Q2.

Explain the following terms in relation with ERP

environment Product lifecycle management
&Enterprise asset management.
i) Product Lifecycle Management (PLM): It refers to the process
of managing a product's entire lifespan, from initial design and
development to end-of-life disposal. PLM involves various
activities such as product planning, design, production,
marketing, and product support. It helps in maximizing
productivity, reducing costs, improving quality, and enhancing
customer satisfaction throughout the entire product lifecycle.

iii) Enterprise Asset Management (EAM): It refers to the

management of an organization's physical assets, such as
equipment, machinery, facilities, & infrastructure. EAM
involvesthe optimization of asset lifecycle, including planning,
procure ment, installation, maintenance, tracking, and disposal.
The primary goal of EAM is to maximize the value and perf
ormance of assets, minimize downtime, reduce maintenance
costs, and ensure compliance with regulatory standards.

ii) Customer Relationship Management (CRM): It is a strategy

that focuses on managing interactions and relationships with
customers. CRM aims to increase customer satisfaction, loyalty
and retention by effectively managing customer data, analyzing
customer behavior, and providing personalized experiences. It
involves various activities like sales force automation,
marketing automation, customer service, and analytics to
improve customer engagement and drive business growth

.iv) Quality Management: It is a set of activities and processes

aimed at ensuring that products or services consistently meet
or exceed customer expectations. Quality management focuses
on identifying and eliminating defects, improving operational
efficiency, and continuously enhancing product or service
quality. It involves activities such as quality planning, quality
control, quality assurance, and continuous improvement.
Q4.Discuss in detail about various business
models in e-commerce.
E- commerce Business model Based on the Rela tionship of the transaction
Parties
B2B - Business to Business model
• Involves Electronic transactions for ordering , purch asing as well as other
admistrative task between bus iness houses.
• It includes trading goods, such as business , sub scription , professional
services , Manufacturing and wholesale dealings.

B2C – Business to consumer model

• Involves transaction between business organization and consumer .
• These sites display product Information in an online catalogue and store It
in a database.

C2C – consumer to consumer model

• Involves transaction between consumers
• Consumer Sells directly to another consumer
• Website that provide a consumer to advertise and sells their Product online
to another consumer

C2B – Consumer to Business model

• Involves a transaction that is conducted between a consumer and a
Business organization.
• It is similar to the B2C model, the difference is that in this case the
consumer is the seller and the business organization is the buyer

B2G- Business to Government model

• B2G is generally defined as commerce between com panies and the public
sector .
• It refers to the use of the internet for public pro curement , licensing
procedures and other govern ment related operation

G2B – Government to Business model

• G2B is a business model that refers to government Providing services or
information to business Organi zation.
• Government uses B2G model Website to approach business organization
such Website support
Q3.Who are the stakeholders in e-commerce
information system? Explain the benefits &
limitations of e-commerce?
Stakeholders in an ecommerce information system are
individuals, groups, or entities thathave an interest or are
affected by the functioning, success, or outcomes of the
system. In thecontext of ecommerce, stakeholders can include:

2. Merchants/Sellers: These are businesses or individuals who

sell products or services throughthe ecommerce platform. Their
success is directly tied to the functionality and performanceof
the system.

1.Customers: They are the primary stakeholders as they use

the ecommerce platform topurchase goods or services.

3. Platform Owners/Operators: These are the companies or

organizations that own and operatethe ecommerce platform.
They are responsible for its development, maintenance,
andsecurity.

4. Payment Processors: Companies that handle the financial

transactions between customersand merchants are
stakeholders in ecommerce information systems.

5. Shipping and Logistics Companies: Stakeholders involved in

the delivery and fulfillmentprocess of orders placed through the
ecommerce platform.

6. Marketing and Advertising Partners: Entities that collaborate

with the ecommerce platformfor marketing and advertising
purposes, such as affiliates, advertisers, and agencies.

7. Regulatory Bodies: Government agencies or regulatory

bodies may have an interest inensuring that ecommerce
platforms comply with relevant laws and regulations
regardingconsumer protection, privacy, and taxation.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of E-commerce?

Advantages of e-commerce:

• Convenience: E-commerce allows customers to shop from the comfort

of their own homes, 24/7. They can browse a wide variety of products
and compare prices from different retailers.

• Wide selection: E-commerce retailers often have a wider selection of

products than traditional brick-and-mortar stores. This is because they do
not have to worry about the cost of rent and overhead, which allows them
to offer a wider range of products at lower prices.

