General Information Technology

Reading Material:

Introduction to a system
A system is a set of rules, an arrangement of things, or a group of related things that
working together toward a specific goal. Every system contains a model made by
three major parts calls Input, Process and Output (IPO).They describe the structure of
a system.
Introduction to computer
An electronic device which is capable of receiving data in a particular form and of
performing a set of operations in accordance with a predetermined set of
instructions (program) to produce a result in the form of information.

Input Process Output

fig 1.1: IPO Model

Computer as a system
Computer is an organization of hardware and software, often together with end-users
that function as a unit to perform a specific task. As the above diagram illustrates, a
computer follows the IPO model. Therefore we can classify computer also as a
system.
As the computer is a system, each component can’t work on its own. Computer works
when its components are connected properly.
The basic components are,
 Keyboard and Mouse
 System Unit
 Monitor

The functions of the basic components as follows

 The Keyboard and Mouse are used to input Data and Instructions
 The system unit processes the data into information
 The monitor displays the (Output) information to the user

Peripheral Devices
A peripheral is a piece of computer hardware that is added to a computer in
order to expand its abilities. The term peripheral is used to describe those
devices that are optional in nature, as opposed to hardware that is either
demanded or always required in principle. There are all different kinds of
peripherals you can add your computer. The main distinction among
peripherals is the way they are connected to your computer. They can be
connected internally or externally.
All hardware peripherals can be categorized as follows

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  Input/output devices
o Input devices: The devices are used to enter data and Instructions to
computer
o Output devices: The devices are used to get output from the computer
o Input and output devices: The devices facilitate for both Input and
Output
o Storage devices: The devices that are used to store data and
Instructions for later retrieval.
 Processor: The device is used to process data into information

Input devices:
The devices are used to enter data and Instructions to computer
o Keyboard
o Mouse
o Graphics Tablets
o Cameras
o Barcode reader
o Digital camera
o Joystick
o Microphone
o MIDI keyboard
o Scanner
o Webcam
o Touch pads
o Microphone
o OMR(Optical Mark Reader)
o OCR(Optical Character Reader)
o MICR (Magnetic Ink character reader)
o RFID(Radio Frequency Identification) Reader
 Output devices: The devices are used to get output from the computer

Output devices:
o Monitor (LED, LCD, CRT etc.)
o Printers (all types)
o Plotters
o Projector
o Speaker(s)
o Head Phone

Both Input–Output Devices:

o Touch Screen
o Modems
o Headsets (Headset consists of Headphones and Microphone)
o Electronic Whiteboard

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  Storage Devices
o Magnetic (Hard Disk, Tape etc.)
o Optical (CD/DVD/Blu-Ray Disc etc.)
o Solid State (Flash drives, Memory cards etc.)

Software
Software is a general term for the various kinds of programs used to operate computers
and related devices.
Software is often divided into two categories
 application software
 System software

o Application Software:
These are software that accomplishes user tasks. They act between the
System Software and the User. A user interacts with the Application
Software to get his tasks done. Application Software takes input from the
user and processes it according to the users’ request.
Examples:

 Word Processor
 Spreadsheet
 Presentation Graphics
 Database Managers
 Internet Browser
 Media Player

o System Software:
This is a type of software which controls, co-ordinates computer operations
and manages the hardware of a computer. System Software forms the
base on which the Application Software work. They act as an interface
between the hardware and the Application Software concealing the
technical complexity of the hardware.

o Examples of System Software:

 Basic Input/output System(BIOS)
 Operating System
 Device Drivers
 Software utilities (Disk clean-up, Disk optimizer, Antivirus, back up
etc.)

 Processor: The device is used to process data into information

The basic elements of a processor:
o Control Unit :
Control unit is responsible for all operations. It steps through instructions
(Programs) and coordinates actions of other components.

o Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU):

ALU operates as directed by CU. It provides arithmetic (add, subtract,
multiply, divided) and Logical (NOT, AND, OR) operations

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 o Registers: Provide local storage which holds instructions and data for
operations. Registers supply operands to the ALU for operations and store
the results of operations.

Von Neumann architecture

fig: 1.2 CPU

 Control unit: Controls the operation of the computer.

 Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): Performs the computer’s Arithmetic and logic
operations
 Registers: Provides local storage for the processor
 Internal interconnection: Mechanism that provides communication
among the control unit, ALU, and registers.
 Input / Output Devices:
This architecture allows users to interact with the machine. For this purpose,
IO devices provide connection between processor and external world.
o Storage Devices: RAM, cache, a hard disk, an optical disk drive and
externally connected USB drives.
 Primary Storage Devices: Directly accessible to the processor,
smaller in capacity, faster in access speed and expensive. They
include RAM, ROM and cache memory.
 Secondary Storage Devices: Indirectly accessible to the processor
through I/O channels, larger in capacity, slower in access speed and
inexpensive. They include magnetic disks, optical discs, solid state
storage device.
 Bus :
It is an electronic communication mechanism. It allows two or more functional
units of the computer to transfer data, addresses and control signals.

Data and Information

What is data?
 Data can be defined as a representation of raw facts, such as quantities,
characters, or symbols on which operations are performed by human or a

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 computer, which may be stored and transmitted in the form of electrical signals
and recorded on magnetic, optical, or mechanical recording media.
 Data is represented with the help of alphabetical letters (A-Z, a-z), Numbers (0-9),
and or other symbols (+,-,/,*,<,>,= etc.).

What is Information?
 Information is organized or classified data which has some meaningful values for
the user. Information is the processed data on which decisions and actions are
based. To be meaningful, Information should contain the following characteristics:

o Relevance: Information should be communicated to the right person. It

should be relevant to the purpose for which it is required. It must be
suitable. What is relevant for one person may not be relevant for another.
o Accuracy: Information should be fair and free from bias. It should not have
any arithmetical and grammatical errors. Information comes directly or in
written form likely to be more reliable than it comes from indirectly (from
hands to hands) or verbally which can be later retracted
o Completeness: Accuracy of information is not just enough. It should also
be complete which means facts and figures should not be missing or
concealed. Telling the truth but not wholly is of no use.
o Timeliness: Information should be communicated in time so that receiver
of the information has enough time to decide appropriate actions based on
the information received. Information which communicates details of the
past events earlier in time is of less importance than recently issued
information like newspapers. What is timely information depends on
situation to situation. Selection of appropriate channel of communication is
key skill to achieve.
o Reliability: Reliable information if information that you can rely on as being
correct. It will be from a valid and trusted source. An example of reliable
information would be information from your sales department that is
supplied to the financial department on the sales figures for last month. As
this comes from an internal information source it is reliable and can be
trusted.
o Accessible: Accessible information is information that is stored in a way
that it can be easily accessed at any time. If we refer back to the example
of looking at sales figures on a cash register at any time of the day having
the feature of printing out current sales from the cash register means that
the information is accessible. If it took one hour to process the sales figures
and print them then this information would not be easily accessible.
Accessible is an important characteristic of good information as users need
to have information available to them as and when they need it.

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Specifications for Personal Computer (PC)
What is the Specification?
The specification is a list of the key components that make up the computer. It is
provided by retailers to help buyers decide which PC, and which combination of features,
they need. When buying a PC, it is important to start by deciding what you need to do
with the PC.
When reviewing a computer specification, the most important components to take
account of are
o Clock speed of the processor
o Capacity and clock speed of the RAM
o Capacity and speed of Hard Disk Drive(HDD)
o Type, size and resolution of the Monitor
o Mother board: compatibility and connect criteria (Wi-Fi, RJ45, USB etc.)

Operating Systems (OS)

PCs are generally purchased with an operating system pre-installed. It is worth checking
that your existing software will still work with the operating system of any new systems
being purchased. It may be possible to choose a particular operating system and, if so,
this may help standardize new machines with existing PCs.
Some operating systems are proprietary and required a license to use while others are
freely available.
Purchasing Considerations
consider the following points when purchasing PCs
 What is the intended use of the PC and will the chosen specification fulfil these
requirements?
 Is the PC compatible with existing computer hardware and software?
 Is the technical support service satisfactory?
 Warranty ( comprehensive, limited, onsite, number of years)

Application Software
If you choose to purchase any application software for your personal computer, select
newer compatible versions for your operating system and computer hardware. Do not
install unnecessary free software to your computer because they can be potentially
harmful to the computer.
Anti-Virus Software
 Anti-virus software should be installed on your personal computer, configured to
automatically update, and scheduled to run regular scans. You may install either
a free or subscription-based anti-virus suite.
NOTE: Do not run multiple anti-virus programs on the same machine.
 Anti-malware / anti-spyware software, or a security suite which provides similar
functionality, is also recommended. Enable your computer’s firewall for additional
protection

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 Symbols of number system
Number Base value Number of Symbols
system symbols
Decimal 10 10 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
Binary 2 2 0,1
Hexadecimal 16 16 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
 The total number of symbols in a number system is called its base value

Place value:
Example 1: In 2432, the 3 is in the "ten’s" place, where the place value is ten.
Therefore, 3 represents the value 30.

