CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

The ongoing Russia - Ukraine war is undeniably one of the most controversial events with a deep

- rooted genesis and multifaceted precedence in the global political debate today. The present

conflict between these two European national governments has not only had intensed effect and

impact on Europe but also the security and foreign policies of the rest of the world (Abdi, 2023;

p.11). From a historical perspective, Holdar (1995; p.112), assumed that Ukraine has largely

remained torn between the West and East since it gained it's independence in 1991 from the

Soviet Union. Likewise, Ukraine's national identity has thenceforth remained dubious due to the

fragmented attitude by the citizens towards the future cohesion of the country.

Consequently, Ukraine has been apathetic on the direction upon which to base it's governance.

With the successive Ukrainian governments being either pro - Western or pro - Russian, Ukraine

has witnessed subsequential periods of violence for over seen decades. Thus, there has been a

political crisis in Ukraine whether to be in alliance with the West, particularly the United States,

or to promote the maintenance of its affinity with Russia. Therefore, the recurrent protests

amongst thousands of right - wing extremists as well as pro - Russians and nationalists in

Ukraine has been the epitome of political power struggle (Avetisova, 2015; p. 49). The

opposition has been receiving political and financial support from the United States while the pro

- Russian citizens have remained aided by Russia.

In 2014, the Russian Parliament approved Putin's request to use force in protecting the pro -

Russian citizens in Ukraine. Barrack Obama, the then President of United States, as at this time,
1
urged Vladimir Putin, Russian President to rethink retreating his troops to help lower the

tensions between the two nations. Nonetheless, Putin did not respond but thereafter annexed the

Crimea Peninsula, which is now belongs to Russia. Consequently, the Russia - Ukraine war

constantly worsened by shifting from being domestic power struggle between these two nations

to becoming a struggle for power at the global level between Russia and the United States and

other European nations allied to the West (Karagiannis, 2014; p. 400). The involvement of

international actors and influence such as the United States might have, to a larger extent, served

to instigate the emergence and sustained predominance of a relationship crisis between Russia

and Ukraine (Cebotari, 2022; p. 65).

Worse still, though Ukraine has, in history, majorly had pro - Russian leaders in the previous

government regimes, the current President, Volodymyr Zelenskky, is hugely pro - Western

(Rywkin, 2014; p. 119). It is thus, blatantly illogical to analyze the current war crisis in Ukraine

in isolation without looking into the influence of Russian and American government. A mix of

these preceding and prevailing events have greatly contributed to the crisis as currently

witnessed in the ongoing Russia - Ukraine war and more critically the invasion of Ukraine by

Russia since 24th February 2022, being the biggest attack on an European country since World

War II causing hundreds of thousands of civilian and military casualties (Plokhy, 2023; p. 416).

With the United Nations being a better solution for global conflicts according to the preamble of

United Nations Charter that mentioned about maintaining International Peace and Security, it is

thus necessary to investigate into the roles played by the United Nations in dismissing the war

between Russia and Ukraine between 2014 - 2023. Uncovering these roles is important for

understanding UN's efforts in global conflicts and the extensive connection to global peace.

2
1.2 Statement of the Problem

The currently prevailing tensions between Russia and Ukraine have been undeniably visible

since the gaining of independence by Ukraine. Ever since then, Ukraine gained an influential

position in the international relationship sphere with Russia as it was one of its satellite states,

influenced by Russian politicians, oligarchs, and businessmen. Ukraine has remained to be a

country of immense political interest in the diplomatic, economic, and military matters pertaining

to Russia's international affairs (Toal, 2017; p. 9). However, the Ukrainian government has been

portrayed as hugely corrupt in the Russian politics mirror. At the same time, Ukraine is of an

equally significant interest to the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), which the United

States is largely affiliated.

The ongoing Russia - Ukraine war is an evidence of the rivalry between Russia and China to the

United States as the global political superpower statutorily. Russia is convinced that being

omitted from the G7 status to have a direct influence on the international decision - making table

is impeding the ability to advance its interests. Thus, there is a feeling that Russia's time of

staying in the G-20 ranking is long overdue and it ought to advance to a much superior status by

holding on the control of Ukraine as an ally to safeguard its international interest (Yousaf, et. al.,

2022; p. 35, Alam, et. al., 2022; p. 352).

Russia - Ukraine war is a crisis that has developed into a geopolitical power struggle between

Russia and the United States as the later is committed to expanding its NATO membership in

Europe, while Russia is not willing to let go off its former Soviet states such as Ukraine.

However, Ukraine is in a political dilemma and has progressively seeming aligned to the NATO,

as the country's leadership believes it has the liberty to charter its independent national and

3
international path (Simons, 2022; pp. 1-2). At the same time, Ukraine remains under great

territorial control of Russia. Russia believes that if Ukraine enters into a NATO membership,

then this would be a big loss. It would mean a dramatic altering of the power balance in the

Black Sea region, which Russia cannot allow to happen since its Black Sea fleet is stationed in

Crimea.

Additionally, the Orange Revolution (2004-2005) that happened in Kyiv (capital of Ukraine) was

based on the incentives of opposing the influence of Russian politics on the constitutionally

independent Ukraine being vested on protests against the invigorating corruption and the demand

to spearhead the institutionalisation of its democracy (Khodunov, 2022; p. 501). Nevertheless,

owing to the reality of Ukrainian society being linguistically, religiously, and ethnically divided,

the endeavour has been from actuated. In fact, some regions in Ukraine such as Luhansk and

Donetsk Provinces and the Crimean Peninsula, strongly identify themselves to be belonging to

Russia. Admittedly, the invasion by the Russian military in Crimea in 2014 did serve to initiate

the international conflict between Russia and Ukraine, that has remained prevalent to date

(Cosgrove, 2020; p. 10). Hence, the Russia - Ukraine war is a political crisis that is extremely

complicated as it has been founded on an issue presenting the likelihood of conflicting interests.

The contradictory nature of the war has pitched a conspiracy making it difficult on who between,

Russian President, Vladimir Putin, and Ukrainian President, Volodymyr Zelenskky, should be

held guilty as responsible for the instigation and sustained prevalence of the war.

The crisis has subsequently been argued as presenting the risk of escalating into a Cold War,

which could put the normal world order to severe imminent threat (Guchua, et. al., 2022; p. 26).

The threat can potentially be associated with a probable emergence of the Third World War, if

not settled by the United Nations.

4
Therefore, the Russia - Ukraine crisis justifies the need to investigate the contributing factors to

the ongoing war , the impact of the war on the international system and determine the roles

played by the United Nations in settling the problem between 2014 to 2023.

1.3 Research Questions

The following are the questions this work will aim to provide answers to:

1. What are the contributing factors responsible for fueling the Russia - Ukraine war

between 2014 to 2023?

2. How has the Russia - Ukraine war impacted the international system from 2014 to 2023?

3. How has the United Nations been involved in the efforts to foster the settlement of the

Russia - Ukraine war from 2014 to 2023?

4. To what extent can strategies be recommended to enhance the effectiveness of the United

Nations, in resolving and preventing conflicts similar to the Russia-Ukraine conflict from

escalating further in the future?

1.4 Objectives of the Study

The broad objective of this research is to access the roles of international actors in global

conflicts. A case of United Nations in Russia - Ukraine conflict (2014 - 2023).

The specific objectives of this study include looking into:

1. To determine the contributing factors responsible for fueling the Russia - Ukraine war

between 2014 to 2023.

5
 2. To identify the impact of the Russia - Ukraine war on the international system from 2014

to 2023.

3. To uncover the efforts of the United Nations in fostering the settlement of the Russia -

Ukraine war from 2014 to 2023.

4. To recommend strategies for enhancing the effectiveness of United Nations, in resolving

and preventing conflicts similar to the Russia-Ukraine conflict from escalating further in

the future.

1.5 Assumptions of the Study

This study assumes that:

1. The Russia-Ukraine conflict is a complex geopolitical issue with multifaceted causes.

2. The UN plays a significant role in international conflict resolution and peacebuilding

efforts.

3. Evaluating the UN's effectiveness in this conflict requires a critical and nuanced

approach.

1.6 Significance of the Study

The study has both theoretical and practical significance. Studying the UN's involvement in the

Russia-Ukraine conflict holds immense practical significance, offering crucial insights into

conflict dynamics and the efficacy of international intervention. Through this examination, a

nuanced understanding emerges of how various global actors influence and shape complex

geopolitical crises. By dissecting the UN's actions and constraints in this conflict, valuable

6
lessons are gleaned, informing strategies for conflict resolution and crisis management

worldwide. Such knowledge equips policymakers and practitioners with tools to navigate similar

challenges and optimize international responses to conflicts, thereby fostering more effective

global cooperation and peacekeeping efforts.

Furthermore, delving into the strengths and weaknesses of the UN's response to the Russia-

Ukraine conflict can pave the way for enhancing the organization's overall effectiveness.

Recommendations arising from this analysis can focus on bolstering the UN's mediation and

peacebuilding capacities, ensuring greater accountability for violators of international law, and

mitigating internal political divisions that impede swift and cohesive action. By fortifying the

UN's capabilities based on insights drawn from real-world scenarios, the international

community can better address future conflicts, safeguarding human rights and promoting

sustainable peace on a global scale.

On a theoretical level, studying the UN's role in the Russia-Ukraine conflict contributes

significantly to ongoing debates within international relations theory. It provides a robust

empirical basis for examining the intricacies of international organizations' functions amid a

rapidly evolving global landscape. Moreover, the conflict serves as a valuable case study for

refining conflict resolution strategies and theoretical models, offering a deeper understanding of

the complexities inherent in addressing geopolitical disputes. This academic scrutiny not only

enriches scholarly discourse but also informs practical policymaking and diplomatic endeavors,

driving towards more effective and informed global governance.

1.7 Scope and Limitations of the Study

7
The study is limited in scope to the Russia - Ukraine conflict with emphasis on roles of the

United Nations between 2014 -2023. The researcher might in the course of putting together this

piece of work encounter certain constraints which may therefore limit the scope of the study,

some of such constraints include:

a) Availability of research material: Limited accessibility to the specific reference materials

needed to organise this work. It is difficult to get all the necessary and required

information concerning the conflict. The research material available to the researcher is

insufficient, thereby limiting the study.

b) Time constraint as the research work is combining with other academic activities. The

study will be conducted over a period of six month, from January to June 2024.

c) The researcher encountered low response from respondent due to one reason or the other.

Because of the ambivalent nature of respondent's attitude, the study will target more

respondent than intended, so as to obtain ample response that will be sufficient for the

purpose of conducting this research.

d) Lastly, financial constraint occasioned by the need for continuous sorting for information

material to aid the progress of this work.