• Easy access to information: E-commerce websites provide customers

with more information about products than traditional brick-and-mortar
stores. This includes product descriptions, reviews, and images.

• Global reach: E-commerce allows businesses to reach customers all over

the world. This can help businesses to increase their sales and expand
their market share.

Disadvantages of e commerce:

• Security risks: There is always the risk of fraud or identity theft when
shopping online. Customers should be careful when entering their
personal information on e-commerce websites.

• Return policies: E-commerce retailers often have stricter return policies

than traditional brick-and-mortar stores. This can be inconvenient for
customers who are not satisfied with their purchases.

• Shipping costs: Shipping costs can be high, especially for international

orders. This can add to the overall cost of a purchase.

• Customer service: E-commerce retailers often have less customer

service than traditional brick-and-mortar stores.
Q5.What is Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)?
Discuss its architecture. What is virtual payment
system?

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is a computer-to-computer

exchange of business documents in a standard electronic
format between two or more trading partners. It enables
companies to exchange information electronically in a
structured format, eliminating the need for manual data entry
and reducing the cost and time associated with paper-based
transactions.

EDI transactions can include purchase orders, invoices,

shipping notices, and other business documents. The EDI
standard defines the format and content of these documents,
ensuring that they are easily interpreted by both the sender and
the receiver.

Electronic Data Exchange is the direct exchange of data and

important business documents through the Internet and in a
very professional manner. Two different companies sitting at
the extreme corners of the world can very easily interchange
information or documents (like sales orders, shipping notices,
invoices, etc) with the help of EDI.

EDI Documents: The most common documents exchanged via

EDI are: Invoices, Purchase Orders , Financial Information
letters , Transaction Bills , Shipping requests and notifications,
Acknowledgment and feedback ,Transcripts, ClaimsBusiness ,
Correspondence letters

EDI Users: Central and state government agencies, Industry

Banking, Retailing , Manufacturing, Insurance, Healthcare
The data or the information that one company sends the other
first gets prepared to be sent, then the information/document is
translated into EDI format. The document is then connected
and transmitted to the other business, the connection is direct
and point to point.

The full form of VPA is Virtual Payment Address. VPA is a

unique financial address that lets you send and receive money
through UPI-enabled applications. VPA eliminates the need to
share other bank details, such as account numbers and IFSC
codes, during transactions. VPA serves as a secure and
convenient way to make instant payments.

VPA is a unique identifier for UPI transactions, similar to how

credit / debit cards are used for card payments. VPA can be
linked to multiple bank card / wallet accounts and serves as a
single address for all payments. VPA is similar to an email
addresses and can be used for peer-to-peer payments, bill
payments, online shopping, and more.
Q6.Explain how SSL protocol is used for secure
transaction. Explain the role of firewall in e-commerce.

When a browser tries to access a website protected by SSL

security, the web server and browser use a process called an
SSL handshake to establish an SSL connection. This SSL
handshake process happens instantaneously and is invisible to
the user.

During the SSL handshake, the website and browser connect

securely. The browser demands that the server identify itself so
it can begin to ensure the connection is authenticated and
encrypted. The server responds by sending the browser a copy
of its SSL certificate and its public key.

The browser compares the certificate root to a list of trusted

CAs to determine whether it can trust the certificate and the
website is secure. If the certificate is unrevoked, unexpired, and
has a valid common name for the website it is connecting to,
the browser will use the server’s public key to create, encrypt,
and return a symmetric session key.

The server then uses its private key to decrypt the symmetric
session key. It encrypts and sends an acknowledgement using
the session key, beginning the encrypted session. Now, the
browser and server can use the session key to encrypt all data
transmitted. This is why the handshake process is at the heart
of how SSL security works.

A Firewall can be simply explained as a barrier built between a

network of users and the external environment that establishes
a common security policy between the connected users and the
outside world which consists of possible intruders.
Firewalls help in building up trust on the network between
multiple users and with the advent of the internet in all major
spheres of life in recent years, the popularity and importance of
Firewalls have increased in multiple folds.

Role Of Firewall In E-Commerce

The business models which deal with the customers on the

internet and allow them to buy and sell things over the same
require a stringent security service. Since millions of people are
involved in daily transactions on the e-commerce website, it
becomes extremely crucial for the administrators to ensure safe
transactions. If the Firewall security on the e-commerce website
is not healthy, hackers may find their way inside the servers
which may lead to loss of data, capital, and trust.

The servers of the large-scale e-commerce website must be

guarded against any kind of malicious agent. All the incoming
traffic and access must pass through the Firewall.

