table

Use the table to write a linear function
x −3 −2 −1 0
that relates y to x.
y 9 7 5 3
(Ź3, 9) y
9
Plot the points in the table.
8
(Ź2, 7)
7 The points lie on a line. Find the slope by using the
6 points (−2, 7) and (−3, 9).
(Ź1, 5)
5
change in y 9−7 2
(0, 3) m = — = — = — = −2
change in x −3 − (−2) −1
2
1
Because the line crosses the y-axis at (0, 3), the y-intercept is 3.

Ź6 Ź5 Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 x So, the linear function is y = −2x + 3.

Use the graph or table to write a linear function that relates y to x.

Exercises 5–10
1. y 2.
3 x −2 −1 0 1
2
1 y 2 2 2 2

Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 x
Ź1
Ź2
Ź3

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 EXAMPLE 3 Real-Life Application

Height Yo are controlling an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for

You
Minutes, surveillance. The table shows the height y (in thousands of feet) of
su
(thousands
x
of feet), y the UAV x minutes after you start its descent from cruising altitude.
th
0 65 a. Write a linear function that relates y to x. Interpret the slope and
10 60 the y-intercept.
20 55 You can write a linear function that relates the dependent variable
30 50 y to the independent variable x because the table shows a constant
rate of change. Find the slope by using the points (0, 65) and (10, 60).
change in y 60 − 65 −5
m = — = — = — = −0.5
change in x 10 − 0 10
Common Error Because the line crosses the y-axis at (0, 65), the y-intercept is 65.
Make sure you consider
the units when So, the linear function is y = −0.5x + 65. The slope indicates
interpreting the slope that the height decreases 500 feet per minute. The y-intercept
and the y-intercept. indicates that the descent begins at a cruising altitude
of 65,000 feet.

b. Graph the linear function. UAV Flight

Plot the points in the table and y
draw a line through the points. 80

(thousands of feet)
70
Because time cannot be negative 60 y â Ź0.5x à 65

Height
in this context, use only positive 50
values of x. 40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 x
Minutes

c. Find the height of the UAV when you stop the descent after 1 hour.
Because 1 hour = 60 minutes, find the value of y when x = 60.
y = −0.5x + 65 Write the equation.
= −0.5(60) + 65 Substitute 60 for x.
= 35 Simplify.

So, the descent of the UAV stops at a height of 35,000 feet.

3. WHAT IF? You double the rate of descent. Repeat parts (a)–(c).
Exercises 11–13

Section 6.3 Linear Functions 259

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 EXAMPLE 4 Comparing Linear Functions
The earnings y (in dollars) of a nighttime employee working x hours
are represented by the linear function y = 7.5x + 30. The table shows
the earnings of a daytime employee.
+1 +1 +1

Time (hours), x 1 2 3 4
Earnings (dollars), y 12.50 25.00 37.50 50.00

+12.50 +12.50 +12.50

a. Which employee has a higher hourly wage?

Nighttime Employee Daytime Employee
change in earnings $12.50
y = 7.5x + 30 —— = —
change in time 1 hour
The slope is 7.5.
The nighttime employee The daytime employee
earns $7.50 per hour. earns $12.50 per hour.

So, the daytime employee has a higher hourly wage.

b. Write a linear function that relates the daytime employee’s

earnings to the number of hours worked. In the same coordinate
plane, graph the linear functions that represent the earnings of the
two employees. Interpret the graphs.

Employee Earnings Use a verbal model to write a linear function that represents the
y earnings of the daytime employee.
Earnings (dollars)

90
nighttime
⋅
75 Hourly Hours
60 Earnings =
wage worked
45
30 daytime y = 12.5x
15
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
The graph shows that the daytime employee has a higher hourly
Time (hours)
wage but does not earn more money than the nighttime
employee until each person has worked more than 6 hours.

4. Manager A earns $15 per hour Earnings of Manager B

Exercise 14 and receives a $50 bonus. The
Earnings (dollars)

y
graph shows the earnings of 125
Manager B. 100
75
a. Which manager has a higher (3, 75)
50
hourly wage? 25

b. After how many hours does 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
Manager B earn more money Time (hours)
than Manager A?

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 6.3 Exercises
Help with Homework

1. STRUCTURE Is y = mx + b a linear function y

5
when b = 0? Explain. 4
3
2. WRITING Explain why the vertical line does not
2
represent a linear function. 1

1 2 4 5 x

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

The table shows a familiar linear pattern from geometry. Write a function that
relates y to x. What do the variables x and y represent? Graph the function.
3. x 1 2 3 4 5 4. x 1 2 3 4 5
y π 2π 3π 4π 5π y 2 4 6 8 10

x
4

Use the graph or table to write a linear function that relates y to x.