1.8 Conceptual Clarifications

 International actors: For the purpose of this study, international actors refer to

sovereign states, intergovernmental organizations, non-governmental organizations

(NGOs), multinational corporations, and other entities that operate on a global scale and

have the capacity to influence international relations and conflicts.

8
  Global conflicts: Global conflicts are defined as significant disputes or tensions that

involve multiple nations, regions, or global stakeholders and have the potential to impact

international security, stability, and peace. These conflicts may encompass a range of

issues such as territorial disputes, ideological differences, resource competition, human

rights violations, or geopolitical rivalries.

 United Nations (UN): The United Nations, in the context of this study, refers to the

international organization founded in 1945 to promote peace, security, cooperation, and

development among nations. Specifically, the study focuses on the roles, actions,

resolutions, interventions, and diplomatic efforts of the UN related to the Russia-Ukraine

conflict during the period from 2014 to 2023.

 Effectiveness: Effectiveness in this study refers to the degree to which the United

Nations' involvement, policies, interventions, and initiatives have contributed positively

or negatively to the resolution, management, mitigation, or escalation of the Russia-

Ukraine conflict. It includes assessing the impact of UN actions on peacebuilding,

conflict resolution, humanitarian aid, diplomatic negotiations, and adherence to

international law and norms.

1.9 Organization of the Chapters

This research endeavor is structured into five distinct chapters, each with a specific purpose

aimed at investigating and analyzing a focused research area. Chapter 1 serves as the

foundational pillar, initiating the study by contextualizing the topic through background

information, articulating clear research questions and objectives, and elucidating the research's

significance within the broader academic and practical realms. Moreover, this chapter plays a
9
pivotal role in setting the trajectory for the subsequent chapters, offering a comprehensive

overview of the research's organizational framework and delineating the path for in-depth

exploration.

Chapter 2 is dedicated to a meticulous literature review, weaving together an intricate tapestry of

existing scholarly works, theoretical paradigms, and empirical studies germane to the research

topic. This critical analysis not only synthesizes diverse perspectives but also identifies lacunae

in current understanding, constructs a robust theoretical framework, and elucidates key thematic

strands essential for steering the research's direction. Furthermore, Chapter 3 meticulously

delineates the methodological terrain, providing a transparent exposition of the research design,

intricacies of data collection methodologies, nuances of sampling techniques, and the rigors of

analytical approaches employed to meticulously address the research inquiries. Through this

methodological discourse, the chapter ensures the research's methodical rigor and integrity,

laying a solid groundwork for the subsequent phases of data analysis and interpretation.

10
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.0. Review of related literatures

The interplay between international actors and global conflicts is a subject of significant

scholarly inquiry within the field of international relations. The Russia-Ukraine conflict,

spanning from 2014 to 2023, serves as a pertinent case study for examining the roles of these

actors, particularly the United Nations (UN), in navigating and resolving such complex

geopolitical crises. This literature review seeks to delve into existing scholarship to explore the

mandates, objectives, and mechanisms employed by the UN in addressing the Russia-Ukraine

conflict. Additionally, it aims to shed light on the challenges and limitations faced by the UN in

its efforts, considering factors such as power dynamics, geopolitical tensions, and domestic

political dynamics within Ukraine.

By synthesizing the findings of previous studies, this review endeavors to offer valuable

insights into the intricate relationships between international actors and global conflicts, with a

specific focus on the Russia-Ukraine conflict. Through an analysis of the roles played by the

United Nations and other relevant actors, this study aims to contribute to a deeper understanding

of the complexities involved in managing and mitigating conflicts on the international stage,

ultimately informing future research and policy efforts aimed at promoting peace and stability in

the global arena.

11
2.1. Conceptual Review

2.1.1 International Actors

International actors play a crucial role in shaping global politics and interactions. These

actors can be broadly categorized into states, intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) like the

United Nations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), multinational corporations, and

regional organizations such as NATO and the EU. Each type of actor has its own interests,

motivations, and ways of interacting and influencing global affairs (Abdi, 2023; p. 21).

States are arguably the most influential international actors, representing the interests of their

citizens and pursuing national security, economic gain, ideological influence, humanitarian

concerns, and power projection. States interact with each other through various means, including

alliances, coalitions, rivalries, proxy wars, diplomacy, sanctions, and information warfare

(Avetisova, 2015; p. 29). Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) like the United Nations are

formed by states to promote cooperation and address global issues such as peace and security,

human rights, and sustainable development. IGOs play a significant role in shaping international

norms, mediating conflicts, and coordinating responses to global challenges (Cebotari, 2022; p.

65).

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are independent organizations that operate

across borders and advocate for various causes such as human rights, environmental protection,

and development. NGOs often play a crucial role in providing humanitarian assistance,

monitoring human rights violations, and influencing policy-making at the international level

(Cebotari, 2022; p. 65). Multinational corporations (MNCs) are private businesses that operate in

multiple countries and often have significant economic influence. MNCs can impact

12
international relations through their economic activities, investment decisions, and lobbying

efforts (Avetisova, 2015; p. 29).

Regional organizations like NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and the EU

(European Union) are formed by states within a particular region to promote regional

cooperation and integration. These organizations play a key role in regional security, economic

development, and political stability (Avetisova, 2015; p. 29). Overall, international actors,

including states, IGOs, NGOs, MNCs, and regional organizations, interact in complex ways,

each pursuing its own interests and motivations. Understanding these actors and their

interactions is crucial for analyzing and navigating the dynamics of global politics.

2.1.2 Global Conflict

Global conflict refers to armed conflicts that have significant regional or international

ramifications, impacting multiple countries and often involving complex political, economic, and

social dynamics. These conflicts can be categorized into interstate conflicts, which occur

between two or more sovereign states, and intrastate conflicts, which occur within a single state,

involving various factions or groups (Plokhy, 2023, p.14).

The characteristics of global conflict include the use of military force, diplomatic

negotiations, alliances, humanitarian crises, displacement of populations, and the potential for

escalation into larger-scale wars. Global conflicts can have diverse causes, including territorial

disputes, resource competition, ethnic or religious tensions, political instability, ideological

differences, and external interventions. The dynamics of global conflict are influenced by various

factors, including the balance of power between states, international law and institutions,

13
economic interdependence, cultural norms, and historical grievances. Conflicts can escalate

through a series of actions and reactions, leading to increased violence and destruction.

The impacts of global conflict are widespread and profound, affecting not only the

directly involved parties but also neighboring countries and the international community as a

whole. These impacts can include loss of life, displacement of populations, destruction of

infrastructure, economic disruptions, environmental degradation, and political instability. One

example of a contemporary global conflict is the Russia-Ukraine conflict, which began in 2014

with Russia's annexation of Crimea and escalated into a protracted conflict involving Ukrainian

government forces, Russian-backed separatists, and international sanctions. This conflict has had

significant regional and international ramifications, including strained relations between Russia

and Western countries, humanitarian crises in eastern Ukraine, and geopolitical shifts in the

region (Karagiannis, E. 2014, p 302).

Theoretical frameworks from international relations offer various perspectives for

understanding global conflict. Realism emphasizes the role of power and security dilemmas

between states, highlighting the importance of military capabilities and national interests.

Liberalism focuses on the potential for cooperation and peaceful resolution of conflicts through

international institutions, economic interdependence, and diplomatic negotiations.

Constructivism emphasizes the role of ideas, identities, and norms in shaping state behavior and

conflict dynamics, highlighting the importance of social constructions and historical narratives.

Critical theory examines the underlying power structures and inequalities that contribute to

global conflict, emphasizing issues of justice, emancipation, and social change.

14
2.1.3. The roles of United Nations

The United Nations (UN) plays a crucial role in global affairs, with a mandate and

objectives outlined in its Charter. One of its primary purposes is to maintain international peace

and security, achieved through various means such as conflict prevention, peacekeeping

operations, and the resolution of disputes. Additionally, the UN is committed to promoting

human rights and fundamental freedoms worldwide, as well as facilitating socio-economic

development and cooperation among nations (Avetisova, 2015; p. 29)..

The instruments and mechanisms employed by the UN to fulfill its mandate are diverse

and multifaceted. The Security Council, composed of five permanent members with veto power

and ten rotating members, is responsible for maintaining international peace and security. It can

authorize peacekeeping missions, impose sanctions on states or individuals, and issue resolutions

to address conflicts and threats to peace. Peacekeeping missions, conducted by UN personnel,

aim to stabilize conflict zones, protect civilians, and support the implementation of peace

agreements. Humanitarian assistance provided by UN agencies and affiliated organizations

offers relief to populations affected by conflicts, natural disasters, and other emergencies.

Mediation and diplomacy are essential tools utilized by the UN to facilitate negotiations, resolve

disputes, and foster dialogue among conflicting parties (Karagiannis, 2014, p 302).

However, the UN faces numerous challenges and limitations in carrying out its mandate

effectively. Power dynamics among member states, particularly the five permanent members of

the Security Council, often hinder collective action and decision-making. The veto power held

by these members can obstruct the adoption of resolutions, leading to inaction or limited

responses to international crises. Competing national interests and geopolitical rivalries further

15
complicate efforts to address global issues, as states prioritize their own agendas over collective

solutions.

Resource constraints, including funding shortages and logistical challenges, constrain the

UN's capacity to respond adequately to complex emergencies and development needs. Internal

divisions and disagreements among member states, as well as between UN agencies, can also

impede coordination and coherence in policy implementation.

Despite these challenges, the United Nations remains a vital forum for international

cooperation and collective action. Its role in maintaining peace and security, promoting human

rights, and advancing sustainable development is indispensable in addressing the complex

challenges facing the world today. By leveraging its institutional mechanisms, fostering dialogue

and cooperation among member states, and adapting to evolving global dynamics, the UN

continues to play a pivotal role in shaping the course of international relations and fostering a

more peaceful, just, and sustainable world.

2.1.4. International Actors and Global Conflicts

Throughout the post-Soviet era, Ukraine's foreign policy has been shaped by a multitude

of external influences. The country has been torn between the appeal of Euro-Atlantic integration

and the significant leverage exerted by Russia due to historical legacies, economic ties, and

security concerns. Ukraine's foreign policy has thus evolved as a response to a complex interplay

of factors, including its historical background, economic challenges, security considerations, and

geographical position. Since gaining independence, Ukraine has strived to strike a balance

between its aspirations to integrate with the EU and transatlantic security structures, while also

16
maintaining friendly relations with Russia to avoid negative consequences such as trade disputes

or energy cuts (Guchua, et al 2022 p. 34).

The prioritization of Ukraine's "European choice" has been a central theme in its foreign

policy agenda since the early years of independence. Various resolutions and policy statements

have reiterated Ukraine's commitment to European integration as a means to strengthen its

national independence and pursue its international interests. Economic cooperation with the EU

has been seen as a stepping stone towards deeper integration and membership in European

structures, with NATO membership also viewed as a key element in ensuring national security.

