Indonesian Journal of Electronics, Electromedical Engineering, and Medical Informatics

Multidisciplinary : Rapid Review : Open Access Journal Vol. 4, No. 2, May 2022, pp.78-84 eISSN: 2656-8624

RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

Manuscript received November 10, 2021; revised March 3, 2022; accepted May 21, 2022; date of publication May 30, 2022
Digital Object Identifier (DOI): https://doi.org/10.35882/ijeeemi.v4i2.5
This work is an open-access article and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0)

Analysis of Tube Leakage of X-Ray Radiation

Using Geiger Muller Sensor Equipped with Data
Storage
Bedjo Utomo1, Tribowo Indrato1, Her Gumiwang1, Urip Mudjiono2, Bayu Ardiansyah1, A K M Bellal
Hossain3, and Klarnarong Wongpituk4
1
Department of Electromedical Engineering Poltekkes Kemenkes, Surabaya, INDONESIA
2
Shipbuilding Institute of Polytechnic Surabaya, INDONESIA
3
University of Bisha, SAUDI ARABIA
4
Valaya Alongkorn Rajabhat University under the Royal Patronage, THAILAND
Corresponding author: Tribowo Indrato (e-mail: [email protected])

ABSTRACT X-ray radiation (ionization) cannot be felt directly by the five human senses. Therefore,
radiation monitoring is needed, one of which by using a survey meter. The purpose of this research is to
directly monitor the level of radiation exposure and leakage of X-ray tube containers in the work area. This
was done to ensure the safety and health of workers in the radiation transmission area, so that it is in
accordance with the ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) principle, which is stipulated in the
Decree of the Minister of Health RI No. 1250/Menkes/SK/XII/2009 concerning Guidelines for Quality
Control of Radiodiagnostic Equipment as Standard Values for X-Ray Radiation Monitoring. This research is
an experimental study with a survey meter equipment module design using a Geiger Muller sensor equipped
with data storage. This module design method uses Arduino programming as data processing and is displayed
on the CHARACTER LCD. Test analysis was carried out by comparing the measurement value of the module
with the standard value as a standard for comparison. Based on the measurement results, the X-ray tube leak
test value resulted in a standard AAT survey meter value of 0.001 both using a closed and unsupplied 2mm
Pb circuit, namely 0.00097 mGy/hour and 0.00092 mGy/hour. Meanwhile, the results of the tube leakage test
using a survey meter, both circuits, modules, and standard survey meters show a passing grade test value of
< 1mGy/hour. In conclusion, the module design using the Geiger Muller sensor is feasible to use.

INDEX TERMS Survey Meter, Geiger Muller, Arduino

I. INTRODUCTION radiation from radioactive substances cannot be felt directly

Radiation can be interpreted as energy radiated in the form of by the human senses. Therefore, a detector is needed to
particles or waves. Radiation cannot be felt directly by the five monitor the rate of radiation exposure [3] [4]. The dangers of
human senses. Therefore, radiation monitoring is needed, one radiation in certain amounts can cause ionization of human
of which by using a survey meter. Radiation monitoring aims body cells and can damage body cells [5]. The nature and
to determine firsthand the rate of radiation exposure in a work severity of this radiation influence depends on the dose the
area to ensure that the safety and health of workers who will tissue cell receives. The unit size of the dose for humans is
work in the radiation-transmitting area are in accordance with called rem. In this case, the biological effects of radiation can
the principles of ALARA (As Low As Reasonably be classified into two types: deterministic effects and genetic
Achievable) [1][2]. The safety and security aspects of effects [6][7][8].
radioactive substances from sender to receiver are things that In the procedure of testing and measuring X-ray radiation,
must be guaranteed so as not to harm humans, because a survey meter is required to measure the level of radiation