1 2 5. y 6. y 7. y
10 8 4
8 6 3
6 4 2
4 1
2
Ź8 Ź6 Ź4 Ź2 2 4 6 8 x Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 x
Ź6 Ź4 Ź2 2 4 6 8 10 x
Ź4 Ź2
Ź4 Ź6 Ź3
Ź6 Ź8 Ź4

8. x −2 −1 0 1 9. x −8 −4 0 4 10. x −3 0 3 6

y −4 −2 0 2 y 2 1 0 −1 y 3 5 7 9

3 11. MOVIES The table shows the cost y (in dollars) of renting x movies.
a. Which variable is independent? dependent? Number of
0 1 2 4
b. Write a linear function that relates y to x. Movies, x
Interpret the slope. Cost, y 0 3 6 12
c. Graph the linear function.
d. How much does it cost to rent three movies?

Section 6.3 Linear Functions 261

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 12. BIKE JUMPS A bunny hop is a bike trick in which the rider brings
both tires off the ground without using a ramp. The table shows the
height y (in inches) of a bunny hop on a bike that weighs x pounds.

Weight (pounds), x 19 21 23
Height (inches), y 10.2 9.8 9.4

a. Write a linear function that relates the height of

a bunny hop to the weight of the bike.
b. Graph the linear function.
c. What is the height of a bunny hop on a bike that
weighs 21.5 pounds?

13. BATTERY The graph shows the percent y (in decimal form) Laptop Battery
of battery power remaining x hours after you turn on a y

Power remaining
(in decimal form)
laptop computer. 1.0
0.8
a. Write a linear function that relates y to x. 0.6
b. Interpret the slope, the x-intercept, and the 0.4
y-intercept. 0.2
0
c. After how many hours is the battery power at 75%? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
Hours

4 14. RACE You and a friend race each other. You give your friend a 50-foot
head start. The distance y (in feet) your friend runs after x seconds is
represented by the linear function y = 14x + 50. The table shows the
distances you run.

Time (seconds), x 2 4 6 8
Distance (feet), y 38 76 114 152

a. Who runs at a faster rate? What is that rate?

b. Write a linear function that relates your distance to the number of
seconds. In the same coordinate plane, graph the linear functions
that represent the distances of you and your friend.
c. For what distances will you win the race? Explain.
Hiking

y
15. CALORIES The number of calories burned y after
Calories burned

30
x minutes of kayaking is represented by the linear function 25

y = 4.5x. The graph shows the calories burned by hiking. 20

15
a. Which activity burns more calories per minute? 10
5
b. How many more calories are burned by doing the 0
activity in part (a) than the other activity for 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x

45 minutes? Minutes

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 16. SAVINGS You and your friend are saving money to buy Friend’s Savings
bicycles that cost $175 each. The amount y (in dollars)
y
you save after x weeks is represented by the equation

Savings (dollars)
60
y = 5x + 45. The graph shows your friend’s savings. 50
40
a. Who has more money to start? Who saves more per week? (3, 39)
30
b. Who can buy a bicycle first? Explain. 20
10
0
17. REASONING Can the graph of a linear function be a 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
horizontal line? Explain your reasoning. Weeks

Years of Annual 18. SALARY The table shows a person’s annual salary y (in thousands
Education, x Salary, y of dollars) after x years of education beyond high school.
0 28
a. Graph the data. Then describe the pattern.
2 40
b. What is the annual salary of the person after 8 years of
4 52 education beyond high school?
6 64
c. Find the annual salary of a person with 30 years of education
10 88 beyond high school. Do you think this situation makes sense?
Explain.
Problem
19. Solving The Heat Index is calculated using the relative humidity and
the temperature. For every 1 degree increase in the temperature from
94° F to 98° F at 75% relative humidity, the Heat Index rises 4° F.
a. On a summer day, the relative humidity is 75%, the
V I D E O
temperature is 94° F , and the Heat Index is 122° F.
Construct a table that relates the temperature t to the
Heat Index H. Start the table at 94° F and end it at 98° F.
b. Identify the independent and dependent variables.
c. Write a linear function that represents this situation.
d. Estimate the Heat Index when the temperature is 100° F.

