The basic functions performed by

living organisms to maintain their life

on this earth are called life processes.

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ACADEMIC ORIGIN
 Life process
The basic functions performed by living organisms to maintain their
life on this earth are called life processes.

Nutrition: Respiration: Transportation: Excretion:

The process of oxidation of food is Movement of The process of

obtaining food and to produce energy substances from one removal of
utilization of it is called respiration. part of the body to metabolic waste
called nutrition. the other. out of the body.

Note- Reproduction is a biological process in which organisms produce young ones of their own kind. This helps to maintain the
continuity and multiplication of their own species. Reproduction, unlike other life processes, is not essential to maintain the life of an
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Criteria of being alive:
1. Visible movement – growth,
locomotion
2. Invisible movement molecular level –
supply nutrients and energy to various
body cells.

Metabolism: - Various biochemical reaction and process

taking place in living organisms for survival is called
metabolism.
 Anabolism – Building up e. g: photosynthesis
 Catabolism - Breaking down e g: Respiration

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Diffusion -
The movement of substances from a
region of its higher concentration to a
region of its lower concentration is called
diffusion.

Diffusion is insufficient to fulfil the requirements of

multicellular organisms:
All the body are not in direct contact with the
environment
Cell to cell diffusion is very slow

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The process of obtaining
food and utilisation of it is
called nutrition.

ACADEMIC ORIGIN
 Modes of Nutrition

Autotrophic Nutrition Heterotrophic Nutrition

Photosynthesis Holozoic Nutrition

1. Herbivores
Chemosynthesis 2. Omnivores
3. Carnivores
4. Scavengers
Autotrophic Nutrition: - The process in which organisms Saprophytic Nutrition
manufacture their food from simple inorganic materials is
called autotrophic nutrition. Parasitic Nutrition
Heterotrophic Nutrition :-  The process of nutrition in which
organisms obtain food from plant and other animal is called
heterotrophic nutrition.
Photosynthesis:
The process in which the green plants make their own
food with Carbon Dioxide and water in the presence of
sunlight and chlorophyll is called Photosynthesis.
 TERMS TO REMEMBER:
Chloroplasts: Disc – shaped organelles containing chlorophyll are called chloroplasts. Found in mesophyll cells of leaves
guard cells of Stomata.
Stomata: - Minute pores present on the lower side of leaves are called stomata.
Functions: Helps in gaseous exchange of co2 and o2
Helps in transpiration.

Guard cells: Kidney shaped cells enclosing stomata are called guard cells. It controls opening and closing of stomata.

Open stomata: During day time guard cells absorb water and become turgid (influx of Potassium of ions) as a result the
stomatal pore opens.
Closed stomata: During night the guard cells loose water and become flaccid (efflux of Ions) as a result the stomatal pores get
closed.

Desert plants take up carbon dioxide at night and prepare an

intermediate compound called malic acid which is acted upon by
the energy absorbed by the chlorophyll during the day such type
of plants are C4 Plants.
Plants require minerals like Nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and
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EVENTS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll
Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and splitting of
water molecules in hydrogen and oxygen (photolysis of water)
Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.
 NUTRITION IN AMOEBA
Amoeba is a holozoic organism.
Ingestion: - when a food particle comes near amoeba it
encircles it through pseudopodia the membrane fuses with
the food and forms a food vacuole. The process of
Engulfing solid food particles is called phagocytosis.
Digestion: - A digestive enzyme is poured inside the food
vacuole which breaks the complex Substances to simpler
form.
Absorption: - The simpler substance is distributed in the
cytoplasm.
Assimilation: - the digested food is used for its growth,
repairing.
Egestion : - The undigested waste moves to the surface of
the cell and is thrown out of Rupturing of plasma
membrane.
 NUTRITION IN PARAMECIUM
Ingestion :- The food is taken at a specific spot the
beating of cilia it moves the food particles to that spot
Digestion :- lysosomes fuse with food vacuole and
secrete digestive enzymes which breakdown complex
food to simple form.
Absorption :- The digested food diffuse in the
cytoplasm
Assimilation: - The new protoplasm is used for growth
and repairing.
Egestion :- The undigested waste is thrown outside
NUTRITION IN HUMANS