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Multidisciplinary : Rapid Review : Open Access Journal Vol. 4, No. 2, May 2022, pp.78-84 eISSN: 2656-8624

exposure and provide data on measurement results in cacah this research is that the design of the tool is still not equipped
per minute (CPM) or mR/hour [9][10]. Each nuclear radiation with the storage of measurement results.
gauge consists of two parts, namely detectors and supporting In 2016, Nur Aira Abd Rahman et al. designed a digital
equipment. The radiation measuring instruments which are radiation survey meter with a Muller Geiger tube detector
commonly used are survey meters with several types such as LND7121 and an Atmega328P microcontroller (survey meter
ionization chamber detectors, Muller Geiger detectors, and prototype) using the Arduino Uno platform through Timer 16-
proportional detectors. All of this measurement equipment is bit on the microcontroller as an external pulse counter. This
used in the field of radiation areas, so they are designed to was done to generate a second count or CPS measurements
display fast data. Radiation detectors are the most important converted to dose rate techniques by Arduino for displays
part of the radiation measuring system that serves to convert results in micro Sievert per hour (μSvhr-1) and linear
the amount of radiation into electrical signals or pulses [11]. measurement results for dose rates below 3500 Sv/hr [23].
Research in the field of radiation monitoring systems has been This research developed a Survey meter design that can send
frequently done, both in the field of design and development serial data of measurement results from the radiation
of radiation monitor systems [12]. Currently, many Digital measurement area via SMS text to the host server, so that this
Survey meters have been created using Geiger-Muller gas system can work with two-way communication for data
filling detectors as gamma, X-ray, and Beta radiation transmission, request status, and configuration settings. This
detectors, with the principle of working from radiation module was designed to consist of GSM, Geiger Muller tube
(gamma rays or beta particles) entering the detector, then the detector, Geiger Muller tube detector, voltage level converter,
radiation ionizes the gas in the tube and produces positive ions SIM circuit, and Atmega328P microcontroller as control to
and negative ions (electrons) that are proportional to the send, receive, and AT commands to process data to GSM
intensity of radiation [13][14][15]. Utilization of Geiger- module and Firmware to communicate between devices and
Muller gas filling detector in the design of survey meter is hosted servers. Integration of this module with Survey
possible to measure X-ray radiation and can be used properly meters/radiation monitoring devices will create a mobile and
for Conformity Test [16]. Measurement of radiation leak wireless radiation monitoring system with rapid emergency
container X-ray tube is one of the parameters of the alerts at high radiation levels [24]. The advantages of this
Conformity Test conducted to ensure that the collimator is study are that data can be received for outdoor emergencies.
covered perfectly and the radiation leaking from the collimator Meanwhile, the disadvantages are that it spends a lot of battery
is still within the admission criteria [17]. X-ray tube container consumption (battery quickly depleted), excessive use of
leak testing aims to determine the position and value of the graphic LCD if only to display the output of numbers and
tube container leak [18][19]. sending data via SMS is difficult to accept because it is
In 2015, N. N. Ghuge et al. designed a survey meter to difficult to detect GSM / GPRS signals in the radiology room.
determine how much radioactivity at the site of a nuclear Georgia Kusmiran Barends conducted similar research on
accident using a radiation detector containing Geiger Muller's measuring radiation exposure (X-ray fluoroscopy device). The
gas cylinder, which would detect radioactivity, and could design of this tool uses a Geiger Muller detector tube where
measure gamma radiation. The results of radiation intensity the detector output is processed using Arduino Uno and the
measurements are displayed on the LCD and store data in measurement results are displayed on the Character LCD and
memory so that it can be analyzed further. The system is Android in the form of numbers in microSievert and Counter
designed using digital display techniques using PIC Units Per Minute. The measurement results of the module
microcontrollers, LCDs, keys, and USB interfaces [20][21]. were compared with a standard survey meter that was
However, this study has not done calibration/ measurement calibrated so that it was known that the accuracy value of the
comparison between the design of the survey meter tool with tool using the Geiger Muller detector was 90.71% for
the standard survey meter so that the value of measurement measuring background radiation in an enclosed space. In this
errors is not known. In 2016, Ivan Morales et al. conducted study, the measurement of X-ray radiation was only carried
research by designing, assembling, and calibrating out on one unit of fluoroscopy equipment. There was no data
microcontroller-based Geiger-Muller dose gauges [22]. The that explained how to test, the condition of the tool, and the
design uses the Geiger Muller Detector, a Texas Instruments design of the tool and it was not equipped with a measurement
MSP430 low-power microcontroller, a front-end analog data storage system [25].
circuit, and a high voltage and overall system calibrated to Measurement of X-ray tube leaks in radiology aircraft based
measure the dose rate of its equivalent with high accuracy. The on standard methods as stipulated in the Decree of the Minister
advantage of this research is the production of high-quality of Health of the RI. No. 1250/MENKES/SK/XII/2009 On
and inexpensive options for radiation detection in vulnerable Quality Control Guidelines for Radiodiagnostic Equipment
environments, such as hospitals and hazardous waste storage [26]. Writing, et al, (2016) carried out a radiation leakage test
centers for radiation accidents. Meanwhile, the shortcoming of on an X-ray Rigaku Radioflex-200 EGS-2. This test includes