Solve the equation. (Section 1.1)

21. w + ∣ −2.8 ∣ = 4.3

3 1
20. b − 1.6 ÷ 4 = −3 22. — = y − —(8)
4 5

23. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which of the following describes the y

4
translation from the red figure to the blue figure? 3
(Section 2.2) 2
1
A (x − 6, y + 5)
○ B (x − 5, y + 6)
○
Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 x
C (x + 6, y − 5)
○ D (x + 5, y − 6)
○ Ź2
Ź3
Ź4

Section 6.3 Linear Functions 263

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 6 Study Help
Graphic Organizer

You can use a comparison chart to compare two topics. Here is an example of a
comparison chart for relations and functions.

Relations Functions
A relation pairs inputs A relation that pairs each
Definition with outputs. input with exactly one
output is a function.

(1, 0) (1, 0)
(3, −1) (2, −1)
Ordered pairs
(3, 6) (5, 7)
(7, 14) (6, 20)

Input Output Input Output

1 −1 1 −1
Mapping diagram 3 0 2 0
7 6 5 7
14 6 20

Make comparison charts to help you study

and compare these topics.

1. functions as tables and functions as graphs

2. linear functions with positive slopes and
linear functions with negative slopes

After you complete this chapter, make

comparison charts for the following topics.
3. linear functions and nonlinear functions
4. graphs with numerical values on the axes
and graphs without numerical values
“Creating a comparison chart causes
on the axes canines to crystalize concepts.”

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 6.1– 6.3 Quiz
Progress Check

List the ordered pairs shown in the mapping diagram. Then determine whether
the relation is a function. (Section 6.1)
1. Input Output 2. Input Output
10 0 −5
20 0 1 −4
30 5 2 −3
40 10 3 −2

Find the value of y for the given value of x. (Section 6.2)

1
3. y = 10x; x = −3 4. y = 6 − 2x; x = 11 5. y = 4x + 5; x = —
2

Graph the function. (Section 6.2)

x
6. y = x − 10 7. y = 2x + 3 8. y = —
2

Use the graph or table to write a linear function that relates y to x. (Section 6.3)
9. y 10. x y
2
1
−3 −3
Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 x
Ź1 0 −1
Ź2
Ź3 3 1
Ź4
6 3

11. PUPPIES The table shows the ages of four puppies and
Age (weeks) Weight (oz)
their weights. Use the table to draw a mapping diagram.
(Section 6.1) 3 11
4 85
12. MUSIC An online music store sells songs for $0.90 each. 6 85
(Section 6.2)
10 480
a. Write a function that you can use to find the cost C
of buying s songs.
b. What is the cost of buying 5 songs?

13. ADVERTISING The table shows the revenue R

Advertising, A Revenue, R
(in millions of dollars) of a company when it spends
A (in millions of dollars) on advertising. (Section 6.3) 0 2
2 6
a. Write and graph a linear function that relates the
revenue to the advertising cost. 4 10
6 14
b. What is the revenue of the company when it
spends $15 million on advertising? 8 18

Sections 6.1– 6.3 Quiz 265

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 Comparing Linear and
6.4
Nonlinear Functions

How can you recognize when a pattern

in real life is linear or nonlinear?

1 ACTIVITY: Finding Patterns for Similar Figures

Work with a partner. Copy and complete each table for the sequence of
similar rectangles. Graph the data in each table. Decide whether each pattern
is linear or nonlinear.

2x

a. Perimeters of similar rectangles b. Areas of similar rectangles

x 1 2 3 4 5 x 1 2 3 4 5
Functions
In this lesson, you will P A
● identify linear and

nonlinear functions from

tables or graphs. P A
● compare linear and

nonlinear functions. 40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x

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 2 ACTIVITY: Comparing Linear and Nonlinear Functions
Work with a partner. Each table shows the height h (in feet) of a falling object
at t seconds.
● Graph the data in each table.
● Decide whether each graph is linear or nonlinear.
● Compare the two falling objects. Which one has an increasing speed?
a. Falling parachute jumper b. Falling bowling ball

t 0 1 2 3 4 t 0 1 2 3 4

h 300 285 270 255 240 h 300 284 236 156 44

Math
Practice
Apply
Mathematics
What will the graph
look like for an
object that has a
constant speed?
an increasing
speed? Explain.
Parachute Jumper Bowling Ball

h h

240 240
Height (feet)
Height (feet)

180 180

120 120

60 60

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 t
Time (seconds) Time (seconds)

3. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you recognize when a pattern in real life
is linear or nonlinear? Describe two real-life patterns: one that is linear
and one that is nonlinear. Use patterns that are different from those
described in Activities 1 and 2.

Use what you learned about comparing linear and nonlinear

functions to complete Exercises 3 – 6 on page 270.

Section 6.4 Comparing Linear and Nonlinear Functions 267

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 6.4 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

Key Vocabulary The graph of a linear function shows a constant rate of change. A
nonlinear function does not have a constant rate of change. So, its
nonlinear function,
p. 268 graph is not a line.