Thousands Place
2432 One’s Place

Hundred’s Place Ten’s Place

Eg. Decimal numbers are 'base-10 numbers therefore the place value of each digit is
a power of 10. Consider decimal number 2432:

Number 2 4 3 2 Represented Value

Place Value 103 102 101 100

2×1 = 2

3×10 = 30

4×100 = 400

2×1000 = 2000

In Binary Number System: 2432

 Each bit in the binary system has a place value. Binary is a base-2 number
system, therefore the place value of each bit is the power of two.

e.g. Consider binary number 11101:

Number 1 1 1 0 1
24 23 22 21 20
Place value
16 8 4 2 1

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In hexadecimal Number System:
 Each digit in the hexadecimal system has a place value. Hexadecimal is a base-
16 number system, therefore the place value of each digit is the power of 16.

Eg. Consider Hexadecimal number 3B2C:

Number 3 B 2 C
163 162 161 160
Place value
4096 256 16 1

Number Conversions
Decimal to Binary

e.g. Convert decimal number 25 to binary:

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 Binary to Decimal

Eg. 110112

1 1 0 1 1

1X1 =1
1X2 =2
0X4 =0
1X8 =8
1 X 16 = 16

Answer : 11011 = 27

Boolean Operators
 AND
 OR
 NOT

AND Operator
Used to perform a logical conjunction on two Boolean expressions.
Truth table of AND operation (Two Inputs)

Inputs Output(Result)
A B (A AND B) / (A.B)
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

OR Operator
Used to perform a logical disjunction on two expressions.
Truth table of OR operation
Inputs Output(Result)
A B (A+B)
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

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NOT Operator
Used to perform logical negation on an expression

Truth table of NOT operation

Input Output(Result)
A (A)’
0 1
1 0

NOT operator that gives 0 as the output when input is 1 and vice versa.

Truth Tables for given Boolean expressions

Example: F= (A+B) .(A’.B)+(A+B)’

Assume Variables A and B are inputs and final output is stored in variable F
Inputs Intermediate combinations Final Output (F)
A B A’ (A’.B) (A+B) (A+B)’ (A’.B)+(A+B)’ (A+B).(A’.B)+(A+B)’
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

Need for encoding systems in computer

 A bit is the smallest unit used to represent characters, images, audio and video in
a computer system.
 A bit can either be a 1 or a 0
 This means that with a single bit, only 2 different symbols can be represented.
 By using ‘n’ bits, a maximum of 2n unique bit combinations can be obtained.

ASCII encoding System:

 ASCII is an eight bits encoding system.
 Using ASCII, a maximum of 256 symbols can be represented uniquely.
 Every single character in the keyboard has an associated ASCII code.
 ASCII code of character A- 01000001
UNICODE
 Since ASCII is an eight bit code, a maximum of 256 characters can be
represented uniquely.
 When it comes to international languages there is a need for a bigger coding
system to represent the characters of these languages.
 Unicode is a sixteen bit encoding system Therefore it is used to represent a
maximum of 65536 (216) characters uniquely.
 Unicode of Character අ - 0000 1101 1000 0101
 Unicode of Character அ - 0101 1000 1011 0000

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Reading Material

System Software
System software is a collection of programs that consists of:
 Operating systems
 Utilities
 Device drivers

Introduction to Operating System

 Manages computing resources, provides an interface for users and user
applications to interact with computer and executes applications.
 It handles and conceals many of the technical details related to using a computer.
 Without an operating system, a computer would be useless.
 Some utility programs are available with operating systems as tools.

Basic functions of an OS
Every computer has an operating system, and every operating system performs a variety
of functions.

1. Managing resources: manages all the computer’s resources including memory,

processor time, storage, and I/O devices such as printers and monitors, etc.
2. Providing user interface: Allows users to interact with application programs and
computer hardware through an interface.
There are two type of user interface,
1. Command Line Interface (CLI) in which users communicates with the
computer using commands.
2. Graphical User Interface (GUI) in which users communicates with the
computer using graphical elements such as icons and windows. A new
feature available with many operating systems is voice recognition. This
allows users to interact with the computer using voice commands.

Categories of operating systems:

1. Stand-alone operating systems: also called desktop operating systems, control
a single desktop or laptop computer. These operating systems are located on the
computer’s hard disk. Often desktop computers and laptops are part of a network.
In these cases, the desktop operating system works with the network to share and
coordinate resources.

2. Network operating systems (NOS): are used to control and coordinate

computers that are networked or linked together. Network operating systems are
typically located on one of the connected computers’ hard disk called the network
server; this computer coordinates all communication between the other
computers.

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 3. Embedded operating systems: also known as real-time operating systems and
are entirely stored within (i.e., embedded in) a device. They control smart
watches, smart-phones, video game systems, and thousands of other small
electronic devices.

Managing Folders and Files

 Files: There are many different types of files available.
Example: Audio files, Video files, Text files, Image Files, etc.
 A File is usually represented with a name and an extension.
 Folder: folders are containers used to organize files and other folders.
 Common file and folder operations
 Creation
 Renaming
 Deletion
 Copy
 Move
The methods of above operations depend on operating systems.

File names and extensions

 File name is made up with two parts, separated by full stop.
 Name (given by user)
 Extension
Example: “memo.txt”
In this example ‘memo’ is the name part and ‘txt’ is the file extension part.
 The file extension is used to identify the file type and subsequently determines
which software application is associated with it.
Making changes in Settings Panel
 Setting panel is the centralized configuration area of an operating system. In
windows operating system it is called as ‘Control panel’ and in Mac operating
system called as ‘System Preferences’.

 Configuration examples: functionality of keyboard and mouse, User accounts and

passwords, network settings, power management, sound settings, hardware
settings, software installation and removal, etc.

Tools in OS
Following utility programs are usually comes with operating systems as tools.
1. Cleaning Disk: It is a troubleshooting utility that identifies and eliminates
nonessential files. This frees up valuable disk space and improves system
performance.
Example: In MS Windows OS – ‘Disk Clean-up’.
2. Optimize drives: Locates and eliminates file fragments by rearranging them.
Example: In MS Windows OS – ‘Disk Defragmentation’.

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3. Checking Disk: verifies the file system integrity of a disk volume and fixes
logical file system errors.
Example: In MS Windows OS – ‘Check disk’.
In UNIX – ‘fsck’.
4. Character Map: Used to get all the characters of fonts installed in the
computer into applications.
Example: In MS Windows OS – ‘Character Map’.
In UNIX – ‘fsymbols’.

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Reading material:

Word processing software

Word processing software is a software application that performs the task of composing,
editing, formatting, and printing of documents.

Usage of word processing software

 Word processing software is used to create and manipulate a text document, such
as a letter, a resume, a brochure, or a report.

Common word processing packages available:

Microsoft Word, Open Office Writer, Libre Office Writer etc.

Components in GUI of a word processing software

Title Bar - The topmost horizontal bar indicating the name of the file and the
application.

Formatting Tools – Collection of tools used to perform formatting to the text in a

document.

Editing Tools - Used to make changes to a document (Undo, Redo, Cut, Copy,
Paste, Clear, Select All, Find and Replace)

Page Setup Tools – To set the page layout (Margins, Orientation, Paper size,
Columns etc.)

View Tools – To display the document in different views (Print Layout, Full Screen,
Outline, Rulers, Zoom (in/out) etc.)

Editing Area – The area where you can type text or insert any other content and
edit them

Insertion Point, Cursor –Cursor is usually a small, vertical, blinking line. It indicates
the movement of mouse. You can change the insertion
point by clicking mouse when the cursor is at a specific
position.

Status Bar - The Status Bar is usually available at the bottom of the document
window and displays information about document

Creates a new document – When you open word processing software, you directly
create a new document.

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Typing and deleting text in a document
 You can type text using keyboard and also can insert symbols.
 Deleting can be done using Delete key or Backspace key (← ).
o Delete key
 used to delete the text right to the cursor
o Backspace key
 used to delete text left to the cursor.
o Selected text or objects can be deleted using either delete or Backspace
key.

Text formats
To apply particular text formatting before typing of a text, click on the relevant tool
(button) and type the text
To apply formatting after typing the text, select the text first and click on the relevant tool
(button).

Types of formatting
Bold, Italic, Underline, Text colour, Text background colour, Styles etc.