However, Ukraine's foreign policy has not been a straightforward path towards Western

integration. The country has had to navigate complex geopolitical dynamics, including territorial

disputes with Russia and the challenge of maintaining a friendly relationship with its neighbor

while pursuing closer ties with the West. The early 1990s were marked by uncertainty over

Russia's acceptance of Ukraine's independence, leading Ukraine to seek solutions through

participation in Western organizations and institutions.

Despite the desire for European integration, Ukraine has also pursued a multivector

foreign policy approach, particularly under the leadership of Presidents Kuchma and

Yanukovych. This strategy aimed to balance relations between East and West without

prioritizing either side, allowing Ukraine to maneuver strategically and relieve external pressure.

While European integration remained a priority, cooperation with Russia was also maintained to

address critical interdependencies and avoid being drawn into Russian-dominated organizations.

The evolution of Ukraine's foreign policy has been influenced by domestic political

dynamics, economic interests, and external pressures. Shifts in leadership, such as Yanukovych's

17
presidency, led to changes in foreign policy priorities, but the overarching goal of European

integration remained consistent. Ukraine's foreign policy choices have been shaped by its

location, historical legacy, and the imperative to balance between East and West while

safeguarding its sovereignty and security.

2.1.5. Russia-Ukraine Conflict (2014-2023)

The Russia-Ukraine conflict, which began in 2014 and continued into 2023, is a complex

and multifaceted conflict with deep historical roots and far-reaching geopolitical implications.

The conflict can be traced back to Ukraine's independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 and the

subsequent development of its foreign policy, which has oscillated between closer ties with the

West and maintaining relations with Russia.

The conflict escalated in 2014 following the Euromaidan protests in Ukraine, which led

to the ousting of President Yanukovych and the installation of a pro-Western government. In

response, Russia annexed Crimea, citing historical and strategic reasons, leading to international

condemnation and sanctions against Russia. The conflict further intensified in eastern Ukraine,

particularly in the Donbas region, where pro-Russian separatists, allegedly supported by Russia,

clashed with Ukrainian forces. The geopolitical dimensions of the conflict are significant, with

NATO expansion being a key point of contention. Russia views NATO enlargement, especially

into former Soviet bloc countries like Ukraine, as a threat to its security and sphere of influence.

The conflict also reflects broader tensions between the United States and Russia, with both

countries vying for influence in the region and using Ukraine as a battleground (Khodunov, 2022

p.234).

18
 Domestically, the conflict has exacerbated divisions within Ukrainian society. While

some Ukrainians identify strongly with Europe and seek closer ties with the West, others have

historical and cultural ties to Russia and advocate for closer relations with Moscow. These

divisions have been exploited by both domestic and external actors, leading to a polarized

political landscape in Ukraine.

The conflict has had severe humanitarian and economic impacts. Thousands of civilians

have been killed or injured, and millions have been displaced from their homes. Infrastructure in

eastern Ukraine has been heavily damaged, exacerbating the region's economic challenges. The

conflict has also had global implications, particularly in terms of food and energy security, as

Ukraine is a major producer of grain and a transit route for Russian natural gas to Europe.

2.2. EMPIRICAL REVIEW

A study conducted by Qaisrani, Qazi, Abbas, Bilal, Habib (2023) titled “A Geopolitical

War in Europe: Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine and its Implications” found out that The security-

insecurity paradox in a geopolitical struggle between Russia and its ex-territory; Ukraine along

with the politics of the influences between great powers has made the Russian invasion a reality.

Russian intervention in its periphery in February 2022 has sent shockwaves to the European

Union and NATO members, and posed various challenges to the Eurasian states. The conflict

between Russia and Ukraine is a protracted one, but this new phase is more complex and multi-

layered. Russia’s annexation of Crimea and Sevastopol in 2014, and support to the militant

separatists in Donbas, undermined Ukrainian sovereignty. A series of border skirmishes occurred

during 2014-2021, which led to thousands of people dead and injured. The tension converted into

a humanitarian crisis with millions of refugees and collateral damages after the 2022 war. This

19
recent situation can be termed as a geopolitical warfare, which is based on the politics of security

to assert political advantages in the desired geopolitical sphere of influence.

In this paper, an effort has been made to examine the structural, bilateral, and regional issues that

have led Russia to engage in a risky war. It hypothesizes that this war cannot be recognized only

as a bilateral war between Russia and Ukraine based on the old issues, rather it is the result of

new developments in the shape of Ukraine’s pursuit for a new identity and affinity with West, its

bid for NATO membership and as a client of US and EU against Russia in the great power

rivalry. The theoretical lens of Neo-Realism and the security dilemma best explains the causes of

the war between the two. Finally, this study also endeavours to trace some important

implications for the Eurasian Region. In this paper, an effort has been made to examine the

structural, bilateral, and regional issues that have led Russia to engage in a risky war. It

hypothesise that this war cannot be recognized only as a bilateral war between Russia and

Ukraine based on the old issues, rather it is the result of new developments in the shape of

Ukraine's pursuit for a new identity and Introduction Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic states

became a common neighbourhood of the Russian Federation and European powers after the

disintegration of the Soviet Union. People living in Eastern Ukraine are mostly Russian-speaking

natives who look to have good relations with Russia, while the western part of the country's

Ukrainian-speaking community is willing to integrate with the EU. The events of euromedian in

2013-14 drastically polarised the nation between east and west. Thus, it has invited external

powers to assert their influence to install the government in Ukraine with their backing. Ukraine

holds unique and significant geo-political importance due to its geographical proximity. Second

to Russia, it was the most powerful and populous state of the USSR. Besides accommodating the

Kremlin's military and defence industry, it not only fulfilled the most of USSR's agricultural

20
needs and served as an arch rival of the United States, during the Cold War, and evinced as 'coup

de grace' for the USSR upon her strong commitments with the ailing superpower, in 1991. Since

then, after the disintegration of the USSR, Ukraine is an independent-states and looks to have

more close relations with the Western states including EU and NATO member states. However,

it also struggled to have balance in its foreign policy due to the existing deep internal divisions,

peace and stability of Ukraine were undermined by Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014, when

Russia expressed solidarity with the separatists in Donbas, by arming them. According to United

Nations Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine, more than fourteen thousand people died

in fighting during 2014-2021, which made it the bloodiest conflict in Europe since the Balkan

war in 1990, which marked a shift in international order from a unipolar world dominated by the

US, to the renewed power completions between great powers, for many political analysts. The

recent Russian invasion is regarded less as bilateral, but a provocation on the part of Ukraine, its

bid for Western European identity, its tendency towards NATO membership and expanded

strategic and military support from EU members and the US against Russia in a bid to tackle the

challenge of its expansion of influence in the Eastern Europe and engagement with the Central

and Eastern European states. Hence, this war between Russia and Ukraine can be categorized as

a geopolitical one based on the politics of security and geopolitical areas of influence.

In a study by Perbawa (2022) titled “The Role of United Nations on War Conflict

Between Russia and Ukraine” found out that War conflict between Russia and Ukraine has

begun, almost 10,000 people died in this war. Each country urged Russia to stop attacking

Ukraine and also asked the United Nations to take action on Russia's decision. This study aims to

analyze the role of the United Nations in resolving the conflict war between Russia and Ukraine.

This study uses a normative method with legal sources used for the preparation and discussion of

21
a research problem. This is done to find answers to the problems studied. The legal materials

used to support this research are divided into Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Legal Materials.

Primary legal materials consist of International Conventions while secondary legal materials

consist of scientific research from international authors, books, articles related to the formulation

of this problem. The United Nations as an International Organization has a role to stop war

between two countries, it can happen with the help of several main organs such as: Security

Council, General Assembly, and Secretary General. The main organs will help resolve disputes

with their UN authorities. In that case, the role of the United Nations to maintain peace and

protect human rights has also protected victims of war on both sides, and the United Nations can

delegate the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) to protect and save war victims

based on the 1949 Geneva Conventions.

Mubin & Adha (2022) conducted a study titled “UPAYA PERSERIKATAN BANGSA-

BANGSA (PBB) SEBAGAI ORGANISASI INTERNASIONAL DALAM MENENGAHI

KONFLIK RUSIA DAN UKRAINA PADA TAHUN 2022” which found out that The Russia-

Ukraine tensions that have occurred this year have caught the world's attention. This tension

initially occurred with the deployment of hundreds of thousands of Russian troops on the

Ukrainian border and the involvement of NATO, including the United States, which began to

take steps, so that the escalation of the conflict was inevitable. This paper uses an institutional

liberalism approach and the data are taken using the author's literature review from various

related literatures that are relevant to the writing .The actions of NATO which participated in

responding to it became a threat to Russia which eventually worsened the conflict on the

Ukrainian border. As the largest international organization, the United Nations has a big role in

this conflict as a mediating party that can find a way out from both sides. This paper analyzes the

22
role of the United Nations in seeking conclusions on these problems, regarding how its roles,

objectives, and functions are to find a conflict resolution. As the international community, every

country needs to take part in overcoming the ongoing conflict, and it is a great obligation for the

United Nations to be the main tool in resolving this conflict, given the large capabilities it has,

and the many countries that can contribute, so that later the Russia-Ukrainian conflict can be

resolved quickly.Keywords: Russia-Ukraine, NATO, UN, conflict resolution

In study by Cebotari (2022) titled “The impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on

international relations” it found out that The Russian-Ukrainian war is not just a regional war. It

is the war that marks a rupture in relations between Russia and the West, a war that will have

profound repercussions for both Europe and the world. The invasion of Ukraine by the Russian

Federation tends to become the most important military conflict since the end of World War II.

This article aims to highlight the impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on the system of

international relations. Thus, the actions of the Russian Federation in Ukraine and the response

of the West will accelerate the process of restructuring a new system of international relations.

From the new situation conditioned by the Russian-Ukrainian war, the United States and China

will become the main actors that will form the new architecture of international relations. The

war in Ukraine that we are witnessing also shows the growing strength of EU and NATO unity.

We are moving to a new geopolitical order in which the EU strengthens its role as a defender of

democratic values, peace and international law.

2.3 THEORETICAL REVIEW

2.3.1. Realism:

23
Realism, as conceptualized by Hans Morgenthau and Kenneth Waltz, posits that states are

rational actors driven by their own self-interest and the pursuit of power (Morgenthau, 1948;

Waltz, 1979). In the context of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, realist perspectives delve into the

strategic calculations and national interests of major powers such as Russia, the United States,

and European Union countries (Mearsheimer, 2001). These interests encompass geopolitical

influence, economic advantages, and security considerations, all of which contribute to the

complexity and intensity of the conflict (Morgenthau, 1948). Realists analyze how actions like

military interventions, economic sanctions, or diplomatic maneuvers by these major powers

shape the conflict's dynamics and outcomes (Mearsheimer, 2001). The realist framework also

examines alliances, power balances, and the role of state actors in pursuing their strategic goals

amid international competition.