EXAMPLE 1 Identifying Functions from Tables

Does the table represent a linear or nonlinear function? Explain.
a. +3 +3 +3 b. +2 +2 +2
Study Tip
x 3 6 9 12 x 1 3 5 7
A constant rate of
change describes a y 40 32 24 16 y 2 11 33 88
quantity that changes
by equal amounts over −8 −8 −8 +9 +22 +55
equal intervals.
As x increases by 3, As x increases by 2,
y decreases by 8. The y increases by different
rate of change is constant. amounts. The rate of
So, the function is linear. change is not constant. So,
the function is nonlinear.

EXAMPLE 2 Identifying Functions from Graphs

Does the graph represent a linear or nonlinear function? Explain.
a. y b. y
3 3

2 2

1 1

Ź3 Ź2 1 2 3 x Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 x
Ź1 Ź1

Ź2
Ź3 Ź3

The graph is not a line. So, The graph is a line. So,

the function is nonlinear. the function is linear.

Does the table or graph represent a linear or nonlinear function?

Exercises 7–10 Explain.
1. 2. 3. y
x y x y 3
2
0 25 2 8
7 20 4 4 Ź3 Ź2 1 2 3 x
Ź1
14 15 6 0 Ź2
Ź3
21 10 8 −4

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 EXAMPLE 3 Identifying a Nonlinear Function
Which equation represents a nonlinear function?
A
○ y = 4.7 B y = πx
○
4
C
○ y=— D y = 4(x − 1)
○
x

You can rewrite the equations y = 4.7, y = π x, and y = 4(x − 1) in

slope-intercept form. So, they are linear functions.
4
You cannot rewrite the equation y = — in slope-intercept form.
x
So, it is a nonlinear function.

C .
The correct answer is ○

EXAMPLE 4 Real-Life Application

Account A earns simple interest. Account B earns compound interest.
The table shows the balances for 5 years. Graph the data and compare
the graphs.

Savings Account

y Account B
Account A Account B
Year, t 170

Balance (dollars)
Balance Balance 160
0 $100 $100 150
140
1 $110 $110
130
2 $120 $121 120 Account A
3 $130 $133.10 110
100
4 $140 $146.41
0
5 $150 $161.05 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 t
Year

Both graphs show that the balances are positive and increasing.
The balance of Account A has a constant rate of change of $10.
So, the function representing the balance of Account A is linear.
The balance of Account B increases by different amounts each year.
Because the rate of change is not constant, the function representing
the balance of Account B is nonlinear.

Does the equation represent a linear or nonlinear function? Explain.

Exercises 12–14 4x
4. y = x + 5 5. y=— 6. y = 1 − x2
3

Section 6.4 Comparing Linear and Nonlinear Functions 269

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 6.4 Exercises
Help with Homework

1. VOCABULARY Describe how linear functions and nonlinear functions

are different.
2. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which equation does not belong with the
other three? Explain your reasoning.

2
5y = 2x y = —x 10y = 4x 5xy = 2
5

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

Graph the data in the table. Decide whether the graph is linear or nonlinear.
3. x 0 1 2 3 4.
x 1 2 3 4
y 4 8 12 16 y 1 2 6 24

5. 6. x −1 0 1 2
x 6 5 4 3

y 21 15 10 6 y −7 −3 1 5

Does the table or graph represent a linear or nonlinear function? Explain.

1 2 7. y 8. y
4 4
3 3
2 2
1

Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 4 x Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 x
Ź1
Ź2 Ź2
Ź3 Ź3
Ź4 Ź4

9. 10. x −3 −1 1 3
x 5 11 17 23

y 7 11 15 19 y 9 1 1 9

11. VOLUME The table shows the volume V (in cubic feet) of a cube with an edge
length of x feet. Does the table represent a linear or nonlinear function? Explain.

Edge Length, x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Volume, V 1 8 27 64 125 216 343 512

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 Does the equation represent a linear or nonlinear function? Explain.
8
3 12. 2x + 3y = 7 13. y + x = 4x + 5 14. y = —2
x
15. LIGHT The frequency y (in terahertz) of a light wave is a function of its
wavelength x (in nanometers). Does the table represent a linear or nonlinear
function? Explain.

Color Red
Re d Yell
Yellow
llow
ow Gree
Green
een Blue
Blue Vi
Violet
iol
olet
let

Wavelength, x 660 595 530 465 400

Frequency, y 454 504 566 645 749

16. MODELING The table shows the cost y (in dollars) of x pounds of sunflower seeds.

Pounds, x Cost, y a What is the missing y-value that makes the table represent a
a.
linear function?
2 2.80
b Write a linear function that represents the cost y of x pounds
b.
3 ?
of seeds. Interpret the slope.
4 5.60
c Does the function have a maximum value? Explain your reasoning.
c.