Paragraph formats
To format a paragraph, select the paragraph and click on the tool(button) available in the
Paragraph tool box
Ex. Indentation, Alignment, Line spacing etc.

Edit a document
Undo – you can undo the previous action/s. This is helpful in case of unnecessary
action/s happened.

Redo – This can be applied to repeat the actions which was undone, in sequential order

Cut - used to move a text or object to another place. Selected text or object is moved to
the clipboard

Copy- used to copy a text or object to another place. Selected text or object is moved to
the clipboard

Paste- Paste command places the copied or cut, text or object in the new position. Once
you copy or cut a particular text or object, it can be pasted any required times, as
far as it is in the clip board.

Find and Replace– Find and replace tool allows finding a text in the document and
replacing it with another text wherever it appears in the document.

Grammar and spell checker - This feature allows user to check spelling and
grammatical errors and correct them

Inserting and editing objects – Objects such as shapes, pictures, charts, Clip arts can
be inserted into a document and edit them as
required

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Inserts equations, symbols, links, breaks, date and time if necessary –
 Equations, Symbols, Hyperlinks and bookmarks, page breaks, Date and time, can
be added to the document using relevant tool

Shortcut keys
Instead of using menu and tools, different shortcut keys can be used to perform
functions. Some frequently using shortcut keys are:
Control + N – to open a new document at once
Control + p – to open print dialog box
Control + C – to copy selected text or object
Control + X – to move selected text or object
Control + V – to paste copy/cut text or object in another place
Control + Z - Undo
Control + Y - Redo

Working with tables

Tables can be used to enter data in tabular form.
Ex. Creating a time table.

Tables can be created in following ways.

1. Inserting a table by defining number of rows and columns.
2. Drawing a table as required
After creating a table we can alter it.
 Insert or delete rows and columns.
 Cells can be merged
 Cells can be split into many rows or columns as required

Table format: Thickness of the borders, styles can be applied to a created table

Saving a document: A document can be saved in different formats such as different

versions of same application, web page, PDF etc.

Print preview
Before printing, the way of document would print can be seen through Print Preview.

Print setup
Printing can be customized as required: such as whether printing entire document or
selected pages, number of copies, selection of printer.

Printer properties
In this option, single or double side printing, printing watermarks etc. can be set

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Reading material:

Spreadsheet Software
A spreadsheet is an interactive electronic computer application to performing
mathematical calculations. It is also used to store, organize, analyze and graphically
represent numeric data.

Examples of spreadsheet programs

 Google Sheets - (Online and free)
 Apple Numbers - Apple iWork Suite.
 Libre Office - Calc (Free)
 Microsoft Excel – Microsoft Office suite
 Open Office - Calc (Free)

Work book
A file of a spreadsheet is called a workbook

Work sheet:-
A page of a workbook is called a worksheet

Column
A column is a vertical series of cells in a work sheet. Columns are identified by English
letters.
Ex: A, B, C, ………AA, AB, AC,……

Row
A row is a horizontal series of cells in a work sheet. Rows are identified by numbers
Ex: 1,2,3,....

Cell
Cell is the intersection of a row and a column on a work sheet. It is identified by column
letter and row number. Ex. A1, B10

Range
A range is a group of selected cells which can be adjacent or non-adjacent.

Formula Bar
The formula bar is a toolbar at the top of the spreadsheet applications. It shows the
contents of the active cell and allows to create and view formulas.

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Function of cell pointer based on its appearance

Cross Pointer – Used to select cells (a cell or a range)

The fill handle – used to copy formula or extend a data series.

Cross arrow - Used to move the selected cell or range content

Moving around the worksheet

 In a work sheet cell pointer can be moved

o Cell, column, row, last column, last row,
o Screen left, right, up, down
by using go to key(F5), Name box, arrow keys or key combinations .

Data types
Text, Numbers and Formulas.

Text
Any non-numeric entry is treated as characters.
E.g.:- name, 10A ,5km, “2000”
Texts are aligned left in a cell.

Numbers
Any numeric values are used for calculations treat as numbers
E.g.:- 0,1,4,233,1000
Numbers are aligned right in a cell.

Formula
Formulas are used to perform calculations.
A Formula starts with = or + sign
E.g. =C1+D2, +A1+B2*5
Formatting Cells
Cell formats allow you to change the appearance of cells and their contents.
Examples:
 Font
o Font face, Font size ,Bold, Italic ,Underline, Font colour
 Alignment (horizontal, Vertical and Orientation), Text wrapping, Merge and centre
 Number Formatting
o Currency, Percentage, Date and Time, Comma, Scientific formats and
Increase/Decrease decimal places
 Borders

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Insert Column/Row/Cell/ Sheet
You can insert columns, rows and cells when you need to insert new data in between
existing rows or columns and worksheets can also be inserted into a workbook.

Deleting Rows / Columns / Sheet

You can delete existing unnecessary rows, columns, cells or sheets.

Rename a sheet
Right click/ Double click on the sheet tabselect Rename  Type the new name
You can rename sheets with suitable names to identify them easily.

Calculations
In spread sheet, calculations can be done easily.
e.g. Mathematical, Logical, Financial, Statistical, Engineering etc,
Mathematical calculations

Calculation Example
Addition =B2+D2
Subtraction =C3-B3
Multiplication =D9*D10
Division =G9/G10
Raise to a power =D14^2
(exponent)
Relative and Absolute Cell References

Relative cell references

A cell references without prefix in each dimension is relative cell reference. By default,
all cell references are relative references. Eg. A1, B4

For example, when you copy the formula =A2+B2+C2 from row2 to row3, the formula
automatically change as =A3+B3+C3. It is convenient if need to repeat the same
calculation across multiple rows or columns.

Absolute cell references

A cell references with the prefix ($) in each dimension is absolute cell reference.

$A$1 The column and row do not change when

copied
A$1 The row does not change when copied
$A1 The column does not change when copied
Eg.

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Function
Predefined formulas are called functions. Spreadsheets generally have a large number of
integrated functions.
Each function has a name followed by parentheses (). Inside the parentheses we can
pass the parameters according to the specific function.
Syntax:
= Function_name(parameters)
Eg:1 Find the total of range B2 to B7 into cell B8

= Sum (Range)
Adds all numbers in the given range
= sum(B2:B7)  353
Eg:2 Find the Average of range B2 to B7 into cell B9

= Average (Range)
Returns the average of all numbers in the given range
=Average(B2:B7)  58.83
Eg:3 Find the maximum value in range B2 to B7 into cell
B10

=Max(Range)
Returns the largest value from the given range
=max (B2:B7) 81
Eg:4 Find the minimum value in range B2 to B7 into cell B11

=Min(Range)
Returns the smallest value from the given range
=min (B2:B7)  40
Eg:4 Find the number of cells that contain numbers in range A1 to B7 into cell B12

=Count(Range)
Counts the number of cells in a range that contain numbers.
=count (A1:B7) 6
=Rank(number, ref, order)
Return the rank of a number in the given list of numbers. Its
size relative to other numbers in the list.
Parameters
 Number : the number for the rank.
 Ref : the range of the numbers to find ranks.
 Order : a number. If It is zero or omitted when
the list is sorted in descending order. If it
is none zero value the list is sorted in
ascending order.

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Charts

Charts are visual representations of worksheet data. Charts often make it easier to
understand the data in a worksheet. Different types of charts serve different purposes.

Some common chart types are follows

 Column chart
 Bar Chart
 Line chart
 Pie Chart

Sorting and Filtering Spreadsheet Data

Sorting
You can sort data in your spreadsheets pretty much anyway you want: by one or more
columns, ascending or descending, or even by specific sort orders you set up yourself.

Filtering
You can also filter spreadsheet data. Filters retrieve a specific subset of the spreadsheet
data based on specific constraints (or filters) that you set.

Print a worksheet
You can print entire or partial worksheets.
Before you print the sheet you can change following page setup option.
 Page options like orientation, page size etc.
 Top, bottom, left and right margins and aligning
 Sheet options like print area, grid lines, row to repeat, column to repeat etc.

52
  Then ask the students to convert the story board design to presentation software
 Guide the students to save the presentation in different formats (Editable, Video,
PDF, Show etc.)
 Guide the students to print the presentation with different options (slides, hand-
outs, slide notes)

Quality inputs:

 Computers with presentation software and speakers, Multimedia projector,

Prepared presentations, Printer and printer papers,

Guidance for assessments and evaluations:

 Prior to the lesson, teacher should prepare a presentation with good features and
some short comings. Divide the class into two groups and ask the first group to
identify the good features of the presentation and the other group to identify the
short comings of the presentation
 Let them to present their findings
 Divide the students into groups (maximum 4 members in a group)
 Assign one topic to each group (ensure the presentation includes appropriate
slide layout, background, multimedia content, slide transition and animation)
 Let each group prepare the presentation based on the given topic
 Let each group present their presentations
 Carry out a discussion with the whole class about their presentations and let
them modify the presentations as necessary

Reading Material:

A presentation: Normally refers a way of presenting a topic to an audience to adapt

various speaking situations such as talking to a group, addressing a meeting or
briefing a team etc.