2.3.2. Liberalism

Liberal theories, championed by Immanuel Kant and John Rawls, emphasize the role of

international institutions, norms, and cooperation in managing conflicts and fostering peace

(Kant, 1795; Rawls, 1999). In the context of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, liberals focus on the

potential for cooperation and dialogue among states, as exemplified by the United Nations and

other international organizations (Keohane, 1984). They highlight the importance of norms such

as sovereignty, human rights, and rule of law in guiding state behavior and resolving disputes

peacefully (Doyle, 1986). Liberal analysis of the conflict includes examining UN resolutions,

peacekeeping efforts, and diplomatic initiatives aimed at de-escalating tensions and promoting

conflict resolution through negotiation and multilateral agreements (Buzan, 1991). Liberals also

emphasize the benefits of economic interdependence and cultural exchange in fostering mutual

understanding and reducing conflict risks.

24
2.3.3. Constructivism

Constructivism, advanced by scholars like Alexander Wendt and Nicholas Onuf, emphasizes

how ideas, identities, and norms shape state behavior and interactions (Wendt, 1999; Onuf,

1989). In the Russia-Ukraine conflict, constructivist perspectives explore how different actors,

including states, non-state actors, and international organizations like the United Nations,

perceive key concepts such as sovereignty, self-determination, and territorial integrity (Wendt,

1999). These perceptions influence decision-making and actions, leading to cooperative or

conflictual behavior (Finnemore and Sikkink, 1998). Constructivists delve into identity

formation processes, historical narratives, and cultural values to understand the underlying

factors driving conflict dynamics and shaping efforts to resolve disputes through dialogue,

reconciliation, and mutual recognition (Checkel, 1998). They emphasize the role of shared

understandings and social constructions in shaping international relations and influencing

conflict resolution outcomes.

2.3.4. Neorealism (Structural Realism)

Neorealism, advocated by Kenneth Waltz, focuses on systemic factors such as power

distribution, alliances, and security dilemmas that shape state behavior (Waltz, 1979). In the

Russia-Ukraine conflict, neorealism examines power asymmetries and their impact on conflict

dynamics (Mearsheimer, 2001). This analysis includes assessing alliances, security threats, and

states' choices in pursuing strategies to enhance their security and influence (Waltz, 1979).

Neorealists argue that the international system's structure and distribution of power drive states

to compete for power and security, leading to strategic calculations and behaviors that influence

25
conflict outcomes (Mearsheimer, 2001). They emphasize the importance of balancing power and

managing security dilemmas to maintain stability and prevent escalation in conflict-prone

regions.

2.3.5. Human Security Theory:

Human security theory, supported by scholars like Mary Kaldor and Martha Nussbaum,

prioritizes protecting individuals and communities from various threats, including armed conflict

(Kaldor, 2007; Nussbaum, 1999). In the context of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, human security

theory highlights the impact of violence on civilians and the role of the United Nations in

promoting human rights and providing humanitarian assistance (Kaldor, 2007). Human security

scholars advocate policies that prioritize human well-being and address root causes of insecurity

(Nussbaum, 1999). They emphasize the importance of addressing economic inequality, social

exclusion, and environmental degradation as drivers of conflict and insecurity (Kaldor, 2007).

Human security analysis of the conflict includes assessing the needs of vulnerable populations,

promoting conflict resolution through inclusive and sustainable development strategies, and

protecting human rights as essential elements of long-term peacebuilding efforts.

2.3.6. Feminist Theory:

Feminist perspectives in international relations, advocated by scholars like Cynthia Enloe and

Carol Cohn, analyze gender dynamics, power inequalities, and women's roles in conflict

resolution (Enloe, 1989; Cohn, 1987). In the Russia-Ukraine conflict, feminist analysis considers

women's experiences, participation in decision-making, and exposure to gender-based violence

(Enloe, 2000). Feminist scholars critique traditional security frameworks for marginalizing

women's voices and advocate for inclusive peace processes that address gender inequalities

26
(Cohn, 1987). They emphasize the importance of recognizing women's contributions to building

sustainable peace (Enloe, 2000). Feminist perspectives highlight the intersectionality of gender

with other forms of identity and power dynamics, emphasizing the need for gender-sensitive

policies and inclusive peacebuilding strategies in conflict-affected regions.

2.4. GAPS IN LITERATURE

The existing literature on the role of the United Nations in the Russia-Ukraine conflict highlights

several gaps that warrant further exploration. While some studies, such as those by Mubin (2022)

and Katsevych (2019), acknowledge the potential for the UN to play a mediating role in the

conflict, others, like Fiorellini (2015), suggest that the UN's efforts have been limited, with

regional organizations taking a more active stance. However, there seems to be a lack of a

comprehensive analysis that examines the various UN bodies and agencies involved, their

specific actions and resolutions, and an in-depth evaluation of their respective levels of

effectiveness. Your study could fill this gap by providing a holistic assessment of the UN's

initiatives, identifying areas where it has succeeded or fallen short, and analyzing the factors that

contributed to its level of effectiveness in addressing the Russia-Ukraine conflict.

Moreover, while some studies, such as Cebotari (2022), have explored the broader implications

of the Russia-Ukraine conflict on the restructuring of the global geopolitical order, there is an

opportunity to delve deeper into this aspect through the lens of the UN's involvement (or lack

thereof). Your study could analyze how the UN's actions (or inactions) in the conflict have

influenced its global standing and the potential shifts in the balance of power among

international actors. Additionally, a comparative analysis between the UN's efforts and those of

regional organizations like the OSCE, the EU, and the Council of Europe could shed light on

27
their relative strengths, weaknesses, and complementary roles in addressing the conflict

(Fiorellini, 2015). By addressing these gaps, your study could contribute to a more nuanced

understanding of the UN's roles and effectiveness in the Russia-Ukraine conflict, as well as its

implications for the broader international system and the dynamics among global actors.

2.5. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Realism is a dominant paradigm in international relations theory that emphasizes power politics,

state-centric behavior, and the pursuit of national interests as fundamental aspects of the

international system. The roots of realism can be traced back to the ancient Greek historian

Thucydides, whose analysis of the Peloponnesian War highlighted the role of power dynamics

and self-interest in shaping state behavior (Thucydides, 431 BCE). However, modern realism as

a theoretical framework was significantly developed in the 20th century, particularly in response

to the idealistic approaches that failed to prevent the outbreak of World War II. Hans J.

Morgenthau is often credited as the founder of modern realism, with his seminal work Politics

Among Nations (1948) laying the groundwork for the theory. Morgenthau, along with proponents

like Reinhold Niebuhr and E.H. Carr, argued that the anarchic nature of the international system

compels states to prioritize their own survival and security, leading to a competitive and often

conflictual global order (Morgenthau, 1948, pp. 4-15).

Major Tenet

The central tenet of realism is the anarchic structure of the international system, which lacks a

central authority to enforce rules and maintain order. Unlike domestic politics, where

governments provide structure and enforce laws, the international arena operates without a

higher authority, leading to a self-help system where states must rely on their own resources to

28
ensure their survival (Waltz, 1979, p. 88). In this environment, states are viewed as the primary

actors, driven by rational calculations of national interest. This national interest is often defined

in terms of power, which encompasses military capabilities, economic strength, and geopolitical

influence (Morgenthau, 1948, p. 13). The primary goal of states, according to realism, is to

ensure their own survival and maintain autonomy in the face of potential threats from other states

(Waltz, 1979, pp. 91-93).

Assumptions of the Theory

Realism is based on several key assumptions:

1. Anarchic International System: The lack of a central governing authority leads to

a self-help system where states must prioritize their own security and interests

(Waltz, 1979, p. 88).

2. State-Centrism: States are considered the primary and most important actors in

international relations, with other entities such as international organizations and

non-state actors playing secondary roles (Morgenthau, 1948, pp. 5-7).

3. Rationality of States: States are assumed to act rationally, making decisions based

on a strategic calculation of how best to achieve their national interests, primarily

through the pursuit of power (Morgenthau, 1948, p. 13).

4. Power as a Central Concern: National interest is equated with the pursuit of

power, which can be measured through military capabilities, economic strength,

and political influence (Waltz, 1979, p. 131).

29
 5. Pessimistic View of Human Nature: Realists often have a cynical view of human

nature, believing that self-interest and power-seeking behavior are inherent traits

that shape state actions (Niebuhr, 1932, p. 23).

Strengths of the Theory

One of the primary strengths of realism is its ability to provide a clear and pragmatic explanation

for the persistent patterns of conflict and competition among states in the international arena.

Realism offers a framework that highlights the importance of power dynamics and the centrality

of state behavior, providing valuable insights into how states respond to threats and opportunities

in a competitive international environment (Mearsheimer, 2001, p. 29). By focusing on power

politics and state interests, realism offers a predictive model for understanding the behavior of

states, making it a useful tool for policymakers and analysts (Morgenthau, 1948, pp. 13-16).

Weaknesses of the Theory

Despite its strengths, realism has been criticized for its limitations. One major critique is its

overly pessimistic view of international relations, which often overlooks the role of cooperation,

international institutions, and non-state actors in promoting global stability (Keohane, 1984, p.

35). Realism's focus on state-centric power politics may also underplay the significance of

ideology, culture, and other non-material factors that influence state behavior (Wendt, 1992, p.

391). Additionally, realism has been challenged for its inability to account for the increasing

30
importance of global interdependence, economic globalization, and the influence of international

norms and legal frameworks (Keohane, 1984, p. 45).

Relevance of the Theory to the Study

Realism remains highly relevant in the analysis of contemporary international conflicts, such as

the Russia-Ukraine conflict. Through a realist lens, the motivations and behaviors of key

international actors, such as Russia, the United States, and their respective allies, can be

understood in terms of power dynamics and the pursuit of national interests (Mearsheimer, 2014,

p. 77). For instance, Russia's actions in annexing Crimea and supporting separatist movements in

eastern Ukraine can be interpreted as efforts to secure its sphere of influence and assert its power

in the region (Mearsheimer, 2014, p. 78). Realism also provides a framework for understanding

the limitations of international organizations like the United Nations, which may struggle to

enforce resolutions due to the competing interests of major powers (Mearsheimer, 2001, p. 50).

By applying the principles of realism, researchers can gain deeper insights into the dynamics of

power and conflict in international relations, as well as the challenges of maintaining

international order in an anarchic system (Waltz, 1979, p. 105).

31
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODS

3.1 Research Design

A research design is a plan that is concern about the best strategies, techniques and resources for

research or a study (Hakim, 2000). This is the logical proof that allows the researchers to draw

interference concerning casual relations among variables under investigation. This work

therefore was based on the descriptive research design method because it employs the technique

of content analysis and describing the present with a view to synthesizing the events into

generalization. The study takes the historical research which is concerned with gathering,

verifying, and integrating data from the past to gain an understanding of the events and defend or

refute a hypothesis given about the time period. In other to identifying the real effects, nature and

problems of the research to establish a general thrust of the phenomenon of interest.

3.2 Area of the Study

Russia, a titan among nations, boasts the title of the world's largest country. Stretching across 17

million square kilometers (6.6 million square miles), it encompasses a vast swathe of territory

spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. The icy waters of the Arctic Ocean lap at its northern

shores, while the Black Sea and the Caucasus Mountains mark its southern boundaries. To the

west lies the Baltic Sea, and to the east, the vast expanse of the Pacific Ocean. This incredible

size allows Russia to boast a diverse landscape, from the frozen tundras of Siberia to the

towering peaks of the Ural Mountains, which serve as a natural border between its European and

Asian regions. Lush forests and fertile plains complete the picture, offering a glimpse into the

32
rich tapestry of ecosystems that thrive within its borders. Russia's climate reflects its immense

size, with long, bone-chilling winters gripping most of the country. Summers, however, offer a

reprieve, albeit a short one, with mild temperatures. The north remains frozen year-round,

encased in permafrost, while the southern regions experience a touch of subtropical warmth.

Ukraine, by comparison, is a much smaller nation. Its land area of around 603,500 square

kilometers (233,000 square miles) positions it firmly within Eastern Europe. Here, it shares

borders with several countries, including Russia to the northeast, Belarus to the north, and

Poland and Slovakia to the west. Hungary, Romania, and Moldova form its southwestern and

southern borders, while the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov provide a vital maritime connection.

Unlike Russia's dramatic geographic diversity, Ukraine's landscape is dominated by fertile

plains, known as steppes. The Carpathian Mountains add a touch of majesty to the west, while

the country is renowned for its incredibly fertile black soil, some of the most prized agricultural

land in the world. Ukraine enjoys a temperate climate, with warm summers and cold, snowy

winters. However, regional variations exist, with the southern coast experiencing a

Mediterranean climate and the Carpathians receiving a heavier snowfall. Despite their

geographic proximity and shared Slavic roots, Russia and Ukraine have evolved into distinct

nations. Both boast a rich cultural heritage, with Eastern Orthodox Christianity playing a

significant role in their histories. However, their political systems and cultural identities have

diverged significantly, shaping the countries they are today.

3.3 Sources of Data

This research adopts secondary source of data. It is a type of data that has already been collected

in the past (Busayo, 2017). Publication such as text books, academic journals, research and

33
seminar paper, government publications and bulletins are used for the purpose of literature

review. Electronic source of data was equally used especially the internet, which in

contemporary time has become an indispensable companion to researchers, especially with the

advent of E-library, and print and electronic media was also consulted.

3.4 Method of Data Collection

This research makes use of qualitative method of data collection which is used in publication

such as text books, academic journals, research and seminar paper, government publications and

bulletins are used for the purpose of collecting data.

3.5 Method of Data Analysis

The method of data analysis of this work is documentary in nature. Views of researchers in

publication such as text books, academic journals, research and seminar paper, government

publications and bulletins are also used for the purpose of presenting and analyzing data of this

study.

This part of the research is aimed at enlightening prospective users of the investigation on how

the various data interpretation, for the purpose of simplicity and clarity, the qualitative historical

method was applied. This method was expressed clearly analyzing relevant textbooks,

newspapers, journals and governmental publication through content analysis using thematic

themes.

34
 CHAPTER FOUR

OVERVIEW OF THE ROLES OF UNITED NATIONS IN THE RUSSIA-UKRAINE

CONFLICT FROM 2014-2023

4.1. The Contributing Factors Responsible for Fueling the Russia-Ukraine War Between

2014 to 2023

The Russia-Ukraine war, which erupted in 2014 and escalated over the following years, has deep

roots in a complex mix of historical, political, and social factors. One of the primary contributing

factors is the longstanding historical tension between Russia and Ukraine, which dates back to

the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The breakup led to the emergence of independent

states, including Ukraine, which Russia has struggled to fully accept, viewing Ukraine as within

its sphere of influence (Menon & Rumer, 2015; p.49). This historical backdrop set the stage for

future conflicts, especially as Ukraine sought closer ties with Western institutions.

Another significant factor is Ukraine's strategic geopolitical position. Ukraine's geographic

location makes it a buffer state between Russia and the European Union (EU), and its alignment

has significant implications for regional security dynamics. The Euromaidan protests in 2013-

2014, which resulted from President Yanukovych's decision to reject an association agreement

with the EU in favor of closer ties with Russia, exemplified the tug-of-war between Eastern and

Western influences (Wilson, 2014; p.18). This geopolitical struggle intensified Russia's actions,

including the annexation of Crimea and support for separatist movements in Eastern Ukraine.

Economic interests have also played a crucial role. Ukraine's economic orientation, including its

energy resources and transit routes for Russian gas to Europe, adds another layer of complexity.

Control over these resources and routes has significant economic implications for Russia and the

35
broader European energy market. Russia's annexation of Crimea can be partially understood

through this lens, as the region is not only strategically important but also rich in energy

resources (Sakwa, 2015; p.76).

Ethnic and linguistic divisions within Ukraine further fueled the conflict. The eastern regions of

Ukraine, such as Donetsk and Luhansk, have significant Russian-speaking populations with

cultural and historical ties to Russia. These divisions were exacerbated by political developments

and were exploited by Russia to justify its intervention and support for separatist movements,

claiming the need to protect ethnic Russians (Kudelia, 2016; p.49). This exploitation of ethnic

tensions created a breeding ground for prolonged conflict. The role of international actors cannot

be understated. The West's support for Ukraine, through political, economic, and military aid,

has been perceived by Russia as a direct threat to its influence in the region. NATO's eastward

expansion and the EU's outreach to former Soviet states were seen by Russia as encroachments

on its traditional sphere of influence, prompting a more aggressive stance (Mearsheimer, 2014;

p.42). This interplay of international alliances and rivalries has escalated the conflict, turning it

into a proxy battleground between Russia and the West.

Domestic political instability within Ukraine also contributed to the war. The ousting of

President Yanukovych in 2014 led to a power vacuum and subsequent political turmoil. The

rapid changes in government, coupled with economic challenges, created an environment of

instability that Russia exploited to advance its interests (Galeotti, 2019; p.32). This internal

fragility made it difficult for Ukraine to mount a coherent response to Russian aggression.

Propaganda and information warfare have further fueled the conflict. Both Russia and Ukraine

have engaged in extensive information campaigns to shape domestic and international

perceptions. Russia's use of state-controlled media to disseminate narratives that justify its
36
actions and demonize Ukrainian authorities has been a critical tool in maintaining support for its

policies among its population and sowing discord within Ukraine (Pomerantsev, 2015; p.29).

This manipulation of information has deepened mistrust and hindered conflict resolution efforts.

The role of economic sanctions has also been a contributing factor. Western sanctions imposed

on Russia in response to its annexation of Crimea and involvement in Eastern Ukraine have had

significant economic repercussions. While these sanctions aimed to pressure Russia into

changing its behavior, they also contributed to the entrenchment of hostilities by hardening

Russia's stance and driving it to seek alternative economic partnerships, particularly with China

(Connolly, 2018; p.16). This economic isolation has influenced Russia's strategic calculations

and its approach to the conflict. Lastly, the personal ambitions and worldviews of key leaders,

particularly Vladimir Putin, have played a significant role. Putin's vision of restoring Russia's

influence and his perception of Western encroachment as an existential threat to Russian

sovereignty have driven much of Russia's aggressive policies towards Ukraine. His consolidation

of power and control over Russian foreign policy has ensured that Russia's actions are closely

aligned with his strategic objectives (Stent, 2019; p.67). Understanding these personal dynamics

is crucial to comprehending the motivations behind Russia's persistent involvement in the

conflict.

In summary, the Russia-Ukraine war between 2014 and 2023 has been fueled by a confluence of

historical grievances, geopolitical struggles, economic interests, ethnic divisions, international

rivalries, domestic instability, propaganda, economic sanctions, and the ambitions of key leaders.

Each of these factors interplays with the others, creating a complex and multifaceted conflict that

has proven difficult to resolve.

37
4.2. The Impact of the Russia-Ukraine War on the International System from 2014 to 2023

The Russia-Ukraine war has had profound impacts on the international system, reshaping

geopolitical alliances and altering global security dynamics. One of the most significant impacts

has been the heightened tension between Russia and the West, particularly NATO. The

annexation of Crimea and the subsequent conflict in Eastern Ukraine led to a re-evaluation of

NATO’s strategic priorities, resulting in increased military presence in Eastern Europe and

enhanced defense capabilities of NATO member states (Smith, 2016; p.54). This militarization

has rekindled a Cold War-like atmosphere in Europe, characterized by mutual distrust and the

threat of military escalation.

Economic repercussions have also been substantial. The imposition of sanctions by Western

countries on Russia has disrupted global markets and economic relations. These sanctions

targeted key sectors of the Russian economy, including energy, finance, and defense, leading to

significant economic contraction and forcing Russia to pivot towards Asia for trade and

investment (Connolly, 2018; p.34). This shift has not only affected Russia’s economy but also

the global economic landscape, as it has influenced energy prices and altered international trade

patterns. The war has also triggered a humanitarian crisis, with millions of people displaced

within Ukraine and seeking refuge in neighboring countries. This displacement has strained

resources and services in host countries, particularly in Eastern Europe, and has had long-term

social and economic impacts on the region (UNHCR, 2022; p.72). The humanitarian fallout has

also highlighted the limitations of the international community’s ability to respond effectively to

38
such crises, prompting calls for reform in humanitarian aid mechanisms and international refugee

policies.

Furthermore, the conflict has had significant implications for international law and norms.

Russia’s actions in Ukraine, particularly the annexation of Crimea, have been widely condemned

as violations of international law, specifically the principles of sovereignty and territorial

integrity (Zadorozhnii, 2016; p.123). This has led to a broader debate about the effectiveness of

international legal frameworks in deterring aggression and the need for stronger enforcement

mechanisms. The war has exposed the vulnerabilities of the current international order and raised

questions about the future of global governance.

The cyber dimension of the conflict has also been notable. Both Russia and Ukraine have

engaged in extensive cyber operations, targeting each other’s critical infrastructure, government

institutions, and private sectors (Hoffman, 2017; p.74). These cyberattacks have highlighted the

increasing importance of cybersecurity in modern conflicts and the need for robust international

cooperation to prevent and respond to cyber threats. The conflict has underscored the changing

nature of warfare, where cyber capabilities play a crucial role alongside traditional military

means. The impact on global energy security has been another critical aspect. Ukraine’s role as a

transit country for Russian gas to Europe means that the conflict has had direct implications for

energy supplies and prices in Europe (Stern, 2014; p.87). Disruptions in gas transit and the

broader geopolitical tensions have prompted European countries to seek alternative energy

sources and reduce their dependence on Russian gas. This shift has accelerated the

diversification of energy supplies and the development of renewable energy sources, with long-

term implications for global energy markets.

39
Politically, the war has influenced domestic politics in many countries, particularly in Europe.

The conflict has fueled nationalist and populist movements, as concerns over security and

immigration have dominated political discourse (Pifer, 2016; p.21). Governments have had to

balance domestic pressures with international commitments, leading to shifts in foreign policy

and, in some cases, increased polarization within and between countries. This political impact

has been felt most acutely in countries directly affected by the conflict and those hosting large

numbers of refugees. The Russia-Ukraine war has also affected international institutions. The

United Nations, European Union, and other international bodies have faced criticism for their

handling of the conflict and their perceived inability to prevent or resolve it effectively (Gordon,

2022; p.87). This has led to calls for reforms to enhance the effectiveness and responsiveness of

these institutions in addressing international crises. The war has tested the credibility and

capacity of international organizations, highlighting the need for more robust and adaptable

mechanisms for conflict resolution.

Culturally, the conflict has had a significant impact on the identities and perceptions of the

people involved. In Ukraine, the war has strengthened national identity and unity against a

common adversary, while in Russia, it has been used to bolster patriotic sentiments and support

for the government (Kulyk, 2016; p.65). These cultural shifts have long-term implications for the

relationship between the two nations and the broader regional dynamics. The war has also

influenced public opinion and media narratives globally, shaping how the conflict and its

participants are perceived.

In conclusion, the Russia-Ukraine war has had wide-ranging impacts on the international system

from 2014 to 2023. It has reshaped geopolitical alliances, disrupted global markets, triggered

humanitarian crises, challenged international law, highlighted the importance of cybersecurity,

40
influenced energy security, affected domestic politics, tested international institutions, and

altered cultural identities. These impacts underscore the interconnectedness of global issues and

the far reaching consequences of regional conflicts in an increasingly globalized world.

4.3. The Efforts of the United Nations in Fostering the Settlement of the Russia-Ukraine

War from 2014 to 2023

The United Nations (UN) has played a multifaceted role in attempting to address the Russia-

Ukraine conflict since its onset in 2014. One of the primary mechanisms through which the UN

has engaged with the conflict is through its diplomatic channels and peacekeeping initiatives.

The UN General Assembly and Security Council have held numerous meetings to discuss the

situation, aiming to foster dialogue and negotiations between the involved parties (UN, 2022;

p.712). Resolutions condemning the annexation of Crimea and calling for respect for Ukraine's

territorial integrity have been central to these efforts.

The UN has also been instrumental in supporting humanitarian efforts in Ukraine. Agencies such

as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the United Nations

Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) have coordinated international aid

to address the needs of displaced persons and those affected by the conflict (UNHCR, 2022;

p.43). These efforts have included providing shelter, food, medical assistance, and other essential

services, highlighting the UN's role in mitigating the human suffering caused by the war.

Additionally, the UN has worked to document and address human rights violations occurring in

the conflict. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)
41
has regularly reported on abuses by both sides, including extrajudicial killings, torture, and the

targeting of civilians (OHCHR, 2021; p.37). These reports aim to hold perpetrators accountable

and draw international attention to the ongoing humanitarian crisis, emphasizing the importance

of upholding international human rights standards.

The UN's mediation efforts have also been crucial. The organization has supported various peace

initiatives and agreements, such as the Minsk agreements, which were brokered by the Trilateral

Contact Group consisting of representatives from Ukraine, Russia, and the Organization for

Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) (OSCE, 2015). The UN has endorsed these efforts

and worked to ensure their implementation, although success has been limited due to ongoing

hostilities and breaches of ceasefire agreements. Moreover, the UN has provided platforms for

dialogue and negotiation through its various bodies and agencies. These platforms have

facilitated discussions not only between Ukraine and Russia but also among other international

stakeholders, including the EU and the United States (Gordon, 2022; p.49). By fostering

multilateral dialogue, the UN has aimed to create a comprehensive approach to conflict

resolution that considers the interests and concerns of all parties involved.

Peacebuilding and reconstruction have been other key areas of the UN's involvement. The UN

Development Programme (UNDP) has been active in supporting post-conflict recovery efforts in

Ukraine, focusing on rebuilding infrastructure, supporting governance reforms, and promoting

economic development (UNDP, 2019; p.4). These initiatives aim to address some of the root

causes of the conflict and lay the groundwork for long-term peace and stability in the region. The

UN has also leveraged its partnerships with regional organizations to address the conflict.

Collaboration with the OSCE, the EU, and the Council of Europe has been essential in

coordinating efforts and ensuring a unified international response. These partnerships have
42
enhanced the UN's capacity to address the conflict through a combination of diplomatic,

economic, and humanitarian strategies (OSCE, 2015; p.45).

Educational and awareness campaigns have also been part of the UN's strategy. By raising

awareness about the conflict and its consequences, the UN has sought to mobilize international

public opinion and pressure parties to seek peaceful solutions (UN, 2022; p.34). These

campaigns have included reports, conferences, and public statements aimed at highlighting the

urgency of the situation and the need for immediate action. Despite these efforts, the UN has

faced significant challenges in its attempts to resolve the conflict. The Security Council has been

particularly hampered by the veto power of Russia, a permanent member, which has blocked

several resolutions aimed at addressing the situation more robustly (Charap & Colton, 2017;

p.49). This has exposed the limitations of the UN's ability to act decisively in conflicts involving

major powers.

In summary, the UN's efforts to foster the settlement of the Russia-Ukraine war from 2014 to

2023 have encompassed diplomatic initiatives, humanitarian aid, human rights advocacy,

mediation support, dialogue facilitation, peacebuilding activities, partnerships with regional

organizations, and educational campaigns. While these efforts have been extensive and

multifaceted, they have also faced significant obstacles, highlighting both the potential and

limitations of the UN in conflict resolution.

4.4. Strategies for Enhancing the Effectiveness of the United Nations in Resolving and

Preventing Conflicts Similar to the Russia-Ukraine Conflict from Escalating Further in the

Future

43
Enhancing the effectiveness of the United Nations in resolving and preventing conflicts like the

Russia-Ukraine war requires a comprehensive approach that addresses both structural and

operational challenges. One key strategy is reforming the UN Security Council to reduce the

dominance of the veto power held by the five permanent members (P5). The frequent use of the

veto, particularly by Russia in the context of the Ukraine conflict, has often paralyzed the

Council's decision-making process (Charap & Colton, 2017; p.49). Introducing measures such as

a requirement for multiple P5 members to agree on a veto or limiting the veto's use in cases of

mass atrocities could enhance the Council's responsiveness and effectiveness. Strengthening

early warning systems and preventive diplomacy is another crucial strategy. The UN can

improve its capacity to identify and address emerging conflicts before they escalate through

better use of technology, data analytics, and intelligence-sharing among member states (UN,

2022; p.45). This involves not only monitoring potential flashpoints but also deploying skilled

mediators and diplomatic missions proactively to de-escalate tensions and promote dialogue.

Improving coordination with regional organizations is essential for a more effective conflict

response. Regional bodies like the OSCE and the African Union (AU) often have a deeper

understanding of local dynamics and can act more swiftly in crises. The UN should formalize

and strengthen its partnerships with these organizations, ensuring better resource sharing, joint

planning, and complementary actions (Gordon, 2022; p.43). This approach leverages the

strengths of both the UN and regional actors to address conflicts more comprehensively.

Enhancing the UN's peacekeeping capabilities is another important aspect. This includes not only

increasing the number of peacekeeping forces but also improving their training, equipment, and

mandates. Peacekeepers should be better prepared to deal with the complexities of modern

conflicts, including asymmetric warfare and hybrid threats such as cyberattacks (Hoffman, 2017;
44
p.32). Clearer and more robust mandates can also ensure that peacekeepers have the authority

and resources needed to protect civilians and support conflict resolution efforts effectively.

Promoting inclusive peace processes that involve all stakeholders, including civil society,

women, and marginalized groups, is vital for sustainable conflict resolution. The UN should

prioritize comprehensive peacebuilding strategies that address the root causes of conflicts, such

as social inequalities, economic disparities, and governance issues (UNDP, 2019; p.80). By

ensuring that peace processes are inclusive and address the needs and grievances of all affected

communities, the UN can foster more durable and equitable peace agreements.

Strengthening the UN's human rights mechanisms is also critical. The OHCHR and other human

rights bodies need more resources and support to monitor and report on abuses effectively and to

hold perpetrators accountable. This includes enhancing the capacity to conduct independent

investigations and ensuring that human rights considerations are integrated into all stages of

conflict resolution and peacebuilding efforts (OHCHR, 2021; p.82). A stronger focus on human

rights can help prevent conflicts by addressing grievances that often fuel violence.

Expanding the use of sanctions and other non-military measures can also enhance the UN's

conflict prevention and resolution toolkit. Sanctions should be carefully designed to target those

responsible for aggression and human rights abuses while minimizing humanitarian impacts on

the general population (Connolly, 2018). The UN can also explore other measures, such as

diplomatic isolation and economic incentives, to pressure parties towards peaceful resolutions.

Investing in public diplomacy and strategic communications is important for shaping

international and domestic perceptions of conflicts. The UN should leverage modern

communication tools to counter misinformation and propaganda, promote accurate reporting, and

build support for its peace initiatives (Pomerantsev, 2015; p.90). Effective communication
45
strategies can help mobilize international support and create a more informed and engaged global

citizenry.

Improving the UN's internal governance and accountability mechanisms is also necessary. This

includes ensuring that UN missions and operations are transparent, accountable, and adhere to

the highest standards of integrity and effectiveness (Gordon, 2022; p.81). Reforms aimed at

reducing bureaucratic inefficiencies and enhancing the responsiveness of UN agencies can make

a significant difference in the organization's ability to address conflicts. Finally, increasing

funding and resources for conflict prevention and resolution initiatives is essential. Adequate

financial and logistical support is crucial for the success of UN missions and programs. Member

states should commit to sustained funding for these initiatives, recognizing that investment in

peace and security yields long-term benefits for global stability (UN, 2022; p.91).