The importance of Firewalls in e-commerce is similar to that of

its role in organizations. It ensures safe trading transactions
along with the confidentiality of the data thereby helping the
business to stay intact.

The role of a Firewall in network security is to ensure network

security by inhibiting the external threats coming from potent
sources such as hackers and avoid any kind of connection
between the two. Along with it, it guards the internal
infrastructure of the network by occluding the viruses and
malware. Such hazardous agents damage the internal software
and sometimes even disclose confidential data (such as
passwords) to potential attackers.
Q7.What are the key technologies for B2B e-commerc
e? Explain architectural models of B2B e-commerce.

Key Technologies

1•E-Commerce Platforms :-E-commerce platforms are at the

heart of digital B2B transactions, enabling businesses to buy
and sell goods and services online. These platforms often
include features like catalog management, shopping carts,
order management systems, and payment processing, tailored
to the complex needs of B2B transactions such as bulk orders
and customized pricing.

2• CRM Systems (Customer Relationship Management)

CRM systems help businesses manage and analyze customer

interactions and data throughout the customer lifecycle. In B2B
contexts, CRM systems are crucial for managing long sales
cycles, complex decision-making units, and maintaining
relationships with key accounts.

3• ERP Systems (Enterprise Resource Planning)

ERP systems integrate core business processes, such as

inventory and order management, accounting, HR, and more,
into a single system. For B2B commerce, ERP integration
ensures that front-end sales activities are closely aligned with
back-end operations.

4• EDI (Electronic Data Interchange)

EDI allows the computer-to-computer exchange of business

documents in a standard electronic format between business
partners. This technology streamlines transactions by reducing
paper processes, enhancing speed, and improving accuracy in
B2B communications.

5• Analytics and Business Intelligence

Analytics tools help B2B companies make data- driven

decisions by providing insights into market trends, customer
behavior, and operational efficiency. Business intelligence can
uncover opportunities for growth and areas for improvement in
the B2B commerce strategy.

APIs (Application Programming Interfaces)

APIs enable different software systems to communicate with

each other, facilitating seamless integration between a
company's e- commerce platform, its customers' procurement
systems, and third-party services. This interoperability is critical
for automating B2B transactions and services.

Architectural Models

● Supplier Oriented marketplace − In this type of model, a

common marketplace provided by supplier is used by both
individual customers as well as business users. A supplier
offers an e-stores for sales promotion.
● Buyer Oriented marketplace − In this type of model, buyer
has his/her own market place or e-market. He invites
suppliers to bid on product's catalog. A Buyer company
opens a bidding site.
● Intermediary Oriented marketplace − In this type of model,
an intermediary company runs a market place where
business buyers and sellers can transact with each other.
Q10.How does internet based advertising capable of
competing with commercial advertising?
### 1. **Targeting Precision:**

- **Data-Driven Targeting:** Online platforms collect vast

amounts of data on users' behaviors, preferences, and
demographics. This allows advertisers to target specific audiences
with precision, showing ads to people who are more likely to be
interested in the product or service.
- **Personalization:** Ads can be personalized based on the
user’s past behavior, increasing the relevance and effectiveness of
the ad.

### 2. **Cost Efficiency:*

- **Pay-Per-Click (PPC) and Performance-Based Models:**

Advertisers often pay only when someone interacts with the ad,
such as by clicking on it. This can be more cost-effective
compared to paying for ad space in traditional media where
exposure does not guarantee engagement.
- **Scalability:** Online advertising campaigns can be adjusted
in real-time, allowing businesses to scale up or down based on
performance and budget.###

3. **Real-Time Analytics:** -

**Immediate Feedback:** Advertisers can track the performance

of their campaigns in real time, enabling quick adjustments to
improve effectiveness.
- **Measurable ROI:** Online advertising provides detailed
metrics on impressions, clicks, conversions, and other key
performance indicators, allowing for precise measurement of
return on investment (ROI).
### 4. **Wide Reach and Accessibility:**
- **Global Reach:** The internet allows advertisers to reach a
global audience without the geographic limitations of traditional
media.
- **Cross-Platform Compatibility:** Online ads can be delivered
across multiple devices (e.g., smartphones, tablets, desktops),
increasing their reach and effectiveness.

### 5. **Interactivity and Engagement:**

- **Interactive Content:** Online ads can include interactive
elements like videos, quizzes, or clickable links that engage users
and encourage interaction, something that is harder to achieve
with traditional ads.
- **Social Media Integration:** Ads on social media platforms
can benefit from social sharing, comments, and likes, increasing
their visibility and engagement.