17. TREES Tree A is 5 feet tall and grows at a rate of

Years, x Height, h
1.5 feet per year. The table shows the height h (in feet)
0 5
of Tree B after x years.
1 11
a. Does the table represent a linear or nonlinear
4 17
function? Explain.
9 23
b. Which tree is taller after 10 years? Explain.

18. The ordered pairs represent a function.

(0, −1), (1, 0), (2, 3), (3, 8), and (4, 15)
a. Graph the ordered pairs and describe the pattern. Is the function
linear or nonlinear?
b. Write an equation that represents the function.

The vertices of a figure are given. Draw the figure and its image after a dilation with
the given scale factor k. Identify the type of dilation. (Section 2.7)
19. A(−3, 1), B(−1, 3), C(−1, 1); k = 3
1
20. J(−8, −4), K(2, −4), L(6, −10), M(−8, −10); k = —
4
21. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the value of x ? (Section 3.3) 125î 55î
A 25
○ B 35
○
C 55 D 125 xî 125î
○ ○

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 6.5 Analyzing and Sketching Graphs

How can you use a graph to represent

relationships between quantities without using numbers?

1 ACTIVITY: Interpreting a Graph

Work with a partner. Use the graph shown.

Water level
a. How is this graph different from the other
graphs you have studied?
b. Write a short paragraph that describes
how the water level changes over time.
c. What situation can this graph represent? Time

2 ACTIVITY: Matching Situations to Graphs

Work with a partner. You are riding your bike. Match each situation with the
appropriate graph. Explain your reasoning.
A. B.
Speed

Speed

Time Time
C. D.
Speed
Speed

Functions
In this lesson, you will
● analyze the relationship

between two quantities

using graphs. Time Time
● sketch graphs to
a. You gradually increase your speed, then ride at a constant speed along
represent the
relationship between a bike path. You then slow down until you reach your friend’s house.
two quantities.
b. You gradually increase your speed, then go down a hill. You then
quickly come to a stop at an intersection.
c. You gradually increase your speed, then stop at a store for a couple of
minutes. You then continue to ride, gradually increasing your speed.
d. You ride at a constant speed, then go up a hill. Once on top of the hill,
you gradually increase your speed.
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 3 ACTIVITY: Comparing Graphs
Work with a partner. The graphs represent the heights of a rocket and a
weather balloon after they are launched.
a. How are the graphs Graph A Graph B
similar? How are they

Height above ground

Height above ground

different? Explain.
b. Compare the steepness
of each graph.
c. Which graph do you
think represents the
height of the rocket?
Explain.
Time Time

4 ACTIVITY: Comparing Graphs

Work with a partner. The graphs represent the speeds of two cars. One car is
Math approaching a stop sign. The other car is approaching a yield sign.
Practice
Consider Similar a. How are the graphs Graph A Graph B
Problems similar? How are they
How is this activity different? Explain.
similar to the b. Compare the steepness
previous activity?
Speed

Speed
of each graph.
c. Which graph do you
think represents the
car approaching a stop
sign? Explain.
Time Time

5. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you use a graph to represent relationships
between quantities without using numbers?
Height above ground

6. Describe a possible situation represented by the

graph shown.
7. Sketch a graph similar to the graphs in
Activities 1 and 2. Exchange graphs with a
classmate and describe a possible situation
represented by the graph. Discuss the results.

Time

Use what you learned about analyzing and sketching graphs

to complete Exercises 7 – 9 on page 276.

Section 6.5 Analyzing and Sketching Graphs 273

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 6.5 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

increasing
no change
(constant)
Graphs can show the relationship

Distance
between quantities without using
specific numbers on the axes. decreasing

Time

EXAMPLE 1 Analyzing Graphs

Belfast, Maine The graphs show the temperatures throughout Newport, Oregon
the day in two cities.
a. Describe the change in temperature in
Temperature

Temperature
each city.