Pharynx

Larynx
 HUMAN TEETH
Heterodont
Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars
Diphyodont
Milk teeth
Permanent teeth
Thecodont (embedded in sockets )
Dental formula 2123
2123
NUTRITION IN HUMANS
1. Mouth (saliva) soften and lubricate the food
ptyalin
Starch---------------------- Maltose
Salivary amylase
Salivary
glands It kill bacteria with the help of lysosome

2.Pharynx – Epiglottis is present about trachea ( wind pipe ) which

prevents entry of food in the wind pipe.
3. Oesophagus – peristalsis takes place
4. Stomach (Gastric Juice) (i) HCl
(ii) Mucus
(iii) Pepsin
HCl: - Makes the medium acidic to facilitate the action of pepsin,
Kill germs and bacteria.
Mucus: - Protect the inner lining of stomach from corrosive action
of HCl.
Pepsin: - Break down proteins to peptones and proteoses.
 NUTRITION IN HUMANS
5. Small Intestine
(a) Liver --- Bile Juice (Temporarily stored in gall bladder )
Emulsification of fats( Breaking down of fats to fine globules)
Bicarbonate ions makes the medium alkaline for action of trypsin
(b) Pancreas ----Pancreatic juice
Pancreatic Amylase – Help to digest carbohydrate
Pancreatic lipase - Helps to digest fats
Trypsin - Help to convert peptones and proteoses to peptides.
(c) Small Intestine
Succuss Entericus – complete digestion of food
Carbohydrates are changed to glucose.
Fats are changed to fatty acids and glycerol.
Proteins are changed to amino acids.
The length of small intestine is more in herbivores because cellulose takes long time to
digest.
Absorption of food takes place in small intestine by numerous fingers – like
projections called villi which increase the surface area for absorptions of digested
food.

6. Large intestine
Excess water is absorbed in large intestine.
Undigested waste is removed through anus.
oxidation of food to
produce energy is called
respiration

ACADEMIC ORIGIN
RESPIRATION
Breathing -The process of inhaling
in oxygen and exhaling out carbon
dioxide is called breathing

Respiration - The process of

oxidation of food to produce
energy is called respiration.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BREATHING
AND RESPIRATION
TYPES OF RESPIRATION
BREAKDOWN OF GLUCOSE THROUGH
VARIOUS PATHWAYS
 RESPIRATION IN HUMANS
Nose Larynx
Humans have exterior nostrils, which Two cartilaginous chords lay the
are divided by a framework of
cartilaginous structure called the framework for the larynx. It is
septum. This is the structure that found in front of the neck and is
separates the right nostril from the left responsible for vocals . Hence, it
nostril. Tiny hair follicles that cover the is also informally called the
interior lining of nostrils act as the
body’s first line of defence against voice box.
foreign pathogens.

Pharynx Trachea
The nasal chambers open up The trachea or the windpipe
into a wide hollow space called rises below the larynx and
the pharynx. It is a common moves down to the neck. The
passage for air as well as food. walls of the trachea comprise C-
shaped cartilaginous rings which
give hardness to the trachea .
 RESPIRATION IN HUMANS

Bronchi
The trachea splits into two tubes called the bronchi, which
enter each lung individually. The bronchi divide into
secondary and tertiary bronchioles, and it further
branches out into small air-sacs called the alveoli.

ALVEOLI
The alveoli are single-celled sacs of air with thin
walls. It facilitates the exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide molecules
 TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN AND
CARBON DIOXIDE
1) Most of the oxygen combines with
haemoglobin and forms Oxyhaemoglobin.
This is an unstable compound which is
carried from lung capillaries to different
cells.
2) Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water
so it is transported in the form
bicarbonates.
3) Very less carbon dioxide combines with
haemoglobin and is carried in the form of
carbaminohaemoglobin.
Passage
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION