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Chapter 1:-INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Introduction

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Chapter 1:-INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Introduction

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kumarujwal95
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1:- INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Introduction

A CHATBOT is an artificial person, animal or other creature which holds conversations with
humans. This could be a text based (typed) conversation, a spoken conversation or even a
non-verbal conversation. Chat bot can run on local computers and phones, though most of the
time it is accessed through the internet. Chat bot is typically perceived as engaging software
entity which humans can talk to. It can be interesting, inspiring and intriguing. Chat bots talk
in almost every major language. Their language (Natural Language Processing, NLP) skills
vary from extremely poor to very clever intelligent, helpful and funny.
In 1950, Alan Turing asked the question “Can machines think?” Turing conceptualized the
problem as an “imitation game” (now called the Turing Test), in which an “interrogator”
asked questions to human and machine subjects, with the goal of identifying the human. If
the human and machine are indistinguishable, we say the machine can think. In 1966, Joseph
Weizenbaum at MIT created the first chatbot that, arguably, came close to imitating a human:
ELIZA. Given an input sentence, ELIZA would identify keywords and pattern match those
keywords against a set of pre-programmed rules to generate appropriate responses. In 1995,
Richard Wallace created A.L.I.C.E, a significantly more complex bot that generated
responses by pattern matching inputs against <pattern> (input) <template> (output) pairs
stored in documents in a knowledge base. These documents were written in Artificial
Intelligence Markup Language (AIML), an extension of XML, which is still in use today.
Modern Chatbots include: Amazon’s Echo and Alexa, Apple’s Siri, and Microsoft’s Cortana.
Machines are now capable of and imitating intelligent human behavior. Naturally and
imitating their creators, current AI are built to evolve. Ultimately, man is looking to empower
computers to approach reasoning (to problem solving) and conquer everything in life, just as
we humans do. AI continues to develop all the time and the process is iterative and built upon
improvement, learning from mistakes of the past, one model at a time. Learn, build, learn,
grow and so the cycle continues, just like a baby becomes a child who becomes an adult. NLP
— Natural Language Processing is the component that bridges the gap between human talk
and computer programmed understanding (regardless of which human is talking, what
language is spoken and the way in which, perhaps grammatically, they are talking). The NLP
component allows the computer to interpret the vast and complicated human language,
understand what’s being said, process it all, reflect what is being required of it and effectively
‘talk back’, equally like humans do. NLPs are advancing at exceptional rates and it is this
human-like and natural, behavioral part of the experience, the NLP handles. Deep learning is a
deeper level and subset of machine learning whereby a machine uses mass amounts of data
and highly complex algorithms to ‘learn’ and to simulate human-like decision-making. The
learning area within an AI is under massive development and growth currently coining the
term, deep learning. Deep learning is the deeper part of the AIs brain and the conduit to the
NLP allowing the machine to learn from everything and improve upon itself for next time, just
as humans would.

Belief-desire-intention (BDI) model, originally proposed by Bratman (1987) as a


philosophical theory of the practical reasoning, explaining the human reasoning with the
following attitudes: beliefs, desires and intentions. The essential assumption of the BDI
model is that actions are derived from a process named practical reasoning, which is
composed of two steps. In the first step, deliberation (of goals), a set of desires is selected to
be achieved, according to the current situation of the agent’s beliefs. The second step is
responsible for the determination of how these concrete goals produced as a result of the
previous step can be achieved by means of the available options for the agent.

The three mental attitudes that are part of the BDI model are described next.

 Beliefs. They represent environment characteristics, which are updated accordingly


after the perception of each action. They can be seen as the informative component of
the system.
 Desires. They store the information of the goals to be achieved, as well as properties
and costs associated with each goal. They represent the motivational state of the
system.
 Intentions. They represent the current action plan chosen. They capture the
deliberative component of the system.

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