### 6. **Flexibility and Customization:**

- **Ad Formats:** The internet offers a variety of ad formats (e.g.,
display ads, video ads, sponsored content, influencer marketing),
allowing advertisers to choose the format that best suits their
campaign objectives.
- **A/B Testing:** Online advertising platforms allow for easy
experimentation with different ad creatives, headlines, and target
audiences to optimize performance.

### 7. **Lower Barriers to Entry:**

- **Accessibility for Small Businesses:** The cost-effectiveness
and scalability of online advertising make it accessible to smaller
businesses, which may not have the budget for expensive
traditional media campaigns.
Q9. What is ERP? Describe the various modules of
ERP. How can ERP improve a company's business
performance?

ERP is a category of business software that automates

business processes and provides insights and internal controls,
drawing on a central database that collects inputs from
departments including accounting, manufacturing, supply chain
management, sales, marketing and human resources (HR).

ERP systems centralize data, provide cross-departmental

visibility, enable efficient analysis, resolve data conflicts, and
drive process improvements. That translates to cost savings
and better productivity as people spend less time digging for
needed data.

Core ERP Modules.

1.Financial Management: A finance module, the foundation of
every ERP system, manages the general ledger and all
financial data. It tracks every transaction, including accounts
payable (AP) and accounts receivable (AR), and handles
reconciliations and financial reporting.
2.Human Resource Management (HRM): A human resources
management (HRM) or human capital management (HCM)
module is like a workforce management module. It keeps
employee records with detailed information, like available PTO
and performance reviews, and can tease workforce trends in
various departments or demographics.
3.Supply Chain Management: Supply chain management
modules enable companies to oversee the flow of goods from
suppliers through manufacturing and into customers' hands.
Keep production running smoothly by ensuring all materials are
available and in the correct locations and accurately schedule
machinery and labor resources.

4.Customer Relationship Management (CRM): CRM is a

popular module for businesses in various industries. It tracks all
client communications, assists with lead management, and can
enhance customer service and boost sales.

Additional ERP Modules

5.Manufacturing: Manufacturing can be complicated, and this

module helps companies coordinate all the steps to make
products. The module can ensure production meets demand
and monitor the number of in-progress and finished items.

6.Ecommerce: An ecommerce module allows retailers and

brands to manage their online stores' back and front ends. With
this application, they can change the site's look and feel and
add and update product pages.

7.Marketing Automation: This module manages marketing

efforts across all digital channels — email, web, and social —
and enables organizations to optimize and personalize their
messaging. A marketing automation tool can boost leads,
sales, and customer loyalty.
how ERP implementation improves business performance.
● Automation of Business Tasks
ERP helps to automate various business tasks and processes
while increasing efficiency in numerous departments. It also
helps to reduce repetitive tasks, allowing more time for other
operations.

● Streamline Business Processes

An ERP system helps to streamline business processes by
automating manual tasks and improving inventory
management. With an effective ERP in place, communication
across departments becomes easy and seamless.

● Compliance and Finance Management

Each country has specific rules and regulations when it comes
to business operations, including financial management. ERP
software helps to maintain compliance with such regulations.

● Transparency and Real-time Analysis

Transparency and access restrictions are the major USP of
ERP software. It allows clear visibility of every aspect of your
business and allowing access to every department. All
departments of an organization can get access to real-time
data and plan the work accordingly. This ensures that you can
have a look at everything as they happen.
● Streamlines Customer Relation Management
Most of the ERP software today includes CRM features. This
assists in the automation of customer service tasks. The soft
ware can track transactions, orders, service requests, complain
ts, and much more. Although these features boost customer ser
vice, the real advantage lies in the detailed customer analytics.
Q.8. What is meant by e-branding? Explain
various elements of e-branding with an example.

Online branding, also referred to as internet branding or

e-branding (electronic branding), is defined as the use of the
internet and social media channels to create and promote brand
identity.

Online branding can be done through a website, blog, social

media profile, or online advertising.

Brand is "name, term, sign, symbol or design, or a combination of

them intended to identify the goods and services of one seller or
group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of other
sellers"

Objective of Branding:-

1. To differntiate a firm's product:- Brand helps to differentiate firm's

product from competitors product. This makes customer feels easy to
recognize Product of genuine producers.

2. To increase prestige and status:- Branding helps to increase prestige,

personality and status of Producer, customer, distributor etc.

3. To increase brand loyalty:- The other objective of Branding is to

increase customer loyalty to brand or branded product. The customer's
can buy only the branded product repeatedly.

4. To maintain product quality:- One of the main objective of branding is

to pay attention to maintain quality of products in order to sell and
distributes the product with the brand name.
There are 7 elements of successful Digital or E- branding:?

1.Logo

Logo design can be a word, letter, picture, mascot oriented,

depending upon the type of industry the logo designing plan is
the frame. The logo design is based on the brand target audience
and its personality. The logo should not be complicated

2.Brand story

Stories are exciting, and everyone loves listening to them; it

engages people and hooks them to experience the end. A lot of
brands comprehend the power of stories to transfer their presence
and identity.

A brand story is personality-driven while it's not an individual

biography; it is an evolution of an entire entity displayed with its
unique personality.

3.Website

The website acts as a digital face for any company. Any person
searching brand details or product details he/she first thing they
do is visiting the official website.

4.SEO

SEO in simple words is a technical process which will ensure your

brand and its values find on search engines. Make sure the
website is SEO oriented which can be Google's webmaster
guidelines which will explain how Google indexes and makes rank
sites.
SEO helps in increasing the quantity and quality of website traffic
by increasing the visibility level of the brand website or web page
to the audience of a web search engine.

5.Brand messaging

It is the underlying value proposition conveyed and the language

used in the content. Every piece of message is creating a positive
impact on the audience and making it memorable is the real task
these days.

It makes buyers relate to your brand by inspiring them motivating

them, persuading them, and ultimately making them want to buy
your product. Examples of brand messaging you may recognize,
in the form of slogans:

6.Social media

The brand must be present on social media where its customers are
present. Images, videos and content should be customized as per the
type of social media platform. Such as Snapchat consists of fun, cheerful
young audience. While Instagram is more about images, facebook is a
combination of all. Twitter is focusing on updated trends and news
around us.

7.Email marketing

Email marketing is one such segment of internet marketing, which

encompasses online marketing through social media, websites and
blogs.
It is vital to render personalized services to clients, and this is very much
possible through email marketing. Offering special discounts or offers on
product or services on customers special occasion will help to enhance
brand loyalty.
Question 14. E- Branding And E -Advertising and
its Importance?

Definition: E-branding, or electronic branding, involves using

digital channels and strategies to build and promote a brand's
identity,values, and reputation online. It encompasses all the
efforts a companymakes to establish its presence and
recognition in the digital world.

Website: The central hub for a brand's online presence,

providing information, e-commerce capabilities, and customer
service.

Social Media: Platforms like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter,

LinkedIn, andTikTok are crucial for engaging with
customers,sharing content, and building community.

Content Marketing: Creating valuable, relevant content (blogs,

videos, infographics) to attract and retain customers, establish
authority, and drive traffic.

SEO (Search Engine Optimization): Techniques to improve a

website'svisibility on search engines, increasing organic traffic.

Email Marketing: Personalized communication to build

relationships with customers, promote products, and drive
sales.

Online Reputation Management: Monitoring and influencing

how a brand is perceived online, including managing reviews
andaddressing customer feedback.
Importance:

Global Reach: E-branding allows companies to reach a global

audience,expanding their market beyond geographical
boundaries.

Cost-Effectiveness: Digital branding often

requireslowerinvestment compared to traditional media while
offering measurable ROI.

Engagement and Interaction: Provides platformsforreal-time

interactionwith customers, fostering loyalty and community.

Brand Consistency: Ensures consistent brand messaging and

visual identity across various online channels.

*****E-Advertising

Definition: E-advertising, or electronic advertising, involves

using digital platforms to promote products or services. It
includes arange of online advertising methods to reach and
engage potential customers.

Display Ads: Banner ads, pop-ups, and rich media ads placed
on websites and apps to capture users' attention.

Search Engine Marketing (SEM): Paid advertisements (PPC)

that appear onsearch engine results pages, like Google Ads,
targeting specific keywords.

Social Media Advertising: Sponsored posts and ads on social

media platforms, leveraging user data for precise targeting
(e.g., Facebook Ads, Instagram Ads).
Email Advertising: Promotional messages sent directly to
users' email inboxes, often personalized and targeted based on
user behavior.

Video Ads: Advertisements embedded in video content on

platformslikeYouTube, providing engaging and visualstorytelling
opportunities.

Affiliate Marketing: Partnering with affiliates who promote

products or services in exchange for a commission on sales
generated through their links.