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determining the position of the leak using a radiographic film Health of the RI. No. 1250/MENKES/SK/XII/2009 On
and determining the dose rate using a digital pocket dosimeter. Quality Control Guidelines of Radio diagnostic Equipment
The dose was at 0.1128 R/hour at a distance of 1 (one) meter for home leak test of X-ray tubes. Measurement of radiation
from the focal point so that the leakage value of the X-ray intensity in X-ray tube containers was further compared to
aircraft is still below the permissible value. Ujang, et al. 2019 standard survey meters that have been calibrated.
analyzed the Wonsolution WSR-40 Radiographic
Performance Test as a standard requirement required for X- 1) MATERIALS AND TOOL
ray aircraft Conformity Test, especially for medical exposure This study used an Arduino UNO as a programming source,
by measuring radiation leakage on five sides, i.e., left, right, Geiger muller/ Geiger counter module to capture X-rays,
character LCD for survey meter display, push button, SD
front, rear, and 1 meter above the housing. X-ray tube, the
card module as data storage that has been read by the tool,
measurement results have an average value of 0.0245
battery as a tool supply, and charger module/power bank
mGy/hour while the allowed pass value is 1 mGy/hour [27].
module to charge the battery on the tool.
Based on the research literature above, it can be concluded 2) EXPERIMENT
that the use of the Arduino microcontroller is more practical, Measurements were carried out 5 times in each measurement
inexpensive, and easier than other microcontrollers and data setting of the intensity of the container or tube leak using the
transmission using GSM/GPRS is more suitable for sending design of survey meter tools (modules and circuits) with a
data outside the radiology room. In addition, [28] survey meter comparison tool, namely Fluke Ray Safe 452 Radiation
design using Geiger Muller detector does not require much Survey meter.
cost for X-ray radiation measurement, and the results of X-ray
radiation measurements in the form of numbers simply use B. THE DIAGRAM BLOCK
character LCD. However, not many studies use data storage of FIGURE 1 shows the diagram block of this study, in which
X-ray radiation measurements in the design of survey meter when the device is turned on, the system starts working. The
tools. entire range of device systems including High Voltage
In the design of this tool, X-ray radiation measurements will Circuit, IC Microcontroller, Signal Input Circuit, and 16x2
be developed with several technological innovations from Character LCD gets voltage from the battery module.
radiation measuring instruments using a Geiger Muller tube Save Button LCD
detector and the measurement results can be displayed in the Character
Arduino UNO
form of numbers in microSievert or milliRoentgen units on an
LCD equipped with X-ray radiation measuring devices for Position Button A/D
data storage. This innovation is expected to facilitate the use
of tools for the safety of radiation measuring instruments when Geiger Muler
SD Card
measuring and reading ionizing radiation such as X-ray Sensor Analog Signal Memory
radiation and measurement results can be stored for a long Conditioning
High voltage
time. The use of the Arduino Microcontroller and MicroSD Circuit
Card is the result of developing practical technology
(hardware and software) at a fairly affordable price. FIGURE 1. The Diagram Block Circuit Module System