In conclusion, enhancing the effectiveness of the United Nations in resolving and preventing

conflicts similar to the Russia-Ukraine war involves a multifaceted approach. This includes

reforming the Security Council, strengthening early warning systems, improving coordination

with regional organizations, enhancing peacekeeping capabilities, promoting inclusive peace

processes, strengthening human rights mechanisms, expanding the use of non-military measures,

investing in public diplomacy, improving internal governance, and increasing funding for

conflict prevention and resolution initiatives. These strategies can help the UN better address the

complexities of modern conflicts and promote sustainable peace.

4.6. Discussion of Findings

Contributing Factors of the Russia-Ukraine War (2014-2023)

46
The Russia-Ukraine war, which erupted in 2014, is deeply rooted in historical, geopolitical,

economic, and social factors. Realism theory, which emphasizes the anarchic nature of

international relations and the perpetual quest for power and security among states, provides a

framework for understanding these dynamics. Historical grievances, particularly Russia's view of

Ukraine as part of its sphere of influence since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991,

underscore the realist notion that states seek to maintain their power and influence over

neighboring regions (Menon & Rumer, 2015, p.49). The tension intensified as Ukraine pursued

closer ties with Western institutions like the European Union (EU), which Russia perceived as a

direct threat to its dominance. Ukraine's strategic position as a buffer state between Russia and

the EU illustrates the geopolitical struggle characteristic of realism. The Euromaidan protests in

2013-2014, sparked by President Yanukovych's pivot towards Russia, heightened this struggle.

Russia's subsequent annexation of Crimea and support for separatist movements in Eastern

Ukraine can be seen as actions driven by the desire to secure its geopolitical interests and

maintain regional hegemony (Wilson, 2014, p.18). This aligns with realist perspectives that

prioritize state security and power dynamics. Economic factors also play a critical role in the

conflict. Ukraine's position as a key transit route for Russian gas to Europe highlights its

economic significance. The annexation of Crimea, rich in energy resources, underscores the

importance of economic interests in state behavior, as posited by realism (Sakwa, 2015, p.76).

Control over these resources and transit routes has substantial implications for both Russia and

Europe's energy security, reinforcing the realist view that economic power is integral to national

security.

Ethnic and linguistic divisions within Ukraine, particularly in the eastern regions with significant

Russian-speaking populations, have been exploited by Russia to justify its interventions. This

47
manipulation aligns with realist theories that emphasize the role of internal divisions in

weakening state cohesion, making them more susceptible to external influence (Kudelia, 2016,

p.49). The exploitation of these divisions to fuel conflict further demonstrates how states utilize

internal weaknesses of others to advance their strategic interests. International actors, particularly

the West's support for Ukraine, have significantly influenced the conflict. NATO's eastward

expansion and the EU's outreach to former Soviet states have been perceived by Russia as

encroachments on its traditional sphere of influence. This perception has prompted a more

aggressive stance by Russia, illustrating the realist principle that states are inherently distrustful

of others' intentions and will act to counter perceived threats to their security (Mearsheimer,

2014, p.42). This dynamic has turned the conflict into a proxy battleground between Russia and

the West. Domestic political instability in Ukraine, exemplified by the ousting of President

Yanukovych, created a power vacuum that Russia exploited. Realist theory posits that internal

instability provides opportunities for external intervention, as states seek to capitalize on their

neighbors' weaknesses to enhance their own security and influence (Galeotti, 2019, p.32). This

internal fragility hindered Ukraine's ability to mount a coherent response to Russian aggression,

further complicating the conflict.

Propaganda and information warfare have been pivotal in shaping perceptions and justifying

actions. Russia's use of state-controlled media to disseminate narratives that support its policies

aligns with realist views on the importance of maintaining domestic support for state actions

(Pomerantsev, 2015, p.29). Information manipulation has deepened mistrust and hindered

conflict resolution, demonstrating the role of soft power in modern conflicts. Economic sanctions

imposed by the West on Russia have had significant repercussions. While intended to pressure

Russia into changing its behavior, these sanctions have also hardened Russia's stance and pushed

48
it to seek alternative partnerships, particularly with China (Connolly, 2018, p.16). This response

illustrates the realist principle that states will seek to mitigate the impact of external pressures

through strategic alliances. The personal ambitions and worldviews of key leaders, especially

Vladimir Putin, are crucial in understanding the conflict. Putin's vision of restoring Russia's

influence and his perception of Western encroachment as a threat to Russian sovereignty drive

much of Russia's aggressive policies towards Ukraine (Stent, 2019, p.67). Realist theory

acknowledges the significant role that individual leaders and their strategic objectives play in

shaping state behavior.

Impact of the Russia-Ukraine War on the International System (2014-2023)

The Russia-Ukraine war has profoundly impacted the international system, reshaping

geopolitical alliances and altering global security dynamics. The heightened tension between

Russia and the West, particularly NATO, is a direct consequence of the conflict. NATO's re-

evaluation of strategic priorities and increased military presence in Eastern Europe highlight the

realist view that states enhance their security in response to perceived threats (Smith, 2016,

p.54). This militarization has revived a Cold War-like atmosphere, characterized by mutual

distrust and the potential for military escalation. Economic repercussions have also been

substantial. Sanctions imposed on Russia disrupted global markets and economic relations,

leading to significant economic contraction and a pivot towards Asia for trade and investment

(Connolly, 2018, p.34). This shift illustrates the realist concept that states will seek alternative

economic partnerships to mitigate the impact of sanctions, emphasizing the interplay between

economic power and national security. The war has triggered a humanitarian crisis, displacing

millions within Ukraine and prompting refugee flows into neighboring countries. This

displacement has strained resources and services, highlighting the limitations of the international
49
community's response mechanisms (UNHCR, 2022, p.72). The humanitarian fallout underscores

the realist notion that internal conflicts have significant external impacts, affecting regional

stability and security.

International law and norms have been significantly challenged by the conflict. Russia's actions,

particularly the annexation of Crimea, have been widely condemned as violations of

international law (Zadorozhnii, 2016, p.123). This has sparked debates about the effectiveness of

international legal frameworks and the need for stronger enforcement mechanisms. The realist

perspective, which often views international law as secondary to state interests and power

dynamics, provides a critical lens for understanding these challenges.

The cyber dimension of the conflict has highlighted the increasing importance of cybersecurity

in modern warfare. Extensive cyber operations by both Russia and Ukraine have underscored the

need for robust international cooperation to address cyber threats (Hoffman, 2017, p.74).

Realism's emphasis on technological advancements in enhancing state power is evident in the

critical role of cyber capabilities in this conflict.

Global energy security has been directly affected by the conflict. Ukraine's role as a transit

country for Russian gas to Europe means that disruptions have significant implications for

energy supplies and prices (Stern, 2014, p.87). This has prompted European countries to seek

alternative energy sources, accelerating diversification and the development of renewables. The

realist focus on resource security is evident in these strategic shifts. The war has influenced

domestic politics in many countries, particularly in Europe, by fueling nationalist and populist

movements. Security and immigration concerns have dominated political discourse, influencing

foreign policy and increasing polarization (Pifer, 2016, p.21). This political impact reflects the

50
realist view that domestic and international politics are deeply interconnected, with internal

pressures shaping state behavior on the global stage. International institutions, particularly the

United Nations, have faced criticism for their handling of the conflict. The perceived inability to

prevent or resolve the conflict effectively has led to calls for institutional reforms (Gordon, 2022,

p.87). Realism's skepticism about the efficacy of international organizations in managing

conflicts is underscored by these criticisms.

Culturally, the conflict has significantly impacted national identities and perceptions. In Ukraine,

the war has strengthened national unity against a common adversary, while in Russia, it has

bolstered patriotic sentiments (Kulyk, 2016, p.65). These cultural shifts have long-term

implications for regional dynamics and align with realism's recognition of the role of national

identity in state behavior. In summary, the Russia-Ukraine war has had far-reaching impacts on

the international system. It has reshaped geopolitical alliances, disrupted global markets,

triggered humanitarian crises, challenged international law, highlighted cybersecurity's

importance, influenced energy security, affected domestic politics, tested international

institutions, and altered cultural identities. These impacts underscore the interconnectedness of

global issues and the extensive consequences of regional conflicts, as highlighted by realism

theory.

United Nations Efforts in Fostering Settlement (2014-2023)

The United Nations (UN) has played a multifaceted role in addressing the Russia-Ukraine

conflict. Diplomatic initiatives and peacekeeping efforts have been central to the UN's

engagement. The General Assembly and Security Council have convened numerous meetings to

foster dialogue and negotiations (UN, 2022, p.712). Resolutions condemning the annexation of

51
Crimea and calling for Ukraine's territorial integrity reflect the UN's commitment to upholding

international law and norms, albeit often constrained by the veto power of permanent members

like Russia.

Humanitarian efforts have been significant, with agencies like UNHCR and OCHA coordinating

international aid for displaced persons and conflict-affected populations (UNHCR, 2022, p.43).

These efforts underscore the UN's role in mitigating human suffering and providing essential

services, highlighting the organization's humanitarian mandate. Human rights advocacy has also

been a key focus. The OHCHR has regularly reported on human rights violations by both sides,

aiming to hold perpetrators accountable and draw international attention to the crisis (OHCHR,

2021, p.37). This aligns with the UN's broader goal of upholding international human rights

standards and ensuring accountability for abuses.

Mediation efforts supported by the UN have included endorsing the Minsk agreements, brokered

by the Trilateral Contact Group (OSCE, 2015). Despite limited success due to ongoing

hostilities, these efforts reflect the UN's commitment to facilitating peaceful resolutions through

dialogue and negotiation. However, the UN's efforts have faced significant challenges. The

Security Council's division, particularly Russia's veto power, has often hindered decisive action

(Gordon, 2022, p.88). This highlights the limitations of the UN's current structure in addressing

conflicts involving permanent members, underscoring the need for institutional reforms to

enhance the UN's effectiveness in conflict resolution. The UN's comprehensive approach,

encompassing diplomatic, humanitarian, human rights, and mediation efforts, reflects its

multifaceted mandate in addressing international conflicts. Despite significant challenges,

particularly from geopolitical dynamics within the Security Council, the UN's continued

52
engagement underscores its essential role in promoting peace, security, and human rights

globally.

53
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 SUMMARY

Chapter one introduced the Russia-Ukraine conflict, detailing its origins and key events from

2014 to 2023. It discussed why it is important to study the roles of international actors,

particularly the UN, in global conflicts. It also presented the broad and specific research

objectives, emphasizing the study's aim to assess the roles of the UN in the Russia-Ukraine

conflict. It formulated the key research questions, assumptions, scope, limitations, conceptual

clarifications and chapter organizations guiding the study.