Importance:

Targeted Reach: Allowsfor precise targeting based

ondemographics, interests, behaviors, and location, ensuring
ads reach the right audience.

Measurable Results: Provides detailed analytics and

metrics,enabling advertisersto track performance, optimize
campaigns, and measure ROI.

Cost-Effective: Offers flexible budgeting options, from

cost-per-click (CPC) to cost-per-impression (CPM), making it
accessible forbusinesses of all sizes.

Immediate Impact: Capable of delivering quick results and

driving immediate traffic, leads, and sales.

Dynamic and Interactive: E-advertising can be interactive

andengaging, using multimedia formats to capture user interest
and encourage interaction.
Question 15. Debit and credit card details &uses ?

DEBIT CARDS USES:

Purchases: Debit cards can be used for making purchases at

retail stores, restaurants, and online.

ATM Withdrawals: They allow usersto withdraw cash from

ATMs.

Bill Payments: Many utility bills, subscriptions, and other

recurring payments can be paid using debit cards.

Direct Transfers: Some debit cardssupport direct transfers

between accounts.

Contactless Payments: Modern debit cards often come with

contactlesspayment featuresfor quick and easy transactions.

International Transactions: Debit cards can be used

abroad,subject to network compatibility and bank policies.

BENEFITS:

Immediate Payment: Funds are directly debited from the

user’sbank account, ensuring immediate payment and no
accrual of debt.

Spending Control: Users can only spend what they have in their
accounts, helping to manage finances and avoid overspending.

Convenience: Debit cards are widely accepted and provide a

convenient alternative to carrying cash.
Security: Debit cards often come with fraud protection, PIN
security, and the ability to quickly freeze the card if lost or
stolen.

No Interest Charges: Since payments are made with existing

funds, there are no interest charges.

Easy Access to Cash: ATMs provide easy access to cash, both

domestically and internationally.

Budgeting: Helpsin tracking expenses astransactions are

directly reflected in the bank statement.

CREDIT CARDS

Uses: Purchases: Credit cards can be used for making

purchases in stores, online, and for services.

Cash Advances: Users can withdraw cash up to a certain limit

from ATMs, though this often incurs higher interest rates.

Bill Payments: Credit cards can be used to pay utility bills,

subscriptions, and other recurring payments.

Travel Bookings: Often used for booking flights, hotels, and

rental cars, sometimes with travel insurance benefits.

Rewards Programs: Many credit cards offerrewards points,

cashback, or travel miles for purchases.

Emergency Funds: Can be used for unexpected expenses,

providing a short-term financial cushion.International
Transactions: Credit cards are widely accepted globally,
making them useful for international travel.

BENEFITS:

Deferred Payment: Allows usersto make purchases now and

pay for them later, providing short-term credit.

Building Credit History: Responsible use of credit cards helps

build a positive credit history, which is crucial for obtaining
loans andmortgages.

Rewards and Benefits: Many credit cards offer rewards,

cashback, discounts, and other perks, such as travel insurance
and purchase protection.

Consumer Protection: Credit cards often provide better

protection against fraud and disputes compared to debit cards.

Emergency Use: Can be used for emergencies when

immediate funds are not available.

Purchase Protection: Some credit cards offer extended

warranties, price protection, and insurance for purchases.

Travel Benefits: Many cards offer travel-related benefitssuch

asairport lounge access, travel insurance, and no foreign
transaction fees.
Question13 E-commerce and traditional commerce
differsignificantly in various aspects?.

1. Mode of Transaction

E-commerce: Transactions are conducted online via the

internet. Customerscan browse products, place orders, make
payments, and track shipments through websites or mobile
apps.

Traditional Commerce: Transactions occur in physical

locationssuch as stores, markets, or offices where customers
interact withproducts and sales personnel directly.

2. Geographical Reach

E-commerce: Offers a global reach, allowing businesses to sell

products and services to customers anywhere in the
world,provided there isinternet access.

Traditional Commerce: Limited to a specific geographical

location where the physical store or office is situated, restricting
the customerbase to the surrounding area.

3. Operating Hours

E-commerce: Operates 24/7, enabling customersto shop at

any time, regardless of traditional business hours.

Traditional Commerce: Operates within set business hours,

typically closing in the evenings, on weekends, or during
holidays.
4. Customer Interaction

E-commerce: Interaction is often indirect, through digital

interfaces like websites, chatbots, and emails. Customer
service is usually handled online or via call centers.

Traditional Commerce: Offers direct, face-to-face interaction

between customers and sales staff, allowing for immediate
feedback and personalized service.

