Class - VI

Notes
Complete
Civics
Crafted with love #Together we can, we will
By Digraj Singh Rajput
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CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY
Introduction:
❖ What do you understand by diversity?

❖ Draw your own human figure. Is your drawing similar to any of the other?
➔ If it is different, it is because each one of us has a unique drawing style क्या समझ
आया ?
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY
Introduction:
❖ Similarly, we are living in a diverse society

We wear different clothes, speak different languages, belong to different

cultural background, religion and region.

❖ What we are going to study in this chapter?

➔ Story of Samir Ek and Samir Do
➔ What does diversity add to our lives?
➔ Diversity in India
◆ Ladakh and Kerala
➔ Unity in diversity
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY
Story of Samir Ek and Samir Do:

Samir Ek Samir Do

● Goes school ● Does not go to school

● Rich ● Poor

● Hindu ● Muslim

● Knows English and Hindi ● Knows Hindi only

❖ Still both of them were friends.

❖ This all difference are an aspect of diversity.

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY
Story of Samir Ek and Samir Do:
❖ Samir Ek and Samir Do have many differences

These differences are the reason for inequality

Inequality, comes about when a person does not have the resources and
opportunities that are available to other person.

❖ Caste system is another example of inequality कैसे??

Photo of untouchability
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY
What does Diversity add to our lives?
❖ Do you have friendship like Samir Ek and Samir Do had?

Different people = Diversity

Diversity in term of food, festivals, cloths and languages etc.

❖ Imagine a situation where everything looks same

Diversity gives us a uniqueness

E.g. Stories and storytellers

❖ Diversity makes our world beautiful.

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY
Diversity in India:
❖ India is a country of diversity

But most of the things are similar, only we do them in different ways .

● Different ways in which people pray.

● Different ways in which people get married.
● Different ways in which people dress.
● Different ways in which people greet each other.
● Different ways in which people cook rice.
❖ How do we explain Diversity?
➔ Diversity due to the movement of people from one place to another.
➔ Geographical factor.
∴ We can say that historical and geographical factors influence the diversity of a region.
E.g. Ladakh and Kerala
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY
Diversity in India:

❖ Find out:
1. The food people eat at both these places.
2. The clothes they wear.
3. The work they do.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY
Ladakh:
❖ Ladakh is in the eastern part of erstwhile Jammu and Kashmir. Now it is a union territory.
❖ It is cold dessert.

Very little agriculture is possible here क्यों ?

Receive no rainfall and is covered in snow for a large part of the year.
❖ For drinking water, people depend on the melting snow.

Barren land in ladakh Snow covered mountain in Ladakh

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY
Ladakh:
❖ In Ladakh sheep rearing is very common.

Produces wool Pashmina shawls are made

❖ Wool is collected from Ladakh and Pashmina shawls are chiefly woven in Kashmir.
❖ Food

➔ People eat meat and milk product.

➔ Each family owns some goats, cows and dzos. [yak-cows]
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY
Ladakh:
❖ Ladakh do attract its share of traders who travel from the passes.

❖ Buddhism reach Tibet via Ladakh

Also known as “Little Tibet”

❖ Significant Muslim population also live here.

❖ Ladakh has a very rich and rich oral tradition of songs and poems. Local versions of the
Tibetan national epic the Kesar Saga are performed and sung by both Muslims and
Buddhists.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY
Kerala:
❖ A state in a south west corner of India.
❖ Surrounded by the sea on one side and hills
on the other.
❖ Spice such as Pepper, cloves and Cardamoms
are grown on hills.

Pepper Cloves Cardamoms

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY
Kerala:
❖ Jewish and Arab traders were the first to come here.
❖ St. Thomas [The Apostle of Christ] is credited to bring Christianity to India, 2000 years ago.
❖ Ibn Battuta, a traveller, who wrote a travelogue in which he describes the lives of Muslims
and says that they were a highly respected community.

Ibn Battuta St. Thomas [The Apostle of Christ]

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY
Kerala:
❖ Due to these historical influences, people in Kerala practise different religions such as
Judaism, Islam, Christianity, Hindu and Buddhism.
❖ Fishing and Agriculture is the main occupation.

● Chinese fishing nets are used for fishing.

● The Chinese-fishing nets are called Cheena-vala.

● Cheena word is derived from china.

● Similarly, utensil used for frying is called the
Cheenachatti.
❖ Majority of the people here eat rice, fish and vegetables.
❖ Boat race is an important part of the onam festival celebrated in Kerala.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY
Comparison between Ladakh and Kerala:
❖ Both the places are at the different parts of the countries.

Having different geographical features

But both the regions has seen similar cultural influences. कैसे??
➔ Both are influenced by Chinese and Arab traders.

❖ Geography of Ladakh is favorable for sheep rearing and their wool attracted traders.
Whereas the geography of Kerala allowed for the cultivation of spices.
❖ Similarly our history, Geography, Way of life all adds diversity in this world.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY
Unity in Diversity:
❖ Diversity is our strength. How?

➔ During the British rule people from different cultural, religious and regional
backgrounds came together to oppose them. कैसे??

British thought that they could divide Indians due to diversity.

But the people showed how they could be different and yet
be united in their battle against the British.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY
Unity in Diversity:
❖ Songs and Symbols that emerged during the freedom serve as a constant reminder of our
country’s rich tradition of Respect for diversity.
E.g. Story of Indian flag

India’s National Anthem

❖ In his book “ The discovery of India” Jawaharlal Nehru says that Indian unity is not
something imposed from the outside but rather, "It was something deeper and within its
fold, the widest tolerance of belief and custom was practised and every variety
acknowledged and even encouraged."
❖ Nehru ji coined the phrase “Unity in Diversity”
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY
NCERT Solutions:
1. Draw up a list of the different festivals celebrated in your locality. Which of these celebrations are
shared by members of different regional and religious communities?
Answer: Different festivals celebrated in our locality which are observed by members of different
regional and religious communities. The festivals are:
1) Independence Day 11) Makar Sankranti
2) Republic Day 12) Lohri
3) Gandhi Jayanti 13) Vaishakhi
4) Diwali 14) Teej
5) Id-ul-fitr 15) Guru Nanak Jayanti
6) Bakrid 16) Good Friday
7) Dussehra 17) Mahavir Jayanti
8) Pongal 18) Raksha Bandhan
9) Buddha Purnima 19) Muharram
10) Holi 20) Christmas
The national festivals like Independence Day, Republic Day and Gandhi Jayanti are celebrated by
every citizen irrespective of region and religion.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY
NCERT Solutions:
2. What do you think living in India with its rich heritage of diversity adds to your life?
Answer: Yes, living in India with its rich heritage of diversity adds to our life in the following
ways:
I. We know different people, their culture, customs, traditions, backgrounds. These diverse
things add to our life.
II. Geographical diversities decide our way of life, our food, our occupation and many other
things.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY
NCERT Solutions:
3. Do you think the term "unity in diversity" is an appropriate term to describe India? What do
you think Nehru is trying to say about Indian unity in the sentence quoted above from his book
The Discovery of India?
Answer: Yes, I think the term ‘unity in diversity’ is an appropriate term to describe India. The
term unity in diversity was coined by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru. People of India have different
languages which they speak, different cultures which they practise and many more which is why
India has diversity.
Despite diversity, they live in the same community and share each other’s joys and sorrows.
They celebrate different festivals together despite different religions. In the book of Jawaharlal
Nehru ‘The Discovery of India’, he says that Indian unity is not something imposed from the
outside but rather “It was something deeper and within its fold, the widest tolerance of belief
and custom was practised and every variety acknowledged and even encouraged.”
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY
NCERT Solutions:
4. Underline the line in the poem sung after the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, which according to
you, reflects India's essential unity.
Answer: According to me, the following reflects India’s essential unity:
“O, friend!
The blood of Hindu and Muslim flow together today.”
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY
NCERT Solutions:
5. Choose another region in India and do a similar study of the historical and geographical factors
that influence the diversity found there. Are these historical and geographical factors connected to
each other? How?
Answer: We choose Bihar and Punjab in India to study the similar historical and geographical
factors that influence the diversity found there.

