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Lecture 1

Lecture notes on Digital design

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14 views

Lecture 1

Lecture notes on Digital design

Uploaded by

manish bhatt
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Design Google Classroom code:

nzdcewi
CS F215/ECE F215/EEE F215/INSTR F215
AUGUST 2021
I N S T R U C TO R : D R . M A N I S H
Consultation hours: Tue, Thu, Fri : 12 noon - 1 PM
https://meet.google.com/cfy-bmps-cib
Introduction to digital systems
•We are in digital age
•All digital items like watches, calculators, computers
work on the basic principles of digital circuit and logic
design
•Almost all devices communicate with digital signals
Characteristics of digital systems
Process discrete information
◦ 10 decimal digits
◦ Binary bits 0 and 1
◦ 26 alphabets

◦ Discrete information is represented in a digital system by a quantity called signal


◦ Signals can be represented by binary codes like 0101110011 …
◦ Signal : variations of an electrical quantity (usually Voltage or Current) with time
◦ Non electrical quantity electrical quantity
(Temperature, transducers
speech etc.)

Discrete representation are important for easily recording natural data.


For example, we record temperature hourly (not continuously)
Advantages
•Digital signals are easy to store and manipulate without much error
•For example, an analog system transmitted 0.75 V but receiver received 0.78 V (with added
noise). Thus, an error of 0.03 V.
Consider a digital system discretizes at the steps of 0.05 V. The transmitter would send the signal
as let’s say level 15 and 0.78 would still be received as level 15. (because next step starts at
0.80). Hence, no error.
•Other advantages: speed, smaller size, less cost, low power dissipation.

•In this course we will learn fundamental building blocks of digital circuits and systems. This is a
first level course. You will have a chance to go for advanced courses later.
Number representation
Example: Two levels i.e. 0 or 1
Level Volts Switch flag
0 0V Off absent
1 5V on present

Example: Four levels


Level Switch (1) Switch (0) volts
00 Off Off 0V
01 Off On 1.25 V
10 On Off 2.50 V
11 on on 3.75 V
August 21, 2021

Lecture 1
•Number systems
•Radix and diminished radix complements
1. Number Systems
Decimal (0,1,2,…,9)
Binary (0,1)
Octal (0,1,2,..,7)
Hexadecimal (0,1,2,…,F)
Decimal system
325 = 3 ∗ 102 + 2 ∗ 101 + 5 ∗ 100
= 𝑎2 ∗ 102 + 𝑎1 ∗ 101 + 𝑎0 ∗ 100 + 𝑎−1 ∗ 10−1 + ….
Here 𝑎2 = 3 ; 𝑎1 = 2; 𝑎0 = 5; 𝑎𝑛 = 0

Number of distinct digits = radix of the system = 10 here (0,1,2,…,9)


Decimal system is also called base 10 system
Binary system
Have two distinct digits : 0 and 1
Thus, radix (or base) = 2
Binary to decimal conversion:
Binary number 101 = 1 ∗ 22 + 0 ∗ 21 + 1 ∗ 20 = 5
= … + 𝑎2 ∗ 22 + 𝑎1 ∗ 21 + 𝑎0 ∗ 20 + 𝑎−1 ∗ 2−1 + …
◦ Here 𝑎2 = 1 ; 𝑎1 = 0; 𝑎0 = 1; 𝑎𝑛 = 0

•Digits in a binary number are called bits. A byte is equal to 8 bits.


A kilobyte is 1024 bits and so on…

Homework : Convert 625.50 to binary number


Answer : 1001110001.1
Octal system
Distinct Numbers : 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Thus, radix = 8
Octal to decimal conversion:
Octal number 123 = 1 ∗ 82 + 2 ∗ 81 + 3 ∗ 80 = (83)10

Homework : Convert decimal 625.50 to octal number


Answer : 1161.4
Hexadecimal system
Distinct Numbers : 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
Thus, radix = 16
Hexadecimal to decimal conversion:
𝐵5𝐹 16 = 11 ∗ 162 + 5 ∗ 161 + 15 ∗ 160 = 2911

Homework : Convert decimal 625.50 to hexadecimal number


Answer : 271.8
Repeat until fraction becomes 0 or significant
accuracy is achieved
Why do we need octal and hexadecimal
numbers?
•They are shorter compared to binary numbers
•Each octal corresponds to 3 binary digits (2^3)
•Each hexadecimal corresponds to 4 binary digits (2^4)
•Conversion from binary to octal is easily done by partitioning into
groups of 3 or 4 digits
•Shorter representation means easier recognition and more effective
communication of instructions (less memory, less time etc.)
Addition of binary numbers
A B A+B
11101 1 0 1
+ 10101 1 1 10

= 110010 10 1 11

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