Belfast: The temperature increases at the

beginning of the day. Then the temperature
begins to decrease at a faster and faster rate
Time
for the rest of the day. Time
Newport: The temperature decreases at a constant rate
at the beginning of the day. Then the temperature stays
the same for a while before increasing at a constant rate
for the rest of the day.
b. Make three comparisons from the graphs.
Three possible comparisons follow:
Study Tip ● Both graphs show increasing and decreasing temperatures.
● Both graphs are nonlinear, but the graph of the temperatures
The comparisons given
in Example 1(b) are in Newport consists of three linear sections.
sample answers. You ● In Belfast, it was warmer at the end of the day than at the
can make many other beginning. In Newport, it was colder at the end of the day
correct comparisons. than at the beginning.
Pelican Osprey

1. The graphs show the

Vertical distance

Vertical distance

Exercises 7–12 paths of two birds

diving to catch fish.
a. Describe the path
of each bird.
b. Make three
comparisons Horizontal distance Horizontal distance
from the graphs.

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 You can sketch graphs showing relationships between quantities that are
described verbally.

EXAMPLE 2 Sketching Graphs

Sketch a graph that represents each situation.
a. A stopped subway train gains speed at a constant rate until it
reaches its maximum speed. It travels at this speed for a while,
and then slows down at a constant rate until coming to a stop at
the next station.
Step 1: Draw the axes. Label the vertical axis “Speed” and the
horizontal axis “Time.”
Step 2: Sketch the graph.

Words Graph
A stopped subway train gains increasing line segment
speed at a constant rate . . . starting at the origin

until it reaches its maximum horizontal line segment

Speed

speed. It travels at this speed

for a while, . . .

and then slows down at a decreasing line

constant rate until coming to segment ending at the
Time a stop at the next station. horizontal axis

b. As television size increases, the price increases at an

increasing rate.
Step 1: Draw the axes. Label the vertical
axis “Price” and the horizontal
axis “TV size.”
Price

Step 2: Sketch the graph.

The price increases at an
increasing rate. So, the graph is
nonlinear and becomes steeper
and steeper as the TV size TV size
increases.

Sketch a graph that represents the situation.

Exercises 15–18 2. A fully charged battery loses its charge at a constant rate until
it has no charge left. You plug it in and recharge it fully. Then it
loses its charge at a constant rate until it has no charge left.
3. As the available quantity of a product increases, the price
decreases at a decreasing rate.

Section 6.5 Analyzing and Sketching Graphs 275

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 6.5 Exercises
Help with Homework

MATCHING Match the verbal description with the part of the graph it describes.
1. stays the same
2. slowly decreases at a constant rate
C F
3. slowly increases at a constant rate B
D E
4. increases at an increasing rate A

5. quickly decreases at a constant rate

6. quickly increases at a constant rate

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

Describe the relationship between the two quantities.

1 7. Balloon 8. Sales 9. Engine Power

Horsepower
Volume

Dollars

Time Time Engine speed

10. Decay 11. Hair 12. Loan

Balance
Length
Grams

Time Time Payments

13. NATURAL GAS The graph shows the natural gas

usage for a house.
Usage

a. Describe the change in usage from

January to March.
b. Describe the change in usage from
Jan Mar May July March to May.

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 14. REASONING The graph shows two bowlers’ averages during Mike
a bowling season.
Mark

Average
a. Describe each bowler’s performance.
b. Who had a greater average most of the season?
Who had a greater average at the end of the season?

Sketch a graph that represents the situation. Weeks

2 15. The value of a car depreciates. The value decreases quickly
at first and then more slowly.
16. The distance from the ground changes as your friend swings on a swing.
17. The value of a rare coin increases at an increasing rate.
18. You are typing at a constant rate. You pause to think about your next
paragraph, and then you resume typing at the same constant rate.

19. Economics You can use a supply and demand model to

Supply
understand how the price of a product changes in a market.
The supply curve of a particular product represents the

Price
quantity suppliers will produce at various prices. The
demand curve for the product represents the quantity
Demand
consumers are willing to buy at various prices.
a. Describe and interpret each curve.
Quantity
b. Which part of the graph represents a surplus?
a shortage? Explain your reasoning.
c. The curves intersect at the equilibrium point, which is where the quantity
produced equals the quantity demanded. Suppose that demand for a
product suddenly increases, causing the entire demand curve to shift to
the right. What happens to the equilibrium point?

Solve the system of linear equations by graphing. (Section 5.1)

20. y = x + 2 21. x − y = 3 22. 3x + 2y = 2
y = −x − 4 −2x + y = −5 5x − 3y = −22

23. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which triangle is a rotation y

4
of Triangle D? (Section 2.4)
A 3
B
A Triangle A
○ 2
1
B Triangle B
○ Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 x
C Triangle C
○ C Ź2
D
D none
○ Ź3
Ź4

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 6.4 – 6.5 Quiz
Progress Check

Does the table or graph represent a linear or nonlinear function? Explain.