The purpose of this research is to design an x-ray radiation

The High Voltage circuit serves to increase the voltage of
measuring instrument that will be used to test the leakage of
the battery so as to produce a high voltage output to activate
x-ray radiation tubes using the Geiger Muller Sensor which is the Muller Geiger Tube Detector Frame which requires a
equipped with data storage. X-ray tube leakage measurement high DC voltage (150-200V), but the tube voltage suggested
testing using a Survey meter tool design with a Geiger Muller by the manufacturing company is 500V. The potential
sensor was carried out on 5 (five) X-ray devices according to difference in the anode and cathode of the Muller Geiger tube
the Conformity Test method and each measurement result was makes the electric field and pair of electron ions get a
stored on a microSD card. The purpose of this study was to considerable additional kinetic energy. In addition, there was
analyze the results of radiation measurements of the leakage a separation event of negative ions and positive ions. When
container of x-ray tubes using the Geiger Muller circuit and the detector detects the presence of charged radiation
the Geiger Muller module. entering through the tube window, the electrons will move
towards the cathode of the detector resulting in a current, the
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS frequency of the voltage counter is proportional to the
intensity of the radiation received. The output voltage of the
A. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP detector is then processed by the microcontroller. The result
Data collection was done 5 times based on working methods of the enumeration is then processed by converting each
/ steps in accordance with the Decree of the Minister of voltage counter then multiplied by one minute, resulting in

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the number of counters that are chopped in one minute or to capture X-rays, character LCD for survey meter display,
called CPM (Count per Minute). CPM is then converted into push buttons, and batteries as a tool supplier, and charger
units of value μSv (MicroSievert) by multiplying the result module/ power bank module to charge the battery on tool.
of the CPM by the conversion of factors from the type of tube
used to produce output in units of mR (milli Rontgen). The
results of the microcontroller data processing are then
displayed to a 2x16 LCD and stored on an SD card memory.

C. THE FLOWCHART
FIGURE 2 shows the flowchart of this study, in which when
the device is turned on, the module will initialize and the
Muller Geiger sensor works. Then, the sensor can read the
radiation from the x-ray device. Data from Geiger Muller is
further processed on Arduino which is then displayed on the
character LCD. The data displayed in the character LCD will
be stored on the SD card. The reset will restore the system to
its original state otherwise the sensor will continue to read FIGURE 3. The Entire Module Circuit Geiger Muller Module
the x-rays and then display on the character LCD. After the
reset, the process is complete. 1) MEASUREMENT RESULT WITH STANDARD
SURVEY METER
Measurements were carried out 5 times in each measurement
Start setting of the intensity of the container or tube leakage using
the design of survey meter tools (modules and circuits) with
LCD Character and Geiger a comparison tool, namely Fluke RaySafe 452 Radiation
Muller Initialization Survey meter. Measurement of X-ray tubes covered with Pb
2mm (TABLE 1)
Collecting Data from
TABLE 1
Geiger Muller
Error between Survey Meter (Circuit) and survey meter (standart)
Detector Covered with Pb 2 mm
Mean (µGy/h)
Survey %
Converting Data to Area Survey meter Error
meter Error
Calibrator (Standard)
(Circuit)
Right 14.50 14.80 0.30 2.0
Front 33.84 34.56 0.72 2.1
Displays X-ray
Left 23.14 25.96 2.82 10.9
Measurement on
Top 15.90 19.92 4.02 20.2
LCD
Back 5.68 5.06 0.62 12.3

Saving Data on SD Card 40 Survey meter (Circuit)