5. Cost Structure

E-commerce: Generally lower overhead costs as it eliminates

the need forphysical retailspace. Costsinclude website
maintenance, digital marketing, and logistics.

Traditional Commerce: Higher overhead costs due to

expenses like rent,utilities, in-store staffsalaries, and physical
inventory storage.

6. Inventory Management

E-commerce: Often uses advanced inventory

managementsystems to keep track of stock in real-time,
integrate with suppliers, andmanage drop shipping models.

Traditional Commerce: Inventory is managed manually or with

basic inventory systems, requiring physical space for storage
and regular stock checks.
Question17.Issues Involved in Choosing the Most
Appropriate Hardware for an E-Commerce Site

1. Scalability:

o Issue: The hardware must be able to handle increased load

as the business grows.

o Consideration: Choose hardware that can easily scale up,

such as servers that can handle additional processors,
memory, or storage.

2. Performance:

o Issue: High-performance hardware is crucial for fast load

times and a smooth user experience.

o Consideration: Invest in high-speed processors, sufficient

RAM, and SSDs (Solid State Drives) to ensure quick data
access and processing.

3. Reliability and Uptime:

o Issue: Downtime can result in lost sales and damage to

reputation.

o Consideration: Use reliable hardware with redundancy

options, such as RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)
and high-availability setups to minimize downtime.

4. Security:

o Issue: Protecting sensitive customer data is paramount.

o Consideration: Choose hardware with advanced security
features, such as encrypted storage and secure boot options.
Ensure the hardware supports regular security updates.

5. Cost:

o Issue: Balancing budget constraints with the need for robust

hardware.

o Consideration: Analyze total cost of ownership, including

initial purchase price, maintenance, and upgrade costs. Opt for
hardware that offers the best performance and reliability within
the budget.

6. Compatibility:

o Issue: Ensuring the hardware is compatible with existing

software and systems.

o Consideration: Verify that the hardware supports the

operating systems, applications, and any other software
components used in the e-commerce platform.

7. Support and Warranty:

o Issue: Access to timely technical support and repairs.

8. Energy Efficiency:

o Issue: Reducing operational costs and environmental impact.

Policies E-Commerce Businesses Must Develop Before
Launching a Site

1. Privacy Policy:

o Purpose: Inform customers how their personal data will be

collected, used, stored, and protected.

o Importance: Builds customer trust, ensures compliance with

data protection laws (e.g., GDPR, CCPA), and prevents legal
issues.

2. Security Policy:

o Purpose: Outline the measures taken to protect customer

data and ensure secure transactions.

o Importance: Protects against data breaches, enhances

customer confidence, and ensures compliance with security
standards (e.g., PCI DSS).

3. Return and Refund Policy:

o Purpose: Define the conditions under which returns and

refunds are accepted and processed.

o Importance: Sets clear expectations for customers, reduces

disputes, and enhances customer satisfaction.

4. Terms and Conditions:

o Purpose: Establish the legal terms governing the use of the

website and transactions.
o Importance: Protects the business from legal liabilities,
outlines user responsibilities, and clarifies business practices.

5. Shipping Policy:

o Purpose: Detail the shipping options, costs, delivery times,

and handling of lost or damaged items.

o Importance: Provides transparency to customers, reduces

inquiries and complaints, and ensures smooth order fulfillment.

Why These Policies Must Be Developed. 1.

1.Legal Compliance:

o Ensures the business adheres to relevant laws and

regulations, avoiding legal penalties and fines.

2. Customer Trust and Transparency:

o Clear policies build trust with customers by providing

transparency about business practices and data handling.

3. Risk Management:

o Well-defined policies help manage risks by setting clear

guidelines for handling various scenarios, such as returns,
refunds, and security breaches.

4. Operational Efficiency:

o Policies standardize procedures, reducing confusion and

ensuring consistent handling of customer interactions and
internal processes.
Question 18. Discuss in detail about the security issues for
which electronic cash is transferred over Internet with an
example.

Hacking and cyber-attacks

Hacking and cyber-attacks are major security concerns in

digital payments. These attacks can result in unauthorized
access to personal and financial information, as well as the
theft of funds. Cybercriminals often use sophisticated
techniques to penetrate security systems, making it important
for individuals and businesses to take preventive measures to
protect their digital assets.

Phishing scams

Phishing scams are fraudulent attempts to obtain sensitive

information such as login credentials or financial information
through fake emails or websites. These scams often
impersonate reputable companies or organizations and can
result in significant financial losses for individuals and
businesses.