(Section 6.4)
1. y 2. y
4 4
3 3
2 2
1
x
Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 x Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3
Ź1 Ź1
Ź2 Ź2

3. x y 4. x y
0 3 −1 3
3 0 1 7
6 3 3 11
9 6 5 15

5. CHICKEN SALAD The equation y = 7.9x represents the cost y (in dollars)
of buying x pounds of chicken salad. Does this equation represent a
linear or nonlinear function? Explain. (Section 6.4)

6. HEIGHTS The graphs show the heights Larry Phil

of two people over time. (Section 6.5)
a. Describe the change in height of
each person.
Height

Height

b. Make three comparisons from

the graphs.

Time Time

You are snowboarding down a hill. Sketch a graph that represents

the situation. (Section 6.5)
7. You gradually increase your speed at a constant rate over time
but fall about halfway down the hill. You take a short break,
then get up, and gradually increase your speed again.
8. You gradually increase your speed at a constant rate over time.
You come to a steep section of the hill and rapidly increase your
speed at a constant rate. You then decrease your speed at a
constant rate until you come to a stop.

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 6 Chapter Review
Vocabulary Help

Review Key Vocabulary

input, p. 244 function, p. 245
output, p. 244 function rule, p. 250
relation, p. 244 linear function, p. 258
mapping diagram, p. 244 nonlinear function, p. 268

Review Examples and Exercises

6.1 Relations and Functions (pp. 242–247)

Determine whether the relation is a function.

Input Output Each input has exactly one output.

−2 So, the relation is a function.

−1
0
3
2
5
4

Determine whether the relation is a function.

1. Input Output 2. Input Output
1 −4 0 0
3 0 1 5
5 6 2 10
7 8 3 15

6.2 Representations of Functions (pp. 248–255)

Graph the function y = x − 1 using inputs of −1, 0, 1, and 2.

Make an input-output table. Plot the ordered pairs and

Ordered Pair, draw a line through the points.
Input, x x−1 Output, y
(x, y) y
3
−1 −1 − 1 −2 (−1, −2) 2
(2, 1)
(0, Ź1)
0 0−1 −1 (0, −1)
Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 2 3 x
1 1−1 0 (1, 0) (Ź1, Ź2) (1, 0)

2 2−1 1 (2, 1) Ź3

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 Find the value of y for the given value of x.
2 x
3. y = 2x − 3; x = −4 4. y = 2 − 9x; x = — 5. y = — + 5; x = 6
3 3
Graph the function.
6. y = x + 3 7. y = −5x 8. y = 3 − 3x

6.3 Linear Functions (pp. 256–263)

Use the graph to write a linear function that relates y to x.

The points lie on a line. Find the slope by using the y (2, 3)
points (1, 1) and (2, 3). 3
2
change in y 3−1 2 (1, 1)
m=—=—=—=2 1
change in x 2 − 1 1
Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 x
Because the line crosses the y-axis at (0, −1), Ź2
(0, Ź1)
the y-intercept is −1.
(Ź1, Ź3)
So, the linear function is y = 2x − 1.

Use the graph or table to write a linear function that relates y to x.

9. y 10. x −2 0 2 4
4
3
y −7 −7 −7 −7
2
1

Ź6 Ź5 Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 x
Ź1

6.4 Comparing Linear and Nonlinear Functions (pp. 266–271)

Does the table represent a linear or nonlinear function? Explain.

a. +2 +2 +2 b. +5 +5 +5

x 0 2 4 6 x 0 5 10 15
y 0 1 4 9 y 50 40 30 20

+1 +3 +5 −10 −10 −10

As x increases by 2, y increases As x increases by 5, y decreases

by different amounts. The rate by 10. The rate of change is
of change is not constant. So, constant. So, the function
the function is nonlinear. is linear.

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 Does the table represent a linear or nonlinear function? Explain.
11. 12.
x 3 6 9 12 x 1 3 5 7

y 1 10 19 28 y 3 1 1 3

6.5 Analyzing and Sketching Graphs (pp. 272–277)

The graphs show the populations of two cities over several years.
a. Describe the change in population in each city. Lake City

Lake City: The population gradually decreases at a

constant rate, then gradually increases at a constant

Population
rate. Then the population rapidly increases at a
constant rate.
Gold Point: The population rapidly increases at a
constant rate. Then the population stays the same for
a short period of time before gradually decreasing at a Time
constant rate.
b. Make three comparisons from the graphs. Gold Point

● Both graphs show increasing and decreasing

populations.

Population
● Both graphs are nonlinear, but both graphs consist
of three linear sections.
● Both populations at the end of the time period are
greater than the populations at the beginning of the
time period. Time

Company A Company B

13. SALES The graphs show the

sales of two companies.
Sales

Sales

a. Describe the sales of

each company.
b. Make three comparisons
from the graphs. Time Time

Sketch a graph that represents the situation.