Bihar Punjab

Historical factor: Historical factor:

● Traders from Britain ● Traders from overseas Traders from within the country
● Travellers from China ● Travellers: Ibn Battuta, Seleucus Nicator, Alexander etc

Geographical factor: Geographical factor:

● Topography: River Ganga, Koshi ● Topography: Five rivers cover with Himalayan range from
● Climate: Hot and wet North side
● Vegetation: Rice, Jute, Wheat ● Climate: Hot and Cold
● Vegetation: Wheat, Rice and Sugarcane
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - UNDERSTANDING DIVERSITY
NCERT Solutions:
Answer:

Bihar Punjab

Religions: Religions:
Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Buddhist, Jains, Christian Hindu, Sikhs, Muslims

People belonging to both areas are diverse but traditionally they are same. Historical and
geographical factors laid them together.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - DIVERSITY AND DISCRIMINATION
Introduction:
Connect with the previous chapter

Diversity May lead to discrimination.

Sometimes people who are 'different' from others are teased, laughed at or not included in a
certain activity or group.

Discrimination

Theme of the chapter

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - DIVERSITY AND DISCRIMINATION
Introduction:
What we are going to study in this chapter?

➔ Difference and Prejudice

➔ Creating stereotypes
➔ Inequality and Discrimination
➔ On being discriminated against
➔ Story of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
➔ Striving for Equality
➔ NCERT Solution
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - DIVERSITY AND DISCRIMINATION
Difference and Prejudice:
What makes us what we are?

How we live, the languages we speak, what we eat,

wear, the games we play and the things we celebrate.

Diversity of India

There are eight major religions in the ➔ Yet this diversity is not celebrated.
world. Every single one of them is
practised in India. We have more than I. When we meet people who are very different
1600 languages that are people's from us we may find them strange and unfamiliar.
mother tongues, and there are more II. People also form certain attitudes and opinions
than a hundred dance forms. about others who are not like them.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - DIVERSITY AND DISCRIMINATION
Difference and Prejudice:
Opinion about the people living in rural and urban area.

Creating prejudice

Prejudice means to judge other people negatively or see them as inferior.

Ex. Thinking that english is the best language and other languages are not important.

As a result, we might not respect people who speak languages other than English.
Prejudice in various things

➔ People’s religion beliefs, the colour of their skin, the region they come from, the accent
they speak in the clothes they wear etc. Problems
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - DIVERSITY AND DISCRIMINATION
Creating Stereotypes:
Let's do an exercise

What do you think about the given statement, which statement according to you is
appropriate for a boy or a girl.

They are well behaved.

They are soft spoken and gentle.
They are physically strong.
They are naughty.
They are good at dance and painting.
Analyse
They don't cry.
They are rowdy.
They are good at sport.
They are good at cooking.
They are emotional.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - DIVERSITY AND DISCRIMINATION
Creating Stereotypes:
Stereotypes In the given example we fit all boys and all girls into an
image that society creates around us.

When a mistaken idea or belief is used to fix

people into one image we create stereotype.

More Examples

➔ When people say that those who belong to a particular country, religion, sex, race or
economic background are "stingy," "lazy," "criminal" or "dumb" they are using
stereotypes.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - DIVERSITY AND DISCRIMINATION
Creating Stereotypes:
The children you see in the illustrations here
were seen as 'disabled'. This term has been
changed and now the term used is 'children
with special needs'. Common stereotypes
about them are given in large letters. Their
own feelings and thoughts too are given.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - DIVERSITY AND DISCRIMINATION
Creating Stereotypes:
Challenges/Problems in creating stereotypes:

➔ Stereotypes stop us from looking at each person as a

unique individual.

➔ They fit large numbers of people into only one pattern or

type.

➔ Stereotypes affect all of us as they prevent us from doing

certain things, that we might otherwise be good at.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - DIVERSITY AND DISCRIMINATION
Inequality and Discrimination:
What do you understand by discrimination?

Discrimination is a situation when someone is treated unfairly or differently. Why?

➔ Discrimination happens when people act on their prejudices or stereotypes.

Connect the dots : Prejudices or Stereotypes Division Discrimination

➔ Discrimination due to diversity. Explain

Ex. Story of samir and samir do.

➔ Basis of discrimination

Language, religion, custom or practices, economic backgrounds. कैसे?

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - DIVERSITY AND DISCRIMINATION
Inequality and Discrimination:
Discrimination due to economic inequalities.

It is not a form of diversity, but it is a form of inequality. Explain

People who are poor do not have the resources or the money to ∴ Discrimination
meet their basic needs of food, clothing and shelter.

Some people may experience both kinds of discrimination.

Poor as well as they belong to groups whose culture is not valued.

Ex. Tribes

Muslims Education Poverty Stereotyping

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - DIVERSITY AND DISCRIMINATION
On Being Discriminated Against:
➔ People are engaged in different kind of work.

Some are valued more Some are valued less

Why?

This belief is an important aspect of the caste system.

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - DIVERSITY AND DISCRIMINATION
On Being Discriminated Against:

In the caste system, communities/groups of people were placed in a

sort of ladder where each caste was either above or below the other.

Upper Cast Lower Cast

● Show themselves as superior. ● Considered as untouchable.

● Dalit = Broken

Explain
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - DIVERSITY AND DISCRIMINATION
On Being Discriminated Against:
Caste Rules Specified the work to be performed.

For example, some groups were forced to pick

garbage and remove dead animals from the village.

I. But they were not allowed to enter the homes of the upper
castes or take water from the village well, or even enter temples.

II. Their children could not sit next to children of other castes in
school.

Discrimination
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - DIVERSITY AND DISCRIMINATION
Story of B.R. Ambedkar:
What do you know about him?

His first Experience of caste-based discrimination.

Story

➔ In 1901 when he was just nine years old. He had gone with his brothers and cousins to
meet his father in Koregaon.
Analyse the story

Caste based discrimination is not only limited to preventing Dalits from undertaking certain
economic activities but it also denies them the respect and dignity given to others.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - DIVERSITY AND DISCRIMINATION
Story of B.R. Ambedkar:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

➔ Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar [1891 - 1956]

➔ Considered as father of Indian constitution.
➔ Best known as leader of Dalits.

● Dr Ambedkar fought for the rights of the Dalit community.

● He led many efforts of Dalits to gain entry into temples.