Characteristics of a Good/Effective Presentation

 A good presentation should have the potential to convey the required information.
 To communicate the desired information, use more visual aids such as, diagrams,
pictures, charts, etc.
 A good presentation should be planned in such a way without losing audience
interests at any point of time.
 Provide the outline of the presentation at the beginning and summarize the
presentation at the end. Give final comments where necessary. Leave a positive
impact upon the audience.
Presentation software and its Common features
 Presentation software is specifically used to create and edit slideshows for
presentation
Examples: MS PowerPoint, Impress, Prezi, Apple Keynote
 Multimedia contents such as text, images, video, audio, animations, and
hyperlinks can be integrated to a presentation

54
  Animation and Transition Effects are available to enhance the presentation
 Pre-defined styles and layouts and the pattern of slides are available to quickly
create professional looking presentations
Creating a presentation using a relevant software
 Familiarize with the IDE of the presentation software
o Menu bar, Tool bars, Scroll bars, working area (Slide) etc.
 Creating slides
o Slide layout
 The slide layout is the arrangement of all the items that make up your
slide, such as title, graphics or textboxes.
o Slide background
 Templates provide an excellent way to quickly create a presentation by
providing predesigned styles and layouts as well as suggested content
based on the type of template you select.
o Text and Objects
 Different font formats can be applied to text in slides.
 Pictures, Graphics, Animations, Audio, Video, charts, Hyperlinks etc.,
can be added to the slides as necessary
 If required Headers, Footers and slide numbers can also be added
o Applying animations and Transition styles
 Adding motion effects to the objects in slides commonly called
animation
 To emphasize the information on a slide in phases, you may add
animation
 Slide transition effect can be used to transit from one slide to another
 Slide notes
o “Slide notes” is a tool for presentation to add notes as a reference for the
presenter when presenting. These notes are hidden to the audience.
o Presentation Views
 There are few ways of viewing the presentation on screen: Slide view,
Normal view, Outline view, Slide Sorter view and Slide Show view.
 Saving a presentation
 A presentation can be saved as usual Eg. In MS PowerPoint with ppt,
pptx or ppsx extensions, In Open Document Presentation with odp
extension etc.
 As the user requirement a presentation can be saved with different file
formats such as JPEGs (.jpg), Portable Document Format files (.pdf),
web pages (.html), and even as a video or movie and more.
 Printing slides
 Slides can print with different layouts
 Slides
 Slides with presenter notes
 As an outline
 Hand-outs of the presentation with one or more slides on a
page.

55
Reading Material:

Database

A database is an organized collection of related data so that information can be

retrieved easily.

Comparison of manual database and electronic database

Manual Database Electronic Database

Less efficient More efficient
Less accurate More accurate
Less credible More credible
Difficult to analyse data Easy to analyze data
Order of data input cannot be changed Order of data input can be changed
Difficult to delete unnecessary data Easy to delete unnecessary data
Difficult to update data Easy to update data
More storage space Less storage space
More man power is needed Less man power is needed

Defines DBMS

A DataBase Management System (DBMS) is a single software application for creating,

organizing, managing and storing large amount of data in a database. The
DBMS provides users and programmers with a systematic way to create, retrieve,
update and manage data.

Examples: MySQL, Microsoft Access, SQL Server, Oracle

Need of DBMS
 Enforces integrity constraints
 Enables backup and recovery
 Effective data sharing
 Enables security

DBMS Objects
Database objects are used to input, edit, retrieve, display and print data
1. Tables
2. Queries
3. Forms
4. Report

Table
Table is a collection of related data stored in tabular form.
Field
A field is a column of a table
Record
A record is a row of a table

58
Primary key
One or more fields designated to uniquely identify all records in a table
Foreign key
If a field (or a combination of fields) of one table can be used to uniquely identify rows of
another table, this/these field/s is/are called the foreign key.

Data types
Depending on the values to be stored, a field is defined with a suitable data type. Some
data types are: Text/Char/Varchar, Number/Int/Integer/Float/Decimal, Boolean/Yes
No/Bit, Currency/Money, Date Time etc.

Field Properties
Field properties are the attributes of a field type such as Field size, Format

Query
Queries are used to obtain necessary information from the data of related tables.

Forms
Forms are used to enter data to a table and view data from a table in a Database
Management Systems. To create forms easily, some DBMS systems provide Form
Wizard facility.

Reports
Reports are used to obtain printed copies of information retrieved from the data of related
tables. To create reports easily, some DBMS systems provide Report Wizard facility.

59
Reading Materials

Graphics
Images or graphics created using graphic software are known as digital graphics.
Basic elements of a digital graphic are pixel, resolution, size and color
There are two types of colour models
 RGB Model (Red, Green and Blue)
 CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black)

There are two forms for graphic compression;

 Lossy
 Lossless

There are two types of graphic

 Raster Graphic
 Vector Graphic

Pixel is the basic element of a digital graphic.

Digital graphics are made up of thousands of pixels Pixel is composed of bits.
Single colour pixel is made up of 8 bits while a color pixel is made up of 24 (8x3) bits
The unit to measure the physical dimension of a digital graphic is pixel and physical
dimension is known as image resolution
A high resolution digital graphic has higher quality

Audio Contents
Files that are created using recorded sounds or voices are known as audio content.
These files can be edited as necessary using computer software. Some such software
are as follows,
 Audacity
 Power Sound Editor
 Music Editor Free
 Wavosaur
 Ardour
 WavePad Sound Editor
 Sound Engine

Audio editing
Audacity
Audacity is a free software that can be installed in Windows, Mac and Linux operating
systems. Audacity can be used for both editing and recording purposes. It consists of
multi layers.
Audacity has functions for;
 Recording live audio proceedings
 Recording music being played in the computer
 Inserting sound effects on recorded digital graphics write on CDs/DVDs content.
 Editing file formats such as WAV, AIFF, FLAC, MP2, MP3
 Copying sound, trimming, mixing, or joining together for editing purposes
 Changing speed and pitch in recordings

64
Audio Recording with Audacity

Step 1 – Click File  New

Step 2 - Click Record on
Transport Toolbar.
Step 3 - Using the microphone
Built into the computer, record the required audio content.
Step 4 - Click Stop on Transport Toolbar to end recording.
Step 5 - Click Play and listen to the recording done.
Editing recorded sound track to remove unnecessary section

Step 1 - Open created file saved using – aup (Audacity project) file format
Step 2 - Using Selection tool on Transport Toolbar select the necessary sections in the
audio content.

Step 3 - Click Trim Audio on Edit Toolbar. This helps remove unnecessary sections.
Step 4 – On completion of editing, save edited file.

Creating a video clip

A video created using a series of images is called a video clip. For this, a recorded video,
or still pictures and audio content can be used. Software can be used to create and edit
video content.

Some software that are used to create video clips and edit as follows;
 Photo Bucket
 YouTube Remixer
 Movie Masher
 One True Media
 Motion Box
 Stash Space
 Windows Movie Maker

65
  AVI Edit
 Super DVD Video Editor

Use of video editing software to create video

Windows Movie Maker

Windows Movie Maker is a free software provided by the Microsoft cooperation. This
software can be used to create and edit video clips.

Making a video clip with Windows Movie Maker

Step 1 - Open Windows Movie Maker software.

Step 2 – Using Home  Add video & Photos open video clips for the creation.

Apply Transition
Transition is used to show the relationship between two image frames and the manner in
which the frames appear.

Step 1 - Open menu `Animations'.

Step 2 - Click on the first frame.
Step 3 - Take the mouse along each transition. The selected image is displayed in
various forms. Then, click on the suitable transition.
Saving an animation

File  Save Project

Select a location for saving. Give file a suitable name. Click save to save the file.
Saving and distribution of video content as a video clip

Method of saving a video content as a video clip to be watched on a computer, television,

mobile phone or to open in social medias as follows

Step 1 – Select the medium to save by File  save movie

Step 2 – Select location to save, give the file a name and click Save.

66
Reading material:

Computer network
Two or more computer systems and other computing devices that are linked together to
facilitate communication and resource-sharing is called computer network.

Network types
Generally, Computer networks can be classified based on their geographical span.

Some Network types

 PAN
 LAN
 WAN
PAN - Personal Area Network
A PAN is a type of wireless network that works within a very small area (around 10
meters) your immediate surroundings. PANs connect cell phones, headsets, keyboards,
camera, laptop and so on.