14. You climb up a climbing wall. You gradually climb halfway up the wall at a
constant rate, then stop and take a break. You then climb to the top of the
wall at a constant rate.
15. The price of a stock steadily increases at a constant rate for several months
before the stock market crashes. The price then quickly decreases at a
constant rate.
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 6 Chapter Test
Test Practice

Determine whether the relation is a function.

1. Input Output 2. Input Output
2 9 −3 1
4 10 −1 3
6 11 1 5
8 3 7
9
Graph the function.
3. y = x + 8 4. y = 1 − 3x 5. y = x − 4

6. Use the graph to write a linear 7. Does the table represent a linear
function that relates y to x. or nonlinear function? Explain.
y
2 x 0 2 4 6
1
y 8 0 −8 −16
Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 x
Ź1
Ź2
Ź3
Ź4

8. WATER SKI The table shows the number

Minutes, x 1 2 3 4 5
of meters a water skier travels in x minutes.
a. Write a function that relates x to y. Meters, y 600 1200 1800 2400 3000

b. Graph the linear function.

c. At this rate, how many kilometers would the water skier travel in 12 minutes?

9. STOCKS The graphs show the prices Stock A Stock B

of two stocks during one day.

a. Describe the prices of each stock.

Price

Price

b. Make three comparisons from

the graphs.

Time Time

10. RACE You are competing in a race. You begin the race by increasing your
speed at a constant rate. You then run at a constant speed until you get a
cramp and have to stop. You wait until your cramp goes away before you
start gradually increasing your speed again at a constant rate. Sketch a
graph that represents the situation.

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 6 Cumulative Assessment
Test-Takin
g Strateg
y
1. What is the slope of the line shown in Work Bac
kwards
the graph below?

y
6
(Ź4, 5)
5
4
3
2
1

Ź5 Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 1 2 3 x

Ź2
(1, Ź3)
Ź3
Ź4 “Work b
a
and 4. Y ckwards by try
ou will s ing 1, 2
e ,3
So, D is e that 3(4) = 1 ,
correct. 2.
8 2 ”
A. −— C. −—
3 3
8 2
B. −— D. −—
5 5

2. Which value of a makes the equation below true?

a
24 = — − 9
3

F. 5 H. 45

G. 11 I. 99

3. A mapping diagram is shown. Input Output

What number belongs in the box below so that 4 33

the equation will correctly describe the function 7 54
represented by the mapping diagram? 10 75
13 96
y= x+5

4. What is the solution of the system of linear equations shown below?

y = 2x − 1
y = 3x + 5

A. (−13, −6) C. (−13, 6)

B. (−6, −13) D. (−6, 13)

Cumulative Assessment 283

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 5. A system of two linear equations has no solution. What can you conclude
about the graphs of the two equations?

F. The lines have the same slope and the same y-intercept.

G. The lines have the same slope and different y-intercepts.

H. The lines have different slopes and the same y-intercept.

I. The lines have different slopes and different y-intercepts.

6. Which graph shows a nonlinear function?

A. y C. y
3 3
2
1 1

Ź3 Ź2 O 1 2 3 x Ź3 Ź2 O 1 2 3 x

Ź2 Ź2
Ź3 Ź3

B. y D. y
3 3
2 2
1 1

Ź3 Ź2 O 1 2 3 x Ź3 Ź2 1 2 3 x

Ź2
Ź3

7. What is the value of x?

140í

xí

F. 40 H. 140

G. 50 I. 220

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 8. The tables show the sales (in millions Year 1 2 3 4 5
of dollars) for two companies over
Sales 2 4 6 8 10
a 5-year period. Examine the data
in the tables.

Year 1 2 3 4 5
Part A Does the first table show a
linear function? Explain Sales 1 1 2 3 5
your reasoning.

Part B Does the second table show a linear function? Explain your reasoning.

1
9. The equations y = −x + 4 and y = — x − 8 form a system of linear equations.
2
The table below shows the y-value for each equation at six different values of x.

x 0 2 4 6 8 10
y = −x + 4 4 2 0 −2 −4 −6
1
y = —x − 8 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3
2

What can you conclude from the table?

A. The system has one solution, when x = 0.

B. The system has one solution, when x = 4.

C. The system has one solution, when x = 8.

D. The system has no solution.

10. In the diagram below, Triangle ABC is a dilation of Triangle DEF . What is the
value of x ?

A
D
x cm
6 cm 9 cm

F 5 cm E

C 10 cm B

Cumulative Assessment 285

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