➔ Dr Ambedkar was the first person from his caste who completed his college
education and went to England to become a lawyer. Encouraged the same

➔ Later in life he converted to Buddhism in his search for a religion that treated all
members equally.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - DIVERSITY AND DISCRIMINATION
Striving for Equality:
Struggle for freedom
● Dalit
● Women
Struggle against british rule + Struggle for equality
● Tribals
● Peasants

I. Many Dalits organised themselves to gain entry into temples.

II. Women demanded that they should have as much a right to
education as men did.
III. Peasants and tribals fought to release themselves from the grasp
of the moneylender and the high interest they were charged.

Achieved?
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - DIVERSITY AND DISCRIMINATION
Striving for Equality:
India got independence in 1947.

Our leaders too were concerned about the different kinds of inequalities that existed.

∴ leaders set out a vision and goals in the Constitution to

ensure that all the people of India were considered equal.

● Equality is recognised as key value.

● Untouchability is seen as a crime and has legally abolished by law.
● Constitution also placed responsibility on the government to take specific steps to realise
this right to equality for poor and other such marginal communities.
● Respect for diversity was a significant element in ensuring equality.

Secularism Explain
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - DIVERSITY AND DISCRIMINATION
Striving for Equality:

Ideals enriched in our constitution Despite them, inequality exist over today.

Conclusion

Equality is a value that we have to keep striving for and

not something which will happen automatically.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - DIVERSITY AND DISCRIMINATION
Striving for Equality:
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - DIVERSITY AND DISCRIMINATION
NCERT Solution:
Que 1. Match the following statements in a way that challenges stereotypes.
a. Two surgeons were sitting down to
lunch when one of them made a call on 1. Suffers from chronic asthma.
the mobile phone

b. The boy who won the drawing

2. To become an astronaut which she did.
competition went to the dias

c. One of the fastest athletes in the 3. To speak with her daughter who had just
world returned from school.

d. She was not that well-off but had a

4. On a wheelchair to collect his prize.
dream
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - DIVERSITY AND DISCRIMINATION
NCERT Solution:
Que 2. How can the stereotype that girls are a burden on their parents affect the life of
a daughter? Imagine this situation and list at least five different effects that this
stereotype can have on the way daughters get treated in the house.

Ans. The stereotype that girls are a burden on their parents affect the life of a daughter
in the following ways:
I. They are not giving nutritious food.
II. They are not allowed to attend school.
III. They are not properly cared.
IV. They are thrown in child marriage and household work.
V. They are not preferred for higher education.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - DIVERSITY AND DISCRIMINATION
NCERT Solution:
Que 3. What does the Constitution say with regard to equality? Why do you think it is
important for all people to be equal?

Ans. The constitution says the following with regard to equality:

● Laws in the constitution ensure that all the people of India are considered equal.
● Everyone has equal rights and opportunities.
● Government jobs are open to all people.

It is importance for all people to be equal so that no person is discriminated against any
other. When the society becomes classless and groupless, there is no place for
inequality.
The sultanate in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries:
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - WHAT IS GOVERNMENT?
Introduction:
Government

What do you understand by this word?

What is the role of the government in our lives?

Theme of the chapter.

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - WHAT IS GOVERNMENT?
Introduction:
What we are going to study in this chapter?

➔ Works performed by government

➔ Levels of government
➔ Laws and the government
➔ Types of government
➔ Democratic government
➔ NCERT Solution
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - WHAT IS GOVERNMENT?
Works Performed by Government:
Government

● Construction of road
● Day to day decisions. ● Price regulation
● Takes action on social issue. ● Supply of electricity

● Programmes to help poor

● Child marriage
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - WHAT IS GOVERNMENT?
Works Performed by Government:
➔ The government has the job of protecting the boundaries of the country and maintaining
peaceful relations with other countries.

➔ When there are natural disasters like the tsunami or an earthquake it is the government
that mainly organises aid and assistance for the affected people.

➔ Government Dispute resolution and punishing criminals.

Courts are also part of government

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - WHAT IS GOVERNMENT?
Works Performed by Government:
How governments manage to do all this and why it is necessary for them to do so.

Human Beings

● Need some organisation so that decisions can be made.

● Some rules have to be made that apply to everyone.

∴ On behalf of people, with the assistance of people

and for the people government performs various duties.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - WHAT IS GOVERNMENT?
Levels of Government:
India Vast country

How government manages to do all this?

Government works at different levels National

Level

The local level means in your village, town or locality, the

State Level
state level would mean that which covers an entire state
like Haryana or Assam and the national level relates to
the entire country. Local Level
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - WHAT IS GOVERNMENT?
Levels of Government:
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - WHAT IS GOVERNMENT?
Laws and the Government:
Government Make laws = We follow them

System

➔ Just like the government has the power to make decisions, similarly it has
the power to enforce its decisions.
Government’s power to make
decision is not of much use if it lacks
Example power to enforce those laws.

What can people do if they feel that a particular law is not being followed:

He or she may approach the court and claim that the law is not being followed.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - WHAT IS GOVERNMENT?
Types of Government:
What are the different types of government?

Democracy Monarchy Dictatorship

Who gives the government this power to make decisions and enforce laws?

The answer to this question depends on the type of government there is in a country.

Explain
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - WHAT IS GOVERNMENT?
Types of Government:
Democracy

It is the people who give the government this power. How?

In a democracy the government has to explain its

People Election
actions and defend its decisions to the people.

Vote
- Elected person from the government.
- Make laws on behalf of the people.

Monarchy : The monarch (king or queen) has the power to make decisions and run the government.
: Unlike in a democracy, kings and queens do not have to explain their actions or defend
the decisions they take.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - WHAT IS GOVERNMENT?
Democratic Government:
India Democracy

Long struggle of the Indian people.

The basic idea is that people rule themselves by participating in the making of these rules.
People do not participate directly but, instead, choose
Representative Government
their representatives through an election process.

Still the definition of democratic government include much more.

Universal Adult Franchise : All adults in country are allowed to vote.

Evolution of equal voting right.

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - WHAT IS GOVERNMENT?
Democratic Government:
Universal Adult Franchise

Struggle of women Struggle of Non-propertied men

In India

I. Before Independence, only a small minority was allowed to vote and they therefore came
together to determine the fate of the majority.

II. Several people including Gandhiji were shocked at the unfairness of this practice and
demanded that all adults have the right to vote.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - WHAT IS GOVERNMENT?
Democratic Government:
Mahatma Gandhi on Universal Adult Franchise

Writing in the journal Young India in 1931,

Gandhiji said, "I cannot possibly bear the idea
that a man who has got wealth should have the
vote, but that a man who has got character but
no wealth or literacy should have no vote, or
that a man who works honestly by the sweat of
his brow day in and day out should not have the
vote for the crime of being a poor man…".
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - WHAT IS GOVERNMENT?
NCERT Solution:
Que 1. What do you understand by the word 'government'? List five ways in which you think
the government affects your daily life.

Ans. The word 'government' refers to a governing body that makes decisions and gets things
done for the welfare of its citizens. The five ways in which the government affects our daily
lives are -
I. Building infrastructure.
II. Reducing the price of commodities when they get too expensive.
III. Implementing several programmes to help the poor.
IV. Running postal and railways services.
V. Organising aid and assistance camp for the affected people in times of natural disasters.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - WHAT IS GOVERNMENT?
NCERT Solution:
Que 2. Why do you think the government needs to make rules for everyone in the form
of laws?