LAN - Local Area Network

Networks with nodes that are in close physical proximity—within the same building, for
instance—are called local area networks (LANs). LANs are widely used by Schools,
universities, and other organizations.

WAN -Wide area networks

WANs are countrywide and worldwide networks. These networks spans a relatively large
geographical area.

Communication Devices of a Network

Modem
The modem is used to convert digital signal to analog and analog signal to digital. It
enables digital personal computers to communicate over existing worldwide analog
telephone network.

Router
Router is used to forward or direct messages from one network to their destination in
another network.

Network Interface Card (NIC)

A NIC provides the hardware interface between a computer
and a network.

71
 Switch
source: Google Images

Switch — Central device that coordinates the flow of data by sending messages directly
between sender and receiver

Wireless Base Station

A base station is a fixed communications location and is part of a network’s wireless
communication system. It relays information to and from a transmitting/receiving device,
such as a mobile phone.

Mobile communication
Communication over a wireless network.

GSM (Global System for Mobile communication): Is a digital mobile telephony

system.

GPRS (General Packet Radio Services): packet-based communication technology that

enables data transfers through cellular networks and use for mobile Internet, MMS and other
data communications

Guided and Unguided media

Transmission media is a pathway that transmits the information from sender to receiver.

Transmission media can be classified as

 Guided media
 Unguided media

Guided media are more commonly known as wired media whereas unguided media are
more commonly known as wireless media.

Guided media
 Twisted-pair
 Coaxial cable
 Fiber-optic

Unguided media
 Radio waves
 Microwaves
 Infrared

Client server model

Client and server computers communicate with each other over a network. Computers
that provide services (like Web servers or FTP servers) to other machines are servers.
The Computers that consume services are clients.

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Peer to peer
In peer-to-peer (P2P) network model each computer has the same capabilities. That
means each nodes function sever as well as client

A hybrid network
A hybrid network is a network with both client server and peer to peer relationship.

Wired and wireless networks

Wired networks Wireless networks

Suitable for fixed communication devices Suitable for mobile communication devices
More secure Less secure than wired
Uses copper wires, optical fiber cables Uses radio waves or infrared for transmission
for transmission
requires hubs or switches More area is covered by wireless base
stations which are connected to one another.
Mostly uses in LAN (Ethernet) Mostly uses in WLAN, WPAN(blue tooth),
Cellular(GSM, CDMA, LTE)

URL
Every Website has a unique address. This address is known as Uniform Resource
Locator (URL).

Parts of an URL

URI- Uniform Resource Identifier

URI is a strings used to identify a resource in World Wide Web using specific protocols.

Internet
Internet is network of networks that use the internet protocol suite to link devices all over
the world.

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Basic requirements needed to access the internet
 Device (Computer etc.)
 ISP - Internet Service Provider E.g. SLT
 Connecting device (NIC, Modem /Router etc.)
 Web browser software

Services provided by internet

 WWW (World Wide Web)
 Electronic Mail (E-mail)
 News Groups
 FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
 Voice / Video Communication
 IRC (Internet Relay Chat)
 Streaming media

Web browser
Browsers are programs that are used to access, navigate and view websites.
Ex. Apple Safari, Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, and Mozilla Firefox.

Source: Google Images

Search Engine
Search engines, search and list particular sites in the World Wide Web according to a
specified keyword or phrase given by user.

E-mails in communication
E-mail or electronic mail is a method used to exchange electronic messages over the
Internet. An email ID (Address) is needed to communicate by email.
You can create free email accounts in websites like goole.com, yahoo.com, hotmail.com
etc.

Headers in an email
To- Is used to enter the main recipients email addresses.

Cc - Stands for Carbon Copy. The Cc field is for people who want to aware about the
message, but are not directly involved.

Bcc - Stands for Blind Carbon Copy: Which is similar to Cc, but the recipients in the To or
Cc fields cannot see that a copy sent to these addresses in the Bcc field.

74
Subject
Used to insert the topic for the message.

Attachments
Allows attaching files such as documents or images with emails.

Reply
To reply a someone's email message, without composing a new message, using “Reply"
facility a replay can be sent.

Forward
To forward a someone's email message to another person "Forward" facility can be
used.

Social Networking
Social networking sites focus on connecting people and organizations that share a
common interest or activity. Facebook, Google+, and LinkedIn are some of them.

Text messaging: Also known as texting or SMS (short message service), is the process
of sending a short electronic message.

Instant messaging (IM): Allows two or more people to chat online with each other via
text transmission over the internet.

Blogs and Micro blogs

Helps people to communicate across the web. These communication offer greater
flexibility and security. It allows the users to publish short text and updates.

Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is using the Internet remote servers to store, manage and process data
rather than using local servers or personal computers.

Internet of things (IoT)

The Internet of things (IoT) is the inter-networking of physical devices, vehicles (also
referred to as "connected devices" and "smart devices"), buildings, and other items
embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity which
enable these objects to collect and exchange data

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the ever-growing network of physical objects that
feature an IP address for internet connectivity, and the communication that occurs
between these objects and other Internet-enabled devices and systems

Characteristics of IOT
Interconnectivity:
Anything can be interconnected with the global information and communication
infrastructure

Architecture:

75
Based on different hardware platforms and networks. They can interact with other
devices or service platforms through different networks
Dynamic changes:
The state of devices change dynamically

Everything-as-a-service:
Consuming resources as a service

Time considerations:
Billions of parallel and simultaneous events

Intelligence:
Knowledge extraction from the generated data

Need of IOT
Automation
Everything in home need to monitor and control
e.g.:- air condition, security lock, refrigerator, heating, ventilation, telephone etc.

Infrastructure Management
Infrastructures such as railway, bridge etc., have to monitor and track for reduce risk of
failure and danger.

Environmental Monitoring
e.g.:- We can prevent damages and losses with the support of earthquake or tsunami
warning systems

IOT Enabling Technologies

 RFID (radio-frequency identification)
To identify and track the data of things
 Sensor
To Collect and process the data to detect the changes in the physical status of
things
 Smart technology
To enhance the power of the network by developing processing capabilities to
different part of the network
 Nano Technology
To make the smaller things have the ability to connect and interact

IoT Applications
 Smart Cities
 Smart Energy and the Smart Grid
 Smart Transportation and Mobility
o IoT enabling traffic management and control:
o IoT enabling new transport scenarios (multi-modal transport):
 Smart Home, Smart Buildings and Infrastructure
 Smart Factory and Smart Manufacturing
 Smart Health
 Food and Water Tracking and Security

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Reading material:

 Identifies the web pages of a website

o Introduction
 The Internet is a worldwide collection of interconnected computer
networks.
 Internet enables businesses, organizations, governments, and
individuals to communicate in a variety of ways.
 One of the most popular ways users communicate on the Internet is
by publishing and interacting with Web pages.
o Web Browsers:
 A Web browser is software that allows users to view and interact
with Web pages.
e.g.:- Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Apple Safari and
etc.
 There are two main functions in the web Browser.
1. Read and interpret the Hypertext Mark-up Language (HTML)
used for creating the Web pages and then converts to a
format to display on the Web.
2. Allow users to navigate Web pages.
 Each program has developed through a number of versions, with
newer versions supporting more recent Web features.
e.g.:- Newer version web browser supported for HTML-5 and
some other new feature.
o Web Page:
 A Web page is just one single HTML file within Web site.
 It has a unique name on a Web site.
 It may have multimedia contents such as text, images, graphics,
animations, sounds, videos and hyperlinks etc.
o Home Page/Index Page:
 The main page of any Web site is called the home page.
 It is usually the first page a visitor sees when visiting a Web site.
 Usually it contains general information about the Web site and
related links.
o Link Page:
 There are some links on web pages. They are used to open pages in
same website or other web sites. These pages are called link pages.
o Web Site:
 It is a collection of related Web pages under one domain name.
e.g.:- National Institute of Education: www.nie.lk
Department of Education Department: www.moe.gov.lk
Google Web Site: www.google.com

82
 o Building blocks/ Basic elements of a Web Page.
 Web pages consist of different elements.
 Each of these elements is used to communicate information in
different ways.
 The common elements are,
1. Text: It consists of words, letters, numbers, and other
symbols.
2. Graphics: include drawings, charts, diagrams, paintings,
photographs, and navigational buttons.
3. Audio: It is live or recorded sound.
4. Video: It is live or recorded movies.
5. Animation: It refers to the movement of text or graphics.
6. Hyperlinks: These are used to link webpage of the same
web site, other web sites and another section of same web
page.
o Organization of contents:
 The layout of a web page determines the arrangement of the various
elements and sections.
 The following are some examples for organization of a Web page.
1. Frames: Frame divides a Web page into sections and allows
users to access different pages and sites.
2. Lists: Lists are block formatting elements that define a block
structure.
3. Tables: HTML tables enable users to effectively present large
amounts of data in rows and columns.