Man-in-the-middle attacks

Man-in-the-middle attacks occur when a cybercriminal

intercepts communication between two parties, such as a user
and a website, and alters or steals sensitive information. This
can result in the theft of personal and financial information, as
well as unauthorized access to online accounts.

Data breaches

Data breaches occur when sensitive information is obtained by

unauthorized individuals through hacking or other malicious
means. These breaches can result in the theft of personal and
financial information, as well as damage to a business’s
reputation and financial losses.

Card skimming

Card skimming is a type of fraud in which criminals use a small

device to steal credit or debit card information. This can occur
at ATMs, gas pumps, or other locations where card information
is entered into a machine. Card skimming can result in
unauthorized access to financial information and the theft of
funds.

Personal information theft

Personal information theft is a common privacy concern in

digital payments. This includes the unauthorized access and
use of sensitive information such as name, address, social
security number, and financial information.
Question19. Describe the characteristics of B2G,
G2B and G2C. Also give an example for each.?

# 1. **Business-to-Government (B2G)**

- **Characteristics:**

- **Transactional Relationships:** B2G involves businesses

providing goods, services, or solutions to government agencies.
These can include IT services, infrastructure development,
consulting, and other professional services.

- **Formal Procurement Process:** The government often

follows a formal procurement process, which may include
requests for proposals (RFPs), bids, tenders, and contracts.
Businesses must comply with stringent regulations and
standards.

- **Long-term Contracts:** Many B2G relationships are

long-term, involving extensive contracts for ongoing services,
maintenance, and support.

- **Regulatory Compliance:** Businesses working with

governments must adhere to specific regulatory and
compliance requirements, including security, privacy, and legal
standards.

- **Public Sector Focus:** The services provided are often

tailored to meet the needs of public administration, public
welfare, defense, education, and other government functions.
 - **Example:** A company like IBM providing cloud computing
and IT infrastructure services to a government agency is an
example of B2G. IBM may work with the government on
projects like modernizing their IT systems or developing a new
public service platform.

### 2. **Government-to-Business (G2B)**

- **Characteristics:**

- **Service Provision:** G2B interactions involve the

government providing services to businesses, such as
licensing, permits, tax filing, regulatory compliance information,
and business support.

- **Streamlined Processes:** G2B platforms are often

designed to streamline interactions between businesses and
the government, making it easier for companies to comply with
regulations, pay taxes, or apply for licenses.

- **Digital Platforms:** Many G2B services are offered

through online portals, allowing businesses to interact with
government agencies efficiently and conveniently.

- **Transparency and Accountability:** G2B interactions aim

to increase transparency and accountability in how the
government manages its relationship with businesses, often
involving clear guidelines and standardized procedures.
 - **example:** The U.S. government’s System for Award
Management (SAM) is a G2B portal where businesses can
register to do business with the federal government.
Companies use SAM to find government contracts, submit bids,
and manage compliance with federal procurement regulations.

### 3. **Government-to-Citizen (G2C)**

- **Characteristics:**

- **Public Service Delivery:** G2C involves the government

providing services directly to citizens, such as healthcare,
education, social security, tax filing, and access to public
records.

- **Accessibility:** G2C platforms are designed to make

government services more accessible to the general public,
often through online portals, mobile apps, or dedicated service
centers.

- **Efficiency and Convenience:** By digitizing services,

G2C interactions aim to reduce the time and effort required for
citizens to access government services, improving overall
efficiency.

- **Transparency:** G2C services often provide citizens with

access to information about their rights, public services, and
government policies, promoting transparency and civic
engagement.
 - **Personalization:** Some G2C platforms offer
personalized services based on a citizen’s profile, such as
tailored information on benefits, notifications about upcoming
deadlines, or recommendations for available services.

- **Example:** The Indian government's DigiLocker is a G2C

service that allows citizens to securely store and access
important documents such as driving licenses, educational
certificates, and other official records online. It simplifies the
process of document verification and reduces the need for
physical copies.

### Summary

- **B2G** involves businesses providing goods and services to

government entities, often through formal procurement
processes. **Example:** A tech company supplying software to
a government agency.

- **G2B** describes the government providing services to

businesses, such as licensing, permits, and regulatory support.
**Example:** A government portal that allows businesses to
apply for operating licenses online.

- **G2C** refers to the government delivering services directly

to citizens, often via digital platforms to enhance accessibility
and efficiency. **Example:** An online platform that allows
citizens to file their taxes electronically.