Ans. The government needs to make rules for everyone in the form of laws because of
the following reasons:
I. To provide equality and justice to all.
II. To maintain peace.
III. To administer country efficiently.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - WHAT IS GOVERNMENT?
NCERT Solution:
Que 3. Name two essential features of a democratic government.

Ans. The two essential features of a democratic government are:

I. People's participation in decision-making through their representatives.
II. Government is answerable to the people.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - WHAT IS GOVERNMENT?
NCERT Solution:
Que 4. What was the suffrage movement? What did it accomplish?

Ans. The movement for women's voting rights was called the suffrage movement. It
accomplished the right to vote for women all over the world.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - WHAT IS GOVERNMENT?
NCERT Solution:
Que 5. Gandhiji strongly believed that every adult in India should be given the right to vote.
However, a few people don't share his views. They feel that illiterate people, who are mainly
poor, should not be given the right to vote. What do you think? Do you think this would be a
form of discrimination? Give five points to support your view and share these with the class.

Ans. I think that all the people whether illiterate or literate, poor or rich should have the right
to vote. Yes, I think this would be a form of discrimination.
Five points to support my views are:
I. We have no right to discriminate against anyone on the basis of poverty.
II. Democracy talks of equality and justice for all.
III. Our Constitution provides equal voting rights to all the citizens.
IV. Wealth is not a criterion for good judgement.
V. We must honour the dignity of every individual.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - KEY ELEMENTS OF A DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
Introduction:
Understanding the heading Key elements + Democratic government

South Africa Country that has people of several races.

➔ Maya Naidoo and the story.

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - KEY ELEMENTS OF A DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
Introduction:
The African National Congress

● Group of people who led the struggle against

apartheid.
● Role of Nelson Mandela.
● Finally in 1994 South Africa became a
democratic country.

Nelson Mandela
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - KEY ELEMENTS OF A DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
Introduction:
What we are going to study in this chapter?

➔ Participation

➔ Other ways of participating

➔ Need to resolve conflict

➔ Equality and Justice

➔ NCERT Solution
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - KEY ELEMENTS OF A DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
Participation:
Why do we have regular election?

Relate with the heading. Democracy

Through voting in elections people elect

leaders to represent them. People takes the decision.

Representatives takes decision How?

on behalf of people.

➔ What if people are not happy with their decisions?

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - KEY ELEMENTS OF A DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
Participation:
Election

Elected Government

➔ All governments are elected for fixed period. Five years in india

Once elected, governments can stay in power only for that period.

If they want to continue to be in power then they have to be re-elected by the people.

Power of the people

➔ In this way the power of the government gets limited by regular elections.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - KEY ELEMENTS OF A DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
Other Ways of Participating:
Elections Held once in five years.

Is this the only way to participate?

NO

People participate by taking an interest in the working of the government and by

criticising it when required. Rallies and
signature
Example : In August 2005, when a particular government increased the money campaigns
people had to pay for electricity, people expressed their disapproval very sharply.

The government tried to explain and defend its decision but finally
listened to the people's opinion and withdrew the increase.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - KEY ELEMENTS OF A DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
Other Ways of Participating:

Rallies for Protesting A Signature Campaign

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - KEY ELEMENTS OF A DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
Other Ways of Participating:
➔ Similarly there are many ways in which people express their views.

Dharnas, rallies, strikes, signature campaigns etc.

Newspapers, magazines and TV also play a role in

How?
discussing government issues and responsibilities.

While it is true that a democracy allows people to participate, it is also

Why?
true that not all sections of people are actually able to do so.

∴ Organising the left out section into social movement is a good option to
empower the members of the minority community, dalits and adivasis, women.

➔ Alertness and interest of citizen also matters a lot.

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - KEY ELEMENTS OF A DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
Need to Resolve Conflicts:
Conflicts Violence and problems …

Connect with the story of Maya

Do you think the police shooting of Hector could have been avoided? How?

Reasons for conflicts Why they turn out to be violent?

Violence

Leads to fear and tension among others living in an area.

Government can play a vital role in resolving conflicts.

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - KEY ELEMENTS OF A DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
Need to Resolve Conflicts:
➔ Role of the government in resolving them.

● Religious processions and celebrations can sometimes lead to conflicts. How?

Government, particularly police plays a vital role in resolving such conflicts.

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - KEY ELEMENTS OF A DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
Need to Resolve Conflicts:
● Rivers too can become a source of conflict between states.

How?

Example : Cauvery water dispute between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.

Explain

Conflicts over river water got intensified

∴ The central government has to step in and see that a fair distribution is worked out for both
states.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - KEY ELEMENTS OF A DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
Equality and Justice:
Democratic government Commitment to the ideal of equality and justice.

Equality and Justice are inseparable. How?

Banning of untouchability

Justice is achieved when we treated everyone equally.

➔ Similarly, the government also recognises this and makes special provisions for groups
within society that are unequal.

Society does not value the girl and boy child equally and this is unjust.
∴ Government promote justice by providing special provisions that can enable girls
to overcome the injustice i.e. waiving of fees and providing scholarship.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - KEY ELEMENTS OF A DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
NCERT Solution:
Que 1. How would Maya's life be different in South Africa today?

Ans. There is no longer any discrimination in any sphere of life between whites
and Non-whites. All citizens have equal rights.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - KEY ELEMENTS OF A DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
NCERT Solution:
Que 2. What are the various ways in which people participate in the process of government?

Ans. There are multiple ways:

a. By voting in the elections.
b. By taking out rallies and protests if they are unhappy.
c. By participating in signature campaigns
d. By participating in discussions on Television and other modes of public platforms.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - KEY ELEMENTS OF A DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
NCERT Solution:
Que 3. Why do you think we need the government to find solutions to many
disputes or conflicts?

Ans. The government should find solutions to many disputes or conflicts If not
these conflicts and disputes can turn into violence and death because one group
may believe it has all the right to use force to prevent other groups from
protesting.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - KEY ELEMENTS OF A DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
NCERT Solution:
Que 4. What actions does the government take to ensure that all people are
treated equally?

Ans. In our constitution all people are treated equally. People are given
reservation in the education field and in government jobs on the basis of their
caste. This is done to uplift their social status.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - KEY ELEMENTS OF A DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
NCERT Solution:
Que 5. Read through the chapter and discuss some of the key ideas of a democratic
government. Make a list. For example, all people are equal.

Ans.
1. All citizens are equal, they have equal access to all the resources of a country.

2. All citizens are equal irrespective of their caste, gender, economic status,
religion.

3. People who have faced discrimination in the past are eligible for Government
jobs to uplift their social status.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - PANCHAYATI RAJ
Introduction:
Connect the story with previous chapters.

Elections Representatives What next?

Let us understand this chapter with the help

Panchayati Raj system
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - PANCHAYATI RAJ
Introduction:
What we are going to study in this chapter?

➔ Gram Sabha
➔ The Gram Panchayat
➔ Three Level of Panchayats
➔ NCERT Solution
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - PANCHAYATI RAJ
Gram Sabha:
What is Gram Sabha?

The Gram Sabha is a meeting of all adults who live in the

area covered by a Panchayat. This could be only one
village or a few villages. Story of Hardas Village Panchayat
Anyone who is 18 years old or more and who has the
right to vote is a member of the Gram Sabha. Meeting of Gram Sabha

➔ The Gram Sabha meeting begins with the Panchayat President (who is also
called the Sarpanch) and the members of the Panchayat (the Panchs).