Survey meter (Standard)
35 Error
YES % Error
30
Continue?
Mean in (μ Gy/h)

25
NO
20
End

FIGURE 2. Flowchart of data processing on x-ray radiation module

15
using Geiger Muller sensor
10
III. RESULT
5
The results of the Survey Meter Module Equipment Design is 0
as follow. FIGURE 3 shows a survey meter equipment Right Front Left Top Back
module used for data collection. The series of survey meter Location meansurement exposure
equipment modules above consist of Arduino UNO as a
programming source, Geiger Muller/ Geiger Counter circuit
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FIGURE 4. Mean exposure between survey meter (design) and survey only 0.056 μGv/h. FIGURE 5 describes an average diagram
meter (standard) covered with Pb 2 mm
pattern between the Survey Meter (Circuit) and Survey
As shown in TABLE 1., it can be explained in the graph as Meter (Standard) of the 2 mm Pb Coated area, where in the
shown in FIGURE 4 that the correction value is the front position is the largest average error, which is 32.44 and
difference from the average value of survey meter (circuit) 34.56. Measurement of X-ray tubes not covered with Pb
with survey meter comparison. The percentage of error is the 2mm (TABLE 3)
difference from the average tool module with the average of TABLE 3
correct values that are considered to be correct where the Error Value and % Error between Survey Meter (Circuit) and survey Meter
survey meter comparison value (calibration) is considered (Standart) not Covered with Pb 2 mm
always correct. The largest correction values and error Mean (µGy/h)
%
percentages in upper area measurements were 4.02 μGv/h Area Survey meter
(Module)
Survey meter
(Standard)
Error
Error
and 20.2% respectively. FIGURE 4 describes an average Right 13.92 15.96 2.04 12.8
diagram pattern between the Survey Meter (Circuit) and Front 32.02 36.32 4.30 11.8
Left 21.30 24.20 2.90 12.0
Survey Meter (Standard) of the 2 mm Pb Coated area, where Top 16.72 18.10 1.38 7.6
in the front position is the largest average error, which is Back 6.12 5.98 0.14 2.3
33.84 and 34.56

TABLE 2
40 Survey meter (Module)
Error Value and % Error between Survey Meter (Module) and survey Survey meter (Standard)
Meter (Standard) Covered with Pb 2 mm
35
Error

Mean in (μgy/h)
Mean (µGy/h)
Area Survey meter Survey meter Error
% 30 % Error
Error
(Module) (Standard)
Right 14.94 14.80 0.14 0.9 25
Front 32.44 34.56 2.12 6.1
Left 26.14 25.96 0.18 0.7 20
Top 18.64 19.92 1.28 6.4
Back 5.62 5.06 0.56 11.2 15

10
40
Survey meter (Module) 5
35 Survey meter (Standard)
Error 0
30 % Error Right Front Left Top Back
Location Meansurement Exposure
Mean in (μGy/h)

25
FIGURE 6. Mean exposure between survey meter (design) and survey
20 meter (standard) covered Pb 2 mm

15 The largest error value on the front area measurement is

4.30 μGv/h, while the largest percentage of errors in right
10
area measurements is 12.8%, but the error value is only 2.04
5 μGv/h. The smallest percentage of errors in the rear area
measurement is 2.3% with an error value of 0.14 μGv/h
0 (TABLE 3). FIGURE 6 describes an average diagram pattern
Right Front Left Top Back between the Survey Meter (Circuit) and Survey Meter
Location Meansurement exposure (Standard) of the 2 mm Pb Coated area, where in the front
FIGURE 5. Mean exposure between survey meter (design) and survey position is the largest average error, which is 32.02 and 36.32
meter (standard) covered with Pb 2mm