Website Requirement analysis

 ‘Website Requirement analysis’ is a process that assists in analysing challenges
and opportunities with respect to the business model of the website
 The ‘requirement description’ should be contained the user requirements to be
satisfied
 Key elements that should be included in the requirement description
o Purpose of the website
o User interface design
o Subscription and Registration process
o User specific tools and pages
o Security requirements
o Future Enhancements
o Technical options available (e.g.: Java script, PHP, ASP etc.)

Hypertext mark-up language.

o Introduction:
 You can create your own Web site using HTML
 HTML is the core technology in which all Web pages are written

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o What is HTML?
HTML is a language for describing Web pages.
 HTML stands for ‘Hyper Text Mark-up Language’.
 HTML is a mark-up language; it’s not a programming language.
 A mark-up language is a collection of mark-up tags.
 It is not case sensitive.
o What are Tags?
 HTML mark-up tags are usually called HTML tags or just tags.
 HTML tags are keywords surrounded by angle brackets like <html>.
 There are two different types of tags:-
1. Container Element:-
Container Tags contains start tag/opening tags& end tag
/closing tags i.e. <HTML>… </HTML>
2. Empty Element:-
Empty Tags contains start tag i.e. <BR>
o HTML Editor
 HTML documents are plain text documents so you can use any text-
editing program to code HTML and create a web page.
Eg:- Notepad++, Notepad, PSPad
 You can also use a verity of web specific coding environments.
Eg:- Brackets, Microsoft FrontPage, Microsoft DreamViewer

o Save the source code.

 When you save an HTML file, you can use either the “.htm” or the
“.html” extension.
 We use “.htm” is a habit from the past when the software only
allowed three letters in file extensions.
 In most cases, it is perfectly safe to use “.html”.

o Web pages can differ widely in terms of content and layout; all pages have
certain HTML tags that give them the same basic structure.

o HTML Structure
Name of HTML Meaning Example
Component
Delimiters Delimiters surround the <,>,/
tag and inform the parser
that it should read the
enclosed information as
an HTML element.

Tags Tags contain elements <html>

which provide instructions .
for how information will be .
processed or displayed </html>

Elements A basic unit of an HTML <HR> - The tag

84
 document. The name of contain the Horizontal
the element is given in the Ruler element.
name of the tag.

Attribute Defines a special property <IMG

of an HTML element. SRC="image.jpg">
It means that the
element ‘IMG’ has an
attribute ‘SRC’. which
specifies the name of
the image file, which
is assigned the value
“image.jpg”

o HTML Tags (<html> and </html>) :-

 When a browser encounters these tags, it knows that anything within
the two tags defines a Web page.
 Older Web browsers expect to see the HTML tags; with the latest
version of HTML and newer versions of browsers, the tags are not
always necessary, but adding them is good form.

o Head Section (<head> and </head>):-

 This tag adds descriptive and accessory information to your Web
page.
 The document header contains information that does not appear in
the browser window.
 It’s including title information and so on.

o Body Section (<body> and </body>):-

 The visible content that makes up your Web page, including
paragraphs, lists, tables, and images, lives in the body of your HTML
document.
e.g.:- Basic Structure of HTML file <html>
<head>

……..
</head>

<body>

……..
</body>
</html>

85
o Adding Comments :
You can use comments to write notes to yourself within an HTML
document. Comments do not appear when a browser displays a Web page.
e.g. :- <! --Enter the comments -->

o Background color
 The body tag attribute ‘bgcolor’ specifies the background color of a
document.
Eg:-<body bgcolor=”Red”>, or Color Value codes use for the
attribute values.

o HEAD element.
 <TITLE>...</TITLE> :Indicates the title of the document and appears
in a browser's bookmark file.

o BODY elements

1. Text Formatting:
Elements What is it? How to use it?
Heading Tag There are six heading elements <h1>This is a heading
(<H1>,<H2>,<H3>,<H4>, </h1>
<H5>,<H6>).
All the six heading elements are
container tag and require a closing
tag.
<h1> will print the largest heading.
<h6> will print the smallest heading.

Paragraph Tag HTML documents can be divided into <p>This is the tag for
paragraphs. paragraph </p>
Paragraphs are defined with the <p>
tag.

You can control the horizontal <p align= “right”>National

positioning, or alignment, of your Institute of Education,
paragraphs using the ALIGN attribute. Magaragama</p>

You can choose to align a paragraph

to the left, right, center, or justify.

Line Break and For a line break or a new line without National Institute of
Horizontal Line starting a new paragraph Use the Education <hr> National
Tag <br> tag. <br> of Education.

Defines a horizontal line use <hr>tag.

<br>,<hr> elements are empty HTML
elements, It has no end tag.

BoldTag Bold is symbolized by a <b> in front of <b> This is BOLD Area

the text you want bold, and a </b> at </b>
the end of the area you want bold.

86
 This tag mostly used for text
formatting.
ItalicTag This causes the text to slant. The tag <i> This is Italic Area </i>
is a simple <i>in front of the text that
you want italicized and a </i> at the
end of the text you want italicized.

This tag mostly used for text

formatting.
Underline Tag This is <u></u> and is used similar to <u> This is underline</u>
the bold and italics.

This tag mostly use for text formatting.

Font Tag This element is used to format the
size, typeface/Font type (Eg:- ‘Times
New Roman’ ) and color of the
enclosed text.

1. You can change the appearance <font face= “Arial”>This

of your text using the<font> tags text font is ARIAL</font>
and, along with the ‘FACE’
attribute.

2. You can change the font size of <font size=5>This text

your Web page text using the font size is 5</font>
SIZE attribute. It takes the size
from 1 to 7, here 1 create small
size.

3. You can enhance your text by <font color= “red”>This

adding color. The COLOR text font size is 5</font>
attribute works with the tag <font>
to change text on a page from the
default black to a color.

<font color=“green"
size="3" face="Times
New Roman">National
Institute of
Education</font>
2. Lists
Lists provide methods to show item or element sequences in document
content.
There are three main types available:-
Ordered lists
1. Unordered lists
2. Definition lists

List Name What is it? Example

Ordered lists You can use numbered lists on your <ol type=“a”>
Elements Web page to display all kinds of <li>Apple</li>
ordered lists. <li>Orange</li>

87
 <li>Banana</li>
You use two kinds of elements for a <li>Mango</li>
numbered list: </ol>
1. The ordered list element
(<ol>) specifies that this is a
numbered list.
2. List item elements (<li>)
mark each item in the list.

Two attributes control the

appearance of ordered lists
1. Start : Specifies the first
number in the list
2. Type : Specifies the
numbering style from the list
E.g.:- 1, A, a, i, I are type
attribute values.
Unordered List You can add a bulleted list to your <ul type= “square”>
document to set a list of items apart <li>Apple</li>
from the rest of the page of text. <li>Orange</li>
<li>Banana</li>
A bulleted list requires the following <li>Mango</li>
elements: </ul>
1. The unordered list element
(<ul>) specifies that you’re
creating a bulleted list.
2. A list item element (<li>)
marks each item in the list

‘Type’ attribute specifies the style of

bullet list.
Eg:- disc, square, circle

3. Multimedia Objects
Multimedia features in HTML allow users to include images, video clips,
Audios and other HTML documents in their web pages.

Tag What is it? How to use it?

Image Tag In HTML, images are defined with
the <img>tag.

The image tag is empty, which

means that it contains attributes
only and it has no closing tag.

Attributes for image tag:

1. Src:It’s used to display an
image on a page, you need
to use this attribute and the
‘src’ stands for “source”.

The value of the src <imgsrc=

attribute is full path of image “C:\New_folder\img1.jpg”>

88
 file you want to insert.

If the image saved in the <imgsrc= “img1.jpg”>

same folder as the HTML
file, you reference it with just
the file name

2. Width: You can set the <imgsrc= “img1.jpg”

image width in pixels or height=150 width=175>
percentage.

3. Height: You can set the

image height in pixels or
percentage.
Audio Tag HTML5 introduced the <audio> <audio src="audio/test-
element to include audio files in audio.ogg" controls auto
web pages. play></audio>

Attributes for Audio tags:

1. Src: specifies the path to
the audio file.

2. Controls: indicates whether

the player should display
controls. No controls will be
shown by default.