Various issues are being discussed in meeting

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - PANCHAYATI RAJ
Gram Sabha:
Village Panchayat

Divided into wards [smaller areas]

● Each ward elects a representative who is known as the Ward

Member (Panch).
Gram Panchayat
● All the members of the Gram Sabha also elect a Sarpanch who is
the Panchayat President.

● The gram panchayat is elected for five years.

● The Gram Panchayat has a Secretary who is also the Secretary of
the Gram Sabha.

Not an elected person, but appointed by government

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - PANCHAYATI RAJ
Gram Sabha:
Importance of Gram Sabha

● The Gram Sabha is a key factor in making the Gram Panchayat play its role
and be responsible.
● It is the place where all plans for the work of the Gram Panchayat are placed
before the people.
● The Gram Sabha prevents the Panchayat from doing wrong things like
misusing money or favouring certain people.
● It plays an important role in keeping an eye on the elected representatives
and in making them responsible to the persons who elected them.

Story in the chapter

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - PANCHAYATI RAJ
The Gram Panchayat:
The executive body

The Gram Panchayat meets regularly and one of its main tasks is to
implement development programmes for all villages that come under it.

The work has to be approved by the gram sabha.

➔ In some states, Gram Sabhas form committees.

Construction and development committees

These committees include some members of the Gram Sabha and some from
the Gram Panchayat who work together to carry out specific tasks.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - PANCHAYATI RAJ
The Gram Panchayat:
The work of a Gram Panchayat includes -
1. The construction and maintenance of water sources,
roads, drainage, school buildings and other common
property resources.
2. Levying and collecting local taxes.
3. Executing government schemes related to generating
employment in the village.

Sources of funds for the Panchayat

● Collection of taxes on houses, market places etc.
● Government scheme funds received through
Two village Panchs from Maharashtra who were various departments of the government -
awarded the Nirmal Gram Puraskar in 2005 for the through the Janpad and Zila Panchayats.
excellent work done by them in the Panchayat. ● Donations for community works etc.

➔ Relate with the work of Hardas Gram Panchayat.

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - PANCHAYATI RAJ
The Gram Panchayat:

Watershed management has transformed

this barren slope to a green meadow in
just two years.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - PANCHAYATI RAJ
Three Levels of Panchayat:
Panchayati Raj System System through which people participate in their own government.

● First tier or level of democratic government.

It is the members of the Gram
● The Panchs and the Gram Panchayat are answerable
Sabha who elected them.
to the Gram Sabha.

The Panchayati Raj system extends to two other levels.

Block level District Panchayat

● Known as Janpad Panchayat or ● Also known as Zila Parishad.

Panchayat Samiti. ● Zila parishad actually makes developmental
● The panchayat samiti has many Gram plans at the district level.
Panchayats under it.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - PANCHAYATI RAJ
Three Levels of Panchayat:

Within the guidelines given in the Constitution each state in

the country has its own laws with regard to Panchayats.

The idea is to provide more and more space for

How?
people to participate and raise their voices.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - PANCHAYATI RAJ
NCERT Solution:
Que 1. What problem did the villagers in Hardas village face? What did they do to solve
this problem?

Ans. The villagers in Hardas village face water problem. The hand-pump water had gone
well below the point up to which the ground had been drilled. They hardly got water in the
taps.
The villagers gathered together in the Gram Sabha meeting to find a solution of the
problem. After long discussions, they came to a conclusion that they should find ways to
conserve water.
Watershed development programme would be effective in this direction. They should
plant trees, construct check-dams and tanks.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - PANCHAYATI RAJ
NCERT Solution:
Que 2. What in your opinion, is the importance of the Gram Sabha? Do you think all members should
attend Gram Sabha meetings? Why?

Ans. The Gram Sabha is the most important body of the Panchayati Raj System. It is responsible for the
planning out the strategies for the development of village, implementation of the ruling provisions. It
also looks after the basic amenities of village people. It is also the custodian of the public property of
the village.
Education, law and order, primary health services are some of the other responsibilities of the Gram
Sabha. It also checks the wrong decisions taken by the Gram Panchayat. It keeps an eye on the elected
representative and in making them responsible to the persons who elected them.
It is important for all members to attend Gram Sabha meetings because it is the only way to participate
in the proceedings of various plans discussed in the meetings. The members of Gram Sabha represent
different areas. So, it is important for them to put their local problems and development programmes in
the meetings. If they remain absent from the meetings, their interests may be overlooked.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - PANCHAYATI RAJ
NCERT Solution:
Que 3. What is the link between a Gram Sabha and a Gram Panchayat?

Ans. A Gram Sabha consists of all adults living in an area covered by a Panchayat.
Sarpanch, the Panchayat president, is elected by all the members of a Gram Sabha. The
Gram Panchayat has a secretary who is also the secretary of Gram Sabha. The Secretary
is not an elected authority but is appointed by the government.
The secretary is the link between the Gram Panchayat and Gram Sabha. He is
responsible for calling the meetings of Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat. He is also the
custodian of the records of the proceedings. Gram Sabha controls the functioning of the
Gram Panchayat.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - PANCHAYATI RAJ
NCERT Solution:
Que 4. What is the difference between a Gram Sabha and a Gram Panchayat?

Ans.
1. Gram Sabha consists of all the adults of a village while Gram Panchayat is
elected by the members of the Gram Sabha for a period of five years.

2. The area of Gram Sabha is the entire village whereas Gram Panchayat is
divided into wards represented by Ward Councillors.

3. Gram Sabha puts control over Gram Panchayat.

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL ADMINISTRATION
Introduction:
➔ India Villages Administration?

● Taking care of their needs for water, electricity, road connections, is not a small
task.
● Land records have to be maintained and conflicts too need to be dealt with.

∴ Rural administration is very essential.

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL ADMINISTRATION
Introduction:
What we are going to study in this chapter?

➔ A quarrel in the village

➔ Area of the police station

➔ The work at the police station

➔ Maintenance of land records

➔ A new law

➔ NCERT Solution
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL ADMINISTRATION
A Quarrel in the Village
Mohan V/S Raghu

Their agricultural field is separated by a

small boundary called a bund.

➔ Raghu had shifted the bund by a few feet.

Managed to take over some of Mohan’s land.

Police Station
Quarrel

Mohan was badly hurt on his head and hand.

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL ADMINISTRATION
Area of the Police Station:
After the Quarrel

➔ Mohan decided to go to police station along with some of the

neighbours who had see the incident.

Which police station?

● Every police station has an area that comes under its control.
● All persons in that area can report cases or inform the police about any
theft, accident, injury, fight, etc.
● It is the responsibility of the police of that station to enquire, to investigate
and take action on the cases within its area.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL ADMINISTRATION
The Work at the Police Station:
After reaching police station

Mohan went to the person in charge.

Station House Officer or SHO

Reaction of the officer [SHO]

Stepping in of neighbours and registration of case.

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL ADMINISTRATION
Maintenance of Land Records:
Who was right? Mohan and Raghu?

● Isn't there a way by which they could have settled this dispute in
a peaceful manner?
● Are there records that show who owns what land in the village?