Correction value is the difference from the average value TABLE 4

Error Value and % Error Between Survey Meter (Module) and Survey
of survey meter (module) with survey meter comparison Meter (standard) not Covered with Pb 2 mm
(TABLE 2). The percentage of error is the difference from Mean (µGy/h)
the average tool module with the average of correct values Survey %
Area Survey meter Error
meter Error
that are considered to be correct where the survey meter (Module)
(Standard)
comparison value (calibrator) is considered always correct. Right 13.48 15.96 2.48 15.5
The largest correction value on the front area measurement Front 30.18 36.32 6.14 16.9
is 2.12 μGv/h, while the largest percentage of errors in the Left 18.62 24.20 5.58 23.1
rear area measurement is 11.2%, but the correction value is Top 16.00 18.10 2.10 11.6

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Back 6.22 5.98 0.24 4.0 0 0.00003 0.00007 0 0.00013 0.00018

Back IV. DISCUSSION

% Error Top The survey meter design has been thoroughly examined and
Left
tested in this study, both survey meters (circuits) on modules
and survey meters (standard). There is a difference in the error
Front value, namely the largest error in the front area, amounting to
Error Right 4.3 and the smallest error in the back area, which is 0.14.
Based on dose measurements in the right, left, front, top and
back areas of the X-ray tube in the area covered by 2mm Pb
Survey meter (Standard) and not covered by 2mm Pb, it can be stated that the
measurement error value lies in the front and back areas.
Furthermore, the results of the measurement of X-ray Tube
Survey meter (Module) Leakage were obtained based on the steps in accordance with
the Decree of the Minister of Health of the RI. No.
1250/MENKES/SK/XII/2009 concerning Guidelines for
0 20 40 Quality Control of Radiodiagnostic Equipment for X-Ray
Mean in (μGy/h) Tube Leakage Tests at Home. The smallest error value was
obtained in the measurement of the back area both in closed
FIGURE 7. Graphic Mean between Survey Meter (Module) and Survey
and unclosed conditions of 2mm Pb. In addition, next the
Meter (standart) not Covered with Pb 2 mm results of the X-Ray Tube Leakage test are tube leakage
measurements using a survey meter either in series, module,
The largest error value on the front area measurement is or standard survey meter showing a good passing test value,
6.14 μGv/h, while the largest percentage of errors in the left namely 1.
area measurement is 23.1%, but the error value is only 0.06
μGv/h. The smallest percentage of errors in the rear area V. CONCLUSION
measurement is 4.0% with an error value of 0.24 μGv/h The purpose of designing the equipment in this module is to
(TABLE 4). From the two tables above obtained the smallest design survey meter equipment using the Geiger Muller
error value on the measurement of the back area both in sensor. The results of this study obtained the largest average
covered and non-covered conditions Pb 2mm. radiation rate value in the front area, both survey meters
FIGURE 7 describes an average diagram pattern between the using circuits, using modules and standard survey meters.
Survey Meter (Circuit) and Survey Meter (Standard) of the 2 The results of the tube leakage test using a survey meter for
mm Pb Coated area, where in the front position is the largest circuits, modules, and a standard survey meter show a good
average error, which is 30.18 and 36.32 passing value of 1mGy/hour. In closed conditions the 2mm
Pb survey meter using circuits and modules tends to be more
2) X-RAY TUBE LEAK TEST RESULTS precise because it has a smaller standard deviation than the
Based on the table above, a corrected value with a covered standard survey meter. However, in the open condition, the
condition of Pb on the circuit obtained 0.00097 mGy/h, in standard 2mm Pb survey meter tends to be more precise
modules of 0.00093 mGy/h and at standards of 0.001 mGy/h. because the standard deviation is smaller than in circuits and
Meanwhile, the value is corrected with the condition of not modules. In future research, it is expected that more
covered Pb on the circuit of 0.00092 mGy/h, on the module modifications to size improvements, hardware design to be
of 0.00097 mGy/h and at the standard of 0.00105 mGy/h. easy to carry and store, and display modifications for direct
The smallest error value was compared by standard survey data storage on smartphones.
meter with 2 conditions in the survey meter above using a
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