3. Autoplay: indicates that the

audio should start playing
automatically.
Video Tag The <video>element has a number <video
of attributes which allow you to src="video/puppy.mp4"
control video playback: width="400" height="300"
1. Src: specifies the path to controls></video>
the audio file.

2. Width, Height: specify the

size of the player in pixels.

3. Controls: indicates that the

browser should supply its
own controls for playback.

4. Auto play: indicates that

the video should start
playing automatically.

89
Authoring tool to create web pages

 Introduction
o "Web page Authoring tools" used to design, code, and create professional-
looking Web pages, Web sites, and Web Applications.
o The visual-editing features of Authoring tools allow you to create pages
without writing a line of code.
o It is easier to create a Web site than HTML editor such as Notepad,
Notepad++ and etc.
o Although writing web pages using HTML editor is more powerful, it’s lot
slower than using a web authoring tool.
o The IDE of Web page authoring tools consists of toolbars, windows,
objects, panels, inspectors, and tools etc. Those are used to create your
Web pages attractively and manage your Web site efficiently.
o In Integrated Development Environment (IDE) the Document window and
panels are incorporated into one larger application window.

 Some Parts of the Workspace:

Component Details
Document Tab Displays the name of the Web page and default name is
Untitled-1.
Document Window Displays the current document, or Web page, including text,
tables, graphics, etc.
Design view Use to assemble your Web page elements to design your
page.
Code view It is a hand-coding environment for writing and editing code.
Split view It allows you to see both Code view and Design view in the
same window.
Panel groups These are sets of related panels docked together under one
heading and control over a wide range of commands and
functions.
Insert Bar It allows quick access to frequently used commands to create
and insert various types of objects-such as images, tables,
links and dates.
Status Bar It provides additional information about the document you are
creating.

90
 Create a New Web Page
o Enter a title in the "Title:" textbox at the top of the document window. This is
the title that will appear in the title bar of the browser window when people
view your page; it is also the text that will be used when someone creates a
bookmark to your page.

o Save the document: Make sure the main page (in the root folder and any
subfolders) is named ‘index.htm’ or ‘index.html’.

 Page Properties
o To set properties that affect the entire page, choose Page Properties from
the Modify menu.

 Title: Name of your web page.

 Background Image: You can specify a relative or absolute path to
an image to appear in the background of every page. Also you can
browse and select an image.
 Background: You can set the background color for the page by
using the color palate.
 Text: You can set the text color.
 Links, Visited Links, Active Links: You can assign a color for
these link texts.
 Left Margin, Top Margin, Margin Width and Margin Height: you
can place your graphics and images by setting the margins.
 Tracing Image and Image Transparency: This setting allows you
to select a background image and adjust the transparency of the
image according to their importance.

 Text
o Text can be typed or cut and paste from another source.
o Properties panel allows you to format the typed text. Text options are also
available from the Text menu.

91
  Format: To choose heading levels and other formatting styles from
the dropdown menu.
 Size: When specifying a size, you can use font size (1, 2, 3, etc.) or
(+) and (-) sizes (+1, +2, +3, etc.), Default size is 3.
 Color: To choose color for the selected text from dropdown color
palette.
 Ordered and Unordered Lists: To create an ordered (numbered) or
unordered (bulleted) list use the appropriate button.
 Increase or Decrease Indent Buttons: To increase or decrease
Indent of the selected paragraph.
 Inserting Common Objects
o Image
 Insert > Image. Locate and select an image
 Use Alt component to add the alternative text that describes the
image.
 You can also change image alignment (Align) and make the image a
Link. You can also set vertical and horizontal space (V Space or H
Space) and add a border (Border) around the image.

92
Reading material:

Advantages of ICT
 makes peoples’ life easier and comfortable in modern society
 Using ICT, We can perform our day to day activities more efficiently and
effectively than earlier
 Bridge distance(Global village)
 Creates entertainment opportunities
 Creates new employment opportunities
 Share information globally with quick and easy access
 Makes learning more interesting
Disadvantages of ICT
 People have become mechanical with ICT tools. Therefore losing their human
qualities
 Addiction to ICT related activities
 Digital divide
 Computer crimes
 Computer related health hazards
 Losing privacy
 Legal Issues
 E-waste
 Social and Cultural Issues
Fields where ICT is used?
1. Education
 ICT in Teaching and Learning
o Collection of subject related information to widen teacher’s knowledge
o Using audio-visual lessons and animations to explain difficult subject
matters
o Presentations to introduce lessons
o Assessment, Examinations and Evaluation
o Collection of Subject related information through internet
o Self-Learning (Anywhere any time)
o Distance Learning
o Exchange information among peers through email and discussion forums
etc.
o Using CD/DVDs
o Educational games
 Learning Management System
o Educational organizations can maintain LMSs to deliver course content,
materials, and instructions and conduct tests and evaluations etc.
 School Management System
o Time table and bell system
o School Information System (Exam result analysis, Staff and Students
information etc.)
o Library systems

98
2. Health
 Medical Testing (MRI scan, CAT scan, ECG, EEG etc.)
 Patient monitoring system
 Health education
 Tele medicine
 E channelling
 Health Information System etc.

3. Agriculture
 Link rural agricultural communities through internet
 Communicating with relevant authorities to get necessary information
 Meteorological information
 Computer controlled equipment
o Pest controlling system
o Milking system
o Security system

4. E-Business
 Travel and Transport
o Traffic control system
o Seat reservation system etc.
 Online shopping
o E Bay, Alibaba, etc.
 Electronic transaction
o ATM
o Credit/Debit cards
 Online employment
o Freelance etc.

5. E-Governance
 Official web portal of Sri Lanka Government ( www.gov.lk)
 Information and Communication Technology Agency(ICTA)
 Issuing NICs, Driving license, passport
 Issuing of birth, marriage and death certificates etc.

Career opportunities and paths

 Software Engineer
 Software Quality Assurance Engineer
 Business Analyst
 IT Project Manager
 Software Architect
 Graphic Designer
 Quality Assurance Leader
 Technical Leader
99
  Network Administrator
 Database Administrator
 Computer Application Assistant
 IT Manager
 Web developer etc.

Job Category Basic Tasks to be performed

 Software Engineer Analysing and Developing
 Software Architect Software
 Software QA Engineer Assure quality of the software
 Business Analyst Analyse the business
 Quality Assurance Leader Responsible to the quality of the
 Technical Leader Software
 IT Manager
 Graphic Designer Developing applications using
 Web developer graphics software /web authoring
tools
 Computer Applications Office related applications
Assistant

 Network Administrator Design and maintain computer

network

 Database Administrator Responsible for the proper

functioning of the database

1. Ethical and Legal Issues

 Cybercrime – criminal activities using computers or the Internet such as
fraud, blackmail etc.
 Privacy – Producer of a software has rights to prevent it from being used
or unauthorized access by others without permission(Rights and Patent)
 Piracy – Copying and distributing of Licensed software without
permission (Licensed software should not be copied and distributed
without permission)
 Laws – There are rules and regulations to prevent illegal usage of software
 Sri Lanka Emergency Readiness Team(SLERT) – An organization to
provide help in computer and internet related issues

2. Ethical and Legal Issues in Social Media

 Hacking of others accounts detail and misuse their information
 Irresponsible use of social media which leads to misconducts in the
society in known as cyber crimes
 Spreading viruses
 Spreading rumours through social media sites

100
3. Security
 Hardware security (Physical Security)
o Keep computers in secured place (In a building with proper doors and
locks etc.)
o Installing surge protectors, UPS etc. to protect computers from
electrical problems
o Fixing air conditioners to protect computers from heat, humidity and
dust
o Prevention from natural disasters (Floods, Earthquakes etc.)
 Software security (Logical Security)
o Installing and upgrading virus guards
o Installing firewalls
o Using separate user accounts with effective passwords

4. Precautions in using internet

 Prevent downloading from unknown web sites
 Do not provide your personal information unnecessarily
 Use secure user names and pass words etc.

5. Health and Safety

 Repetitive Stress Injuries (RSI)
o Do not use computer for longer hours ( Take breaks in between)
o Follow work shop practices ( Walking briskly, moving head, arms and
legs in small exercises )
 Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS)
o Keep proper distance between eye and the computer (45-70cm)
o Do not keep on looking at the computer monitor continuously for a
long time(Look around and blink your eyes regularly)
 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)
o Keep your wrist and elbow proper manner when using keyboard and
mouse
 What are E-waste?
o Any discarded material related to ICT ( computers and peripherals ,
cables, CD/DVDs, printer cartridges, phones, batteries etc.)
 How to minimize the harmful effects of e-wastes?
o Recycle – handover to suitable recycling or collecting centres
o Reuse – Give your device to be used by someone else
o Reduced use – Use your device only when essential
 Green computing
Green computing is the environmentally responsible and eco-friendly
use of computers and their resources. In broader terms, it is also
defined as the study of designing, manufacturing/ engineering, using
and disposing of computing devices in a way that reduces their
environmental impact.