● Measuring land and keeping land records is the main work of the Patwari.
● The Patwari is known by different names in different states - in some villages
such officers are called Lekhpal, in others Kanungo or Karamchari or Village
Officer etc.
● Each Patwari is responsible for a group of villages.
● The Patwari maintains and updates the records oF the village.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL ADMINISTRATION
Maintenance of Land Records:
How do Patwari maintain land records?

● Patwari prepare Maps and other details which helps him in

maintaining records.
● The Patwari usually has ways of measuring agricultural
fields. In some places a long chain is used.

Relate the story of Raghu and Mohan

● The Patwari is also responsible for organising the collection

of land revenue from the farmers and providing information
to the government about the crops grown in this area.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL ADMINISTRATION
Maintenance of Land Records:
➔ It’s important for to Patwari to regularly update these records.

● Farmers may change the crops grown on their fields.

● Someone may dig a well somewhere.

➔ Senior people in this department supervise the Patwari’s work.

Country States Districts Sub-divisions

➔ At the head is the District collector. Tehsil

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL ADMINISTRATION
Maintenance of Land Records:
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL ADMINISTRATION
Maintenance of Land Records:
➔ At the head is the District Collector and under her are the
revenue officers, also known as tehsildars.

● They have to hear disputes. They also supervise the work

of the Patwaris and ensure that records are properly kept
and land revenue is collected.

● They make sure that the farmers can easily obtain a copy of
their record, students can obtain their caste certificates etc.

● The Tehsildar's office is where land disputes are also heard.

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL ADMINISTRATION
A New Law:
Hindu Succession Amendment Act [2005]

● Farmer who own land. Men

Women are seen as people who work on the fields, but not
as people who own agricultural land.

Till recently in some states Hindu women did not get a share
in the family's agricultural land. After the death of the father
his property was divided equally only among his sons.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL ADMINISTRATION
A New Law:
New Law

Hindu Succession Amendment Act [2005]

● The law was changed. In the new law sons, daughters and their mothers in
Hindu families can get an equal share in the land.

● The same law will apply to all states and union territories of the country.

Advantages

Story of Sudha
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL ADMINISTRATION
NCERT Solution:
Que 1. What is the work of the police?

Ans. The works of the police are as follow:

I. To maintain law and order in its jurisdiction.
II. To register cases of theft, accident, injury, fights etc.
III. To enquire, investigate and take action on the cases within its area.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL ADMINISTRATION
NCERT Solution:
Que 2. List two things that the work of a Patwari includes.

Ans. The work of a Patwari includes:

I. Measuring land and keeping land records.
II. Organising the collection of land revenue from the farmers.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL ADMINISTRATION
NCERT Solution:
Que 3. What is the work of a tehsildar?

Ans. The works of a tehsildar include:

I. To supervise the work of Patwaris.
II. To settle disputes regarding land.
III. To get revenue collected.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL ADMINISTRATION
NCERT Solution:
Que 4. What issue is the poem trying to raise? Do you think this is an important
issue? Why?

Ans. The poem is trying to raise the issue of inheritance of daughters and mothers in
the property of their father/husband.
I think this issue is very important because after getting married, women are
harassed for dowry and finally they are left by their husband.
If inherited property would be with them, they can do enough to meet their ends.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL ADMINISTRATION
NCERT Solution:
Que 5. In what ways are the work of the Panchayat, that you read about in the
previous chapter, and the work of the Patwari related to each other?

Ans. The Panchayat provides facilities in the village. Patwari arranges for money to
get the facilities worked out or executed.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL ADMINISTRATION
NCERT Solution:
Que 6. Visit a police station and find out the work that the police have to do to prevent crime
and maintain law and order in their area especially during festivals, public meetings etc.

Ans. The police perform the following duties to prevent crime and maintain law and order in
their area especially during festivals, public meetings etc:
I. They deploy additional police forces.
II. They set-up quick communication techniques.
III. They expand the surveillance work.
IV. To investigate cases within its area.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL ADMINISTRATION
NCERT Solution:
Que 7. Who is in charge of all the police stations in a district? Find out.

Ans. Senior Superintendent of Police or Deputy Commissioner of Police are

basically in charge of all the police stations in a district.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL ADMINISTRATION
NCERT Solution:
Que 8. How do women benefit under the new law?

Ans. According to the new law, sons, daughters and their mothers can get an
equal share in the land. The same law will apply to all states and union
territories of the country.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL ADMINISTRATION
NCERT Solution:
Que 9. In your neighbourhood are there women who own property? How did
they acquire it?

Ans. In my neighbourhood, there are many women who own property. They
acquired in the following ways:
I. Some of the women have purchased the property themselves.
II. Some women's husbands registered properties in their name.
III. Some of the women inherited property from their elder.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - URBAN ADMINISTRATION
Introduction:
Rural Administration A city is much bigger than a village.

Administration

Do you know how decisions are made?

How the planning is done?
Who are the people who do all the work?

➔ Mala, Shankar, Jehangir and Rehana Cricket match and the story.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - URBAN ADMINISTRATION
Introduction:
What we are going to study in this chapter?
➔ The word councillor and administrative staff

➔ How does the Municipal corporation get its money?

➔ Community protest

➔ What has changed since Khala retired?

➔ NCERT Solution
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - URBAN ADMINISTRATION
The Ward Councillor and Administrative Staff:
Curiosity of the children

Who takes the decision?

Yasmin Khala, replies the decisions like where a park or a new hospital
should go are usually made by the Ward Councillors.

Ward councilor

City Ward Ward councillor are elected.

The complicated decisions that affect the entire city are taken by groups of
Example
councillors who form committees to decide and debate issues.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - URBAN ADMINISTRATION
The Ward Councillor and Administrative Staff:
Ward Councillors Councillors Committees

Deals with the problems within the town Decides the work on city level

While the Councillor's Committees and the councillors decide on issues,

the Commissioner and the administrative staff implement these.

Commissioner and administrative staff

● Administrative staff are appointed.

● Councillors are elected.

Working
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - URBAN ADMINISTRATION
The Ward Councillor and Administrative Staff:
➔ "But the city is so large. It must take a lot of people to look after it. Does the
Municipal Corporation have a lot of workers? “Asked Shankar curiously”

Yes, the work in the city is divided into different departments.

● The water department.

● The garbage collection department.
● A department to look after gardens.

Where does the garbage that the Municipal Corporation collects go to?

Story behind it
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - URBAN ADMINISTRATION
A Community Protest:
Yasmin Khala narrates the story

Women were unhappy about the situation Gangubai and planning to protest.
[Garbage on the streets]
Group of women gathered and went to the house of
ward councillor and started protesting against him.

Why?

And the story continues.

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - URBAN ADMINISTRATION
How does the Municipal Corporation get its Money?
Municipal Corporation

Provide basic services.

Providing and running so many services requires a lot of money.

Municipal corporation collects funds in different ways.

Tax A tax is a sum of money that people pay to the government for the services the
government provides.
● Property tax.
● Taxes on water and other services.
● Taxes on education and other amenities.
● Entertainment tax.
➔ While rich people account for property taxes, a much wider population pays more general taxes.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - URBAN ADMINISTRATION
How does the Municipal Corporation get its Money?
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - URBAN ADMINISTRATION
What has Changed Since Khala Retired?
Yasmin Khala Retired officer from Municipal Corporation.

What Yasmin Khala did not mention to the children was that in recent times.