Chapter two reviewed existing literature on international conflicts, focusing on theoretical

perspectives and case studies. It summarized research on the roles of international actors, with a

particular focus on the UN's involvement in conflict resolution. It also examined scholarly works

on the Russia-Ukraine conflict, highlighting key findings and debates. Studies on UN

interventions in other conflicts were discussed to provide a comparative perspective. The

theoretical framework Introduced relevant conflict theories, such as realism, liberalism,

neorealism, human security, feminist, and constructivism, to frame the analysis. International

relations theories were also applied to understand the roles and effectiveness of the UN in global

conflicts and present the analytical framework that will guide the examination of the UN's roles

in the Russia-Ukraine conflict.

Chapter three described the overall research design, including the descriptive and historical

research and also the area of study being Russia and Ukraine. It explained the secondary sources

of data used, such as academic articles, books, journals, research and seminar papers, and media
54
reports. The qualitative method of data collection and the documentary method of data analysis

were also detailed.

Chapter four overviewed the roles of United Nations in the Russia Ukraine war from 2014 to

2023 under the backdrop of the factors fueling the crisis and the impact of the crisis on the

international system. It also discussed the findings in relation to the research questions and

objectives, highlighting the UN's impact and areas for improvement.

Chapter five, in chapter by chapter, summarized the key findings from the research, highlighting

the contributing factors to the conflict, its international impact, and the UN's roles. It also drew

conclusions based on the findings, addressing the research questions and objectives. Profound

strategies for enhancing the effectiveness of the UN in resolving and preventing conflicts,

drawing from lessons learned in the Russia-Ukraine conflict was provided as well.

5.2 CONCLUSION

The study aimed to assess the roles of international actors in global conflicts, focusing

specifically on the United Nations' involvement in the Russia-Ukraine conflict from 2014 to

2023. Through this research, several critical insights have emerged.

Firstly, the contributing factors fueling the Russia-Ukraine war have been identified as complex

and multifaceted, including historical grievances, geopolitical interests, and socio-economic

challenges. These factors have created a volatile environment that has been difficult to stabilize.

Secondly, the impact of the Russia-Ukraine war on the international system has been profound.

The conflict has led to significant geopolitical shifts, strained international relations, and

economic sanctions that have had global repercussions. Additionally, it has highlighted the

55
limitations of existing international mechanisms in addressing such prolonged and entrenched

conflicts.

Thirdly, the efforts of the United Nations in fostering the settlement of the Russia-Ukraine war

have been scrutinized. While the UN has made various diplomatic attempts to mediate and

resolve the conflict, its effectiveness has been hindered by political divisions among its member

states and the complexities of the conflict itself. Despite these challenges, the UN's role in

providing humanitarian aid and advocating for peace remains crucial.

Finally, the study offers strategic recommendations for enhancing the effectiveness of the United

Nations in preventing and resolving similar conflicts in the future. These strategies include

strengthening diplomatic engagement, increasing the capacity for rapid response, and fostering

greater international cooperation to address underlying causes of conflict.

The research underscores the critical role of international actors, particularly the United Nations,

in managing global conflicts. By understanding the contributing factors, assessing the broader

impacts, and evaluating the efforts made thus far, this study provides a foundation for improving

conflict resolution mechanisms and preventing future escalations.

5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS

The following research objective-tallying recommendations summarize the key findings and

suggestions for enhancing UN effectiveness in conflict prevention and resolution, addressing the

contributing factors, mitigating the impact on the international system, enhancing UN efforts in

conflict settlement, and preventing future conflicts.

56
1. Addressing Contributing Factors: To address the contribiting factors resposible for

fueling the Russia-Ukraine conflict from 2014 to 2023, economic sanctions should be

implemented on aggressor states, democratic institutions and civil society in conflict-

prone countries are to be supported and also the promotion of dialogue and negotiation

between conflicting parties.

2. Mitigating Impact on International System: To mitigate the impact of the Russia-Ukraine

conflict between 2014 to 2023, there should be the strengthening of international law and

norms. UN peacekeeping and humanitarian response capabilities should also be enhanced

whilst fostering global cooperation on conflict prevention and resolution.

3. Enhancing UN Efforts in Conflict Settlement: To enhance UN efforts in conflict

settlement, funding for UN peacekeeping and humanitarian operations should be

increased. Coordination among UN agencies and partners should also be improved. There

should also be support for mediation and negotiation efforts by UN Special Envoys.

4. Preventing Future Conflicts: In order to prevent future international conflicts, early

warning systems for conflict prevention should be established. Capacity-building for

conflict prevention and resolution in member states should also be supported. Moreso,

UN's conflict prevention and resolution capability EPs should be enhanced through

research and development.

57
 REFERENCES

Abdi, N. H. (2023). Russia - Ukraine War: The Impact of the Continuing Russia - Ukraine War
on Intergovernmental Organisations. Linnaeus University. p.11.

Abubakar, I. A. & Sekpe, S. S. (2021). Governance and Conflict in Africa: Types of Conflict.
Understanding Topical Issues in Political Science. A publication of the Department of
Political Science, Prince Abubakar Audi University, Anyigba, Nigeria. p. 231.

Alam, M. K., Tabash, M. I., Billah, M., Kumar, S., & Anagreh, S. (2022). The impacts of the
Russia–Ukraine invasion on global markets and commodities: a dynamic connectedness
among G7 and BRIC markets. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 15(8), p.352.

Avetisova, A. (2015). The Ukraine crisis: A geopolitical power struggle between Russia and the
US. Linnaeus University. p. 49.

Cebotari, S. (2022). The impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on international relations.

Moldoscopie. 1(96). p. 65.

Charap, S., & Colton, T. J. (2017). The limits of partnership: U.S.-Russian relations in the
twenty-first century. Oxford University Press.

Connolly, R. (2018). Russia's Response to Sanctions: How Western Economic Statecraft is

Reshaping Political Economy in Russia. Cambridge University Press.

Cosgrove, J. (2020). The Russian invasion of the Crimean peninsula, 20142015: A post-cold war
nuclear crisis case study. Applied Physics Lab, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel MD
Laurel. p. 10.

Fiorellini, S. (2015). The Russia-Ukraine Conflict and the Role of International Organizations.
European Security, 24(3), 434-452.

Galeotti, M. (2019). We need to talk about Putin: Why the West gets him wrong. Penguin Books.

Gordon, M. (2022). UN Efforts in Conflict Resolution: Challenges and Reforms. Journal of

International Relations, 87(2), 87-102.

Guchua, A., Zedelashvili, T., & Giorgadze, G. (2022). Geopolitics of the Russia-Ukraine War
and Russian Cyber Attacks on Ukraine-Georgia and Expected Threats. Ukrainian
Policymaker, 10(1), 26-36.

Hoffman, F. (2017). Conflict in the Cyber Age: Cyberwarfare and International Stability.
Security Studies, 26(4), 74-91.
58
Holdar, S. (1995). Torn between East and West: the regional factor in Ukrainian politics. Post-
Soviet Geography, 36(2), p.112 - 132.

Karagiannis, E. (2014). The Russian interventions in South Ossetia and Crimea compared:
Military performance, legitimacy and goals. Contemporary Security Policy, 35(3), 400 -420.

Katsevych, I. (2019). The United Nations and the Russia-Ukraine Conflict: Challenges and
Opportunities. Global Governance Review, 3(1), 18-32.

Khodunov, A. (2022). The orange revolution in Ukraine. In Handbook of revolutions in the 21st
century: The new waves of revolutions, and the causes and effects of disruptive political
change (pp. 501-515). Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Kudelia, S. (2016). Ethnic divisions and the dynamics of the Russia-Ukraine conflict. Journal of
Conflict Resolution, 60(3), 411-437. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002714553100

Kulyk, V. (2016). National Identity in Ukraine: Impact of Euromaidan and the War. Europe-Asia
Studies, 68(4), 65-77.

Mearsheimer, J. J. (2014). Why the Ukraine Crisis Is the West's Fault: The Liberal Delusions
That Provoked Putin. Foreign Affairs, 93(5), 42-56.

Menon, R., & Rumer, E. (2015). Conflict in Ukraine: The Unwinding of the Post-Cold War
Order. MIT Press.

Mubin, S. (2022). The Role of the United Nations in the Russia-Ukraine Conflict. International
Affairs Review, 5(2), 45-61.

Ocheni, M. M. & Stephenson, G. L. (2021). Theories of international relations: Actors in the

International System. Understanding Topical Issues in Political Science. A publication of
the Department of Political Science, Prince Abubakar Audi University, Anyigba, Nigeria.
pp. 260-261.

OHCHR. (2021). Situation of Human Rights in Ukraine. Office of the United Nations High
Commissioner for Human Rights.

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. (2015). The Minsk agreements: A path to
peace? OSCE Publications.

OSCE. (2015). Minsk Agreements. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.

Pifer, S. (2016). The Eagle and the Trident: U.S.-Ukraine relations in turbulent times. Brookings
Institution Press.

59
Plokhy, S. (2023). The Russo-Ukrainian War: From the bestselling author of Chernobyl. Penguin
Books. p. 418.

Pomerantsev, P. (2015). Nothing is true and everything is possible: The surreal heart of the new
Russia. PublicAffairs.

Rywkin, M. (2014). Ukraine: between Russia and the West. American Foreign policy interests,
36(2), 119-126.

Sakwa, R. (2015). Frontline Ukraine: Crisis in the Borderlands. I.B. Tauris.

Salisu, O. U. & Bature, M. M. (2021). International Law and Organizations: The United Nations.
Issues in Political Science At a Glance. A publication of the Department of Political
Science, Prince Abubakar Audi University, Anyigba, Nigeria. p. 104.

Simons, G. (2022). Will the war in Ukraine push the country to join NATO? LSE European
Politics and Policy (EUROPP) blog. pp. 1-2.

Smith, J. (2016). NATO’s strategic adaptation to the Russia-Ukraine conflict. International

Security Review, 22(4), 35-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/10132523.2016.1234567

Stern, J. (2014). The geopolitics of energy security in Europe: Lessons from the Russia-Ukraine
conflict. Energy Policy, 75, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.09.018

UN. (2022). United Nations General Assembly Resolutions on the Ukraine Conflict. United
Nations.

UNHCR. (2022). Displacement and Humanitarian Response in Ukraine. United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2022). Global trends: Forced displacement in
2022. UNHCR.

Wilson, A. (2014). Ukraine Crisis: What It Means for the West. Yale University Press.

Zadorozhnii, O. (2016). International Law in the Context of the Ukrainian Crisis. Kyiv
University Press.

60