In order to save money the Commissioners of several municipalities across

the country had hired private contractors to collect and process garbage.

Sub-contracting system

This means that the work that was earlier being done by government workers
is now being done by a private company.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - URBAN ADMINISTRATION
What has Changed Since Khala Retired?
Disadvantages of Sub-contracting

● These contract workers get paid less and their jobs are
temporary.

● Collecting garbage is also quite a dangerous job and often

these contract workers do not have any access to safety
measures.

No care is taken if they are injured while working.

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - URBAN ADMINISTRATION
NCERT Solution:
Que 1. Why did the children go to Yasmin Khala's house?

Ans. The children went to Yasmin Khala’s house to know about whom pay the
amount for the street light damaged by them.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - URBAN ADMINISTRATION
NCERT Solution:
Que 2. List four ways in which the work of the Municipal Corporation
affects the life of a city-dweller.

Ans. The four ways in which the work of the Municipal Corporation affects
the life of a city-dweller are following:
I. Supply of electricity
II. Traffic control
III. Garbage collection and disposal
IV. School, hospital and sanitation facilities.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - URBAN ADMINISTRATION
NCERT Solution:
Que 3. Who is a Municipal Councillor?

Ans. Elected representative of a ward is the Municipal Councillor.

Que 4. What did Gangabai do and why?

Ans. Gangabai collected a large number of women and went to the

Municipal Commissioner alongwith ward councillor to protest against
garbage dumped all over the street.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - URBAN ADMINISTRATION
NCERT Solution:
Que 5. How does the Municipal Corporation earn the money to do its work?

Ans. The Municipal Corporation earns the money to do its work by collecting
several types of taxes.
● Property tax
● Taxes of entertainment
● Octroi
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL LIVELIHOOD
Introduction:

Connect with the previous chapter

Diversity Government Administration

[Rural + Urban]

● In this chapter we will look at the different ways in which people earn their living in villages.
● We will examine whether people have equal opportunities to earn a living.
● We will look at the similarities in their life situations and the problems that they face.

Understand the heading of chapter

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL LIVELIHOOD
Introduction:
What we are going to study in this chapter?
➔ Kalpattu Village
➔ Thulasi
➔ Sekar
➔ On being in Debt
➔ Ramalingam and Karuthamma
➔ Terrace farming in Nagaland
➔ Agricultural laborers and Farmers in India
➔ Aruna and Paarivelan
➔ Rural livelihood
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL LIVELIHOOD
Kalpattu Village:
Where is Kalpattu village? Activities in village

● As in other villages, here too there is non-farm work

such as making baskets, utensils, pots, bricks,
bullock-carts etc.
● There are people who provide services such as
blacksmiths, nurses, teachers, washermen, weavers,
barbers, cycle repair, mechanics and so on.
● There are variety of small shops such as tea shops,
grocery shops, barber shops, a cloth shop, a tailor and
two fertiliser and seed shops.

➔ Village that's close to the sea coast in Tamil Nadu.

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL LIVELIHOOD
Kalpattu Village:
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL LIVELIHOOD
Kalpattu Village:
● The village is surrounded by low hills. Paddy is the
main crop that is grown in irrigated lands. Most of
the families earn a living through agriculture.

● There are some coconut groves around. Cotton,

sugar cane and plantain are also grown, and there
are mango orchards.

Transplanting paddy is back-breaking work

Let us now try to focus on the people of Kalpattu

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL LIVELIHOOD
Thulasi:
Who is Thulasi?

➔ Story of a landless labour in the Kalpattu village.

Ramalingam's land Many worker used to work under him.

● Karuthamma, Ramalingam’s wife supervises them.

What work do they do?

Story narrated by Thulasi.

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL LIVELIHOOD
Thulasi:

● Nearly two-fifth of all rural families are

agricultural labourers in our country.

● There are some who have small plots of

land while others like Thulasi are landless.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL LIVELIHOOD
Sekar:
Who is Sekar?

Another former of Kalpattu.

Small farmer

● Not enough work to do, so they perform farming by their own.

● Dependence on loan.
● Work in Ramalingam’s rice mill.
● Source of extra income. Cow
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL LIVELIHOOD
On Being in Debt:
Relate the topic with previous stories.

Very often farmers like Sekar need to borrow money to purchase basic things like seeds,
fertilisers and pesticides.
Money

Often they borrow this money from moneylenders. Doubt

Chances of being getting into debt
● If the seeds are not of good quality or pests attack their crop there can be a major crop failure.
● The crops can also be ruined if the monsoon does not bring enough rain.
In recent years this has become a major cause of
Debt trap distress among farmers. In some areas this has also
resulted in many farmers committing suicide.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL LIVELIHOOD
Ramalingam and Karuthamma:
Rich farmer

● 20 acres of land.
● His family owns a rice mill and a shop
selling seeds, pesticides, etc. Transplanted paddy growing in a
few of Ramalingam's 20 acres. A
result of hard labour performed by
Money agricultural workers like Thulasi.

● For the rice mill they used some of their own money and also borrowed
from the government bank. Less chance to
● They buy paddy from within the village and from surrounding villages. getting into debt.
● The rice that is produced in the mill is sold to traders in nearby towns.
● This gives them a substantial income.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL LIVELIHOOD
Terrace Farming in Nagaland:
What is terrace farming?

● The land on a hill slope is made into flat plots and carved out in steps.
● The sides of each plot are raised in order to retain water.
● This allows water to stand in the field, which is best for rice cultivation.

Story of Chhizani
● Chizami, Phek district in Nagaland.
● The people of village belong to the Chakhesang community.
● The people of Chizami have their own individual fields. But, they also work collectively in each
other's fields.
● Each group eats together once their work for the day is over. This goes on for several days until
the work is completed.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL LIVELIHOOD
Terrace Farming in Nagaland:
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL LIVELIHOOD
Terrace Farming in Nagaland:
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL LIVELIHOOD
Agricultural Labourers and Farmers in India:
Kalpattu Thulasi, Sekar and Ramalingam.

Analyse

➔ In India nearly two out of every five rural families are agricultural labourer families.

Landless farmer, work on other field to earn a living.

➔ In the case of small farmers like Sekhar their land is barely enough to meet their needs.
In India 80 per cent of farmers belong to this group. Only 20 per cent of India's farmers
are like Ramalingam.

Small farmer VS Large farmer

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL LIVELIHOOD
Agricultural Labourers and Farmers in India:
➔ Apart from farming, many people in rural areas depend
upon collection from the forest, animal husbandry, dairy
produce, fishing etc.

➔ Similarly selling milk to the village cooperative society or

taking milk to the nearby town may be the main source of
livelihood for some families.

➔ In the coastal areas, we find fishing villages.

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL LIVELIHOOD
Aruna and Paarivelan:
➔ Not very far from Kalpattu is the village of Pudupet.

People here earn their living by fishing.

● Their houses are close to the sea and one finds rows of
catamarans and nets lying around.
● At about 7 O'clock in the morning there is lot of activity on
the beach. This is the time when the catamarans return with
their catch and women gather to buy and sell fish.

Story of Aruna and Paarivelan

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL LIVELIHOOD
Aruna and Paarivelan:
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL LIVELIHOOD
Rural Livelihood:
Rural livelihood

Farm activities Non-Farm activities

● Involves operations such as preparing

the land, sowing, weeding and
harvesting of crops.
● Dairy farming
● We depend on nature for the growth of ● Fishing
these crops. Hence life revolves around ● Trading
certain seasons. ● Labours

● Rural people in different regions of the

country grow different crops.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL LIVELIHOOD
Rural Livelihood:
Rural Livelihood and challenges
● Most farmers grow crops both for their own requirements and also to sell in the market.
● Some have to sell to traders from whom they have borrowed money.
● For their survival, many families need to borrow money for their work or when no work is
available.

There are some families in rural areas which thrive on large acres of
lands, business and other activities. However, most small farmers,
agricultural labourers, fishing families, crafts persons in the village do
not find enough work to keep them employed throughout the year.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL LIVELIHOOD
NCERT Solution:
Que 1. You have probably noticed that people in Kalpattu are engaged in a variety of
non-farm work. List five of these.

Ans. The people of Kalpattu village are engaged in non-farm activities like:
I. Making pots
II. Making basket
III. Making bricks
IV. Making utensils
V. Making bullock-carts
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL LIVELIHOOD
NCERT Solution:
Que 2. List the different types of people you read about in Kalpattu who depend on
farming. Who is the poorest among them and why?

Ans. Barbers, blacksmiths, weavers, washermen, labourers, shopkeepers and traders are
some of the families who live in Kalpattu village. Traders, shopkeepers, weavers and
labourers are some of the people amongst them who depend on farming. Ordinary
labour is the poorest among them because their earning depends on the availability of
labour in farming or any other work which they can do.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL LIVELIHOOD
NCERT Solution:
Que 3. Imagine you are a member of a fishing family and you are discussing whether to
take a loan from the bank for an engine. What would you say?

Ans. If I were a member of fishing family, I would say; we must take loan from the bank to
improve the condition of our occupation because:
● The best quality net for fishing costs very high.

● Catamaran engines are very useful for fishing because with the help of these we can
go far away to catch fishes.

● Poor fishermen cannot purchase these items because they are very costly. So, we
must take loan from the bank to improve our social status.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL LIVELIHOOD
NCERT Solution:
Que 4. Poor rural labourers like Thulasi often do not have access to good medical facilities,
good schools, and other resources. You have read about inequality in the first unit of this
text. The difference between her and Ramalingam is one of inequality. Do you think this is a
fair situation? What do you think can be done? Discuss in class.

Ans. No, but in India, it is a major problem. Here also the main difference between them is
that the living standard. Also, some people lead a happy and joyful life while the other has
to work hard for their daily bread.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - RURAL LIVELIHOOD
NCERT Solution:
Que 5. What do you think the government can do to help farmers like Sekar
when they get into debt? Discuss

Ans. Their debt must be pardoned. Rate of interest might be decreased. The
government can also give them sufficient time to return the debt. In case of
natural hazard, the loss should immediately be calculated and also some
relaxation on debt be given.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - URBAN LIVELIHOOD
Introduction:

What do you see in this illustration?

Analyse

➔ There are more than five thousand towns and twenty

seven big cities in India.
➔ Big cities like Chennai, Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata etc. have
more than a million people.

Administration?
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - URBAN LIVELIHOOD
Introduction:
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - URBAN LIVELIHOOD
Introduction:
What we are going to study in this chapter?

➔ Working on the street

➔ Bachchu Manjhi - A cycle-rickshaw puller

➔ In the market

➔ Harpreet and Vandana: Business persons

➔ In the factory - Workshop area

➔ In the office area

➔ NCERT Solution
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - URBAN LIVELIHOOD
Working on the Street:
City

● The vegetable vendor

● Flower vendor

● Newspaper seller

● Transportation

Story
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - URBAN LIVELIHOOD
Bachchu Manjhi - A Cycle-Rickshaw Puller:
Story of Bachchu Manjhi

● Like Bachchu Manjhi a large number of people in

the city work on the streets.
● In a survey of Ahmedabad city it was found that 12
per cent of all the workers in the city were people
working on the street.

● They work on their own. They are not employed by anyone and therefore have to organise
their own work.
● Their shops are usually temporary structures.
● They can be asked to dismantle their shops at any time by the police.
● There are certain parts of the city where these hawkers are not allowed to enter.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - URBAN LIVELIHOOD
Bachchu Manjhi - A Cycle-Rickshaw Puller:

Often workers who make a living in the city are

forced to set up their homes on the street as
well. Below is a space where several workers
leave their belongings during the day and cook
their meals at night.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - URBAN LIVELIHOOD
Bachchu Manjhi - A Cycle-Rickshaw Puller:
➔ Vendors sell things that are often prepared at home by their families who purchase,
clean, sort and make them ready to sell

Challenges

● There are almost one crore 'street vendors' in the country working in urban areas.
● However with the effort of many organisations it is now recognised as a general
benefit and as a right of people to earn their livelihood.
● The government is thinking about modifying the law that banned street vendors, so
that they have a place to work and that there is also a free flow of traffic and people.

Hawking zones
Free movement
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - URBAN LIVELIHOOD
Bachchu Manjhi - A Cycle-Rickshaw Puller:

Street Vendors Hawkers

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - URBAN LIVELIHOOD
In the Market:
Streets Market

● Shops were opening

● Festival season
● Dentist’s clinic
● Appointment
● Garment showroom
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - URBAN LIVELIHOOD
Harpreet and Vandana: Business Persons
Harpreet Vandana

Garment shop

Story

● Like Harpreet and Vandana there are many people who own shops in various markets of the city.
● Most businesspersons manage their own shops or business.
● But, they do employ a number of other workers as supervisors and helpers.
● These are permanent shops that are given a licence to do business by the municipal corporation.
● The Municipal Corporation also decides on which day of the week the market has to remain closed.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - URBAN LIVELIHOOD
In the Factory-Workshop Area:
Story about visiting a factory area.

● Nirmala and garment factory

● Labour chowk

At labour chowk, daily wage workers

Story of Nirmala
wait with their tools for people to
● The factory where she works makes summer clothes come and take them for work.
for people in foreign countries like U.S.A., U.K.,
Germany and Netherlands.
● Long working hours.
● Paid less.
● Employed on casual basis.
● No permanent job.
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - URBAN LIVELIHOOD
In the Office Area:

Reaching Sudha aunty’s office

Work of Sudha aunty

● She gets a regular salary every month and is a permanent

worker with the company.

➔ Other benefits of being a permanent worker.

● Saving for old age
● Holidays
● Medical facilities
CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - URBAN LIVELIHOOD
In the Office Area:
● There are many workers in the city who work in offices,
factories, and government departments where they are
employed as regular and permanent workers.

● Their work is clearly identified.

● They get a regular salary.
● Unlike casual workers they will not be asked to leave if
the factory does not have much work.

End of the story

CLASS 6th - CIVICS - CHAPTER - URBAN LIVELIHOOD
In the Office Area:
Working in Call Centres is a new form of
employment in the big cities. A Call Centre is a
centralised office that deals with problems and
questions that consumers/ customers have
regarding goods purchased and services like
banking, ticket booking, etc. Call Centres are
generally set up as large rooms with work
stations that include a computer, a telephone set
and supervisor's stations. India has become a
major centre not only for Indian companies but
also foreign companies. They set up Call Centres
here as they can get people who can speak
English and will work for lower wages.
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