101
References

 https://www.tutorialspoint.com
 computing-essentials-2017-o-leary-o-leary (26th Edition)
 Grade 10 and 11 school text books of Sri Lanka
 https://ptgmedia.pearsoncmg.com/images/9780735699236/samplepages/978073569
9236.pdf
 www.gov.lk
 http://www.slcert.gov.lk/Downloads/Acts/Computer_Crimes_Act_No_24_of_2007(E).
pdf
 http://www.slcert.gov.lk/
 http://www.careerpilot.org.uk/jobs/information-communications-techn/jobs
 https://www.gcflearnfree.org/word2016/formatting-text/1/
 http://ryanstutorials.net/boolean-algebra-tutorial/boolean-algebra.php

102
 English-Sinhala-Tamil Glossary
No English Sinhala Tamil
1. abstract model වියුක්ත ආකෘතිය fUj;jpay; khjpup
2. acceptance testing ප්රeති්හණ
e ප්රීකක්ාව Vw;Gr; Nrhjid
3. access privilege ප්රeවේශවීවේේ රප්රeසවදය mZfy; cupik
4. agile model සුචල්යc ආකෘතිය RWRWg;G khjpup
5. alternate key විකල්ය්ප්ර යතුර khw;Wr; rhtp
6. American Standard වේතවරතුරු හණු මවරු සඳහණව ූ jfty;
Code for ඇමරිකවනු සේමත වේක්තය ,ilkhw;Wf;fhd
mnkupf;f epak
Information tpjpf;Nfhit
Interchange (ASCII)
7. amplitude විස්තවරය tPr;rk;
8. amplitude විස්තවර මූර්ඡනව tPr;rg; gz;Ngw;wk;
modulation
9. analog ප්රeතිසම xg;Gik
10. anchor රැඳ ුම epiy epWj;jp
11. application layer අනුප්රeවේයග් ස්රරය gpuNahf mLf;F
12. architecture නිර්මිතය fl;likg;G
13. arithmetic and අංක ්ණිත හණව තවර්කික vz;fzpj kw;Wk; ju;f;f
logical unit (ALU) ඒකකය myF
14. array අරව mzp
15. artificial intelligence කෘතිම බුද්ධිය nraw;if Ez;zwpT
16. Affective computing බුද්ධිමත් සහණ චිත්තවේශ්ී Ez;zwpT
ප්රරි් නය czu;jpwd;kpf;f
fzpj;jy;
17. associative law සංඝටන නcවය $l;L tpjp
18. attenuation ැහණැීකම/හණවයනය neha;ik
19. attribute උප්රල්යැකිය /්ු ය/ උප්රල්යක්ා ය gz;Gfs;
20. authoring tool සේප්රවදන වේම ල්යම gilg;ghf;ff; fUtp
21. Automated Teller ස් යංකෘත මුදල්ය් ්නුවේදනු jhdpaq;fpg; gzk;
Machine (ATM) යන් ත e ය ifahs;; ,ae;jpuk;
22. autonomous ස් යංප්රවල්යක/ RahjPd
ස් තන්තe/ස් වයත්ත
23. axiom ස් සිද්ධිය/ප්රeතcක්ාය ntspg;gil cz;ik
24. backups උප්රස්ර fhg;ngLj;jy;
25. bandwidth කල්යවප්ර ප්රළල්ය/බඳස් ප්රළල්ය gl;il mfyk;
26. batch processing කවණ්ඩ සැකසුම njhFjp
Kiwtopahf;fk;
27. big data මහණව දත්ත ngupa juT
28. binary ද් විමය Jtpjk;> ,Ukk;
29. binary coded decimal ද්ීමය වේක්තික දවමය ,Ukf; FwpKiw jrkk;
(BCD)
30. bio-inspired ජෛ වේප්රeරි ් ත ප්රරි් නය/ capupay; cs;sPu;g;Gf;
computing ජෛ අනු වේ ප්රe ් රි ත ප්රරි් නය fzpg;G
31. bit coin බිටු කවසි Ez;fld; gzk;
nrYj;jy;
32. bitwise බිටු අනුසවරිත gpl; thup
33. bitwise logical බිටු අනු ස වරිත තවර්කික gpl; thup jHf;fr;

103
 operation වේමවේහණයුේ nraw;ghL
34. black box testing කවල්ය මංෛුසව ප්රීකක්ාව fWg;Gg;ngl;br; Nrhjpg;G
35. blogging වේ බ් සටහණනය tiyg;gjptply;
36. boot–up ප්රeවේශවනය njhlq;Fjy;
37. broadcasting විකවවනය njhiygug;gy;
38. browsing අතරික්සීම NkNyhly;
39. bubble sort බුබුළු වේත්ීකම/ යව-සැසඳුේ Fkpop tifg;gLj;jy;
වේත්ීකම
40. built-in තුළබැඳි / තිළැල්යි cl;nghjpe;j
41. business process re- cවප්රවර ක්රිeයව ල්යිවේය් ප්රeති tzpf nray;Kiw
engineering (BPR) ඉංජිවේන්රුකර ය kPs;fl;likg;G
42. candidate key නිරූප්රc යතුර gpujpepjpj;Jtr; rhtp
43. cardinality ් නීයතව vz;zsit
44. cathode ray tube කැවේතගඩ කිර නල්යය fNjhl;Lf; fjpu; Foha;
(CRT)
45. central processing මධ්යc සැකසුේ ඒකකය kj;jpa nraw;ghl;L
unit (CPU) myF
46. characteristics ්ති ල්යක්ා / ස් ල්යක්ා rpwg;gpay;Gfs;
47. check box සල්යකු ු වේකවටු rupghu;g;Gg; ngl;b
48. client-server model වේස් ව වේයගෛක-වේස් ව දවයක Nritg; gadu; khjpup
ආකෘතිය
49. clock ස්ප්රන්දකය fbfhuk;
50. cloud computing ල්යවකුළු ප්රරි් නය Nkff; fzpik
51. coaxial cable සමක්ාක වේක්බල්යය Xur;R tlk;
52. code editor වේක්ත සංස්කවරක FwpKiw njhFg;gp
53. comment වි ර ය tpsf;ff; Fwpg;G
54. commutative law නcවයවේද්ව නcවය gupkhw;W tpjp
55. compact disc සුසංහණිත ඩිස්කය Xspapay; tl;L
56. compatibility ්ැළප්රුම nghUe;Jif
57. compiler සේප්රවදකය njhFg;ghd;
58. component සංරචකය $W
59. composite key සංයුක්ත යතුර $l;Lr; rhtp
60. constant නියතය khwpyp
61. content management අන්තර්්ත කළමනවකර cs;slf;f
system (CMS) ප්රද්ධ්යතිය Kfhikj;Jt Kiwik
62. context switching සන්දර්භ සුවිචනය re;ju;g;g epiykhw;wy;
63. contiguous යවබද විභවෛනය mLj;jLj;jhd xJf;fPL
allocation
64. control structure ප්රවල්යන uහණය fl;Lg;ghl;Lf; fl;likg;G
65. control unit (CU) ප්රවල්යන ඒකකය fl;Lg;ghl;lyF
66. credit card යප්රත fldl;il
67. customization අභිරුචිකර ය jdpg;gadhf;fy;
68. data දත්ත juT
69. data and control bus දත්ත සහණ ප්රවල්යන ප්රර juTk; fl;Lg;ghl;Lg;
ghl;ilAk;
70. database දත්ත සමුදවය කළමනවකර juTj;js Kfhikj;Jt
management system ප්රද්ධ්යති Kiwik
(DBMS)

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71. data definition දත්ත නිර් චන භවාව juT tiuaiw nkhop
language ( DDL)
72. data dictionary දත්ත වබ්දවේකගාය juT mfuhjp
73. data flow diagram දත්ත ්ැල්යීේ සටහණන juT gha;r;ry; tiuglk;
74. data flow model දත්ත ්ැල්යීේ ආකෘතිය juT gha;r;ry; khjpup
(DFM)
75. data link layer දත්ත සබැඳි ස්රරය juT ,izg;G mLf;F
76. data manipulating දත්ත හණැසුරුේ බස juT ifahsy; nkhop
language ( DML)
77. data migration දත්ත ප්රර්යටනය juT ngau;r;rp
78. debugging නිවේදවස් කිීකම tO ePf;fy;
79. තීර සහණවය ප්රද්ධ්යති jPu;khd cjT
decision support Kiwik
system (DSS)
80. declarative ප්රeකවවවත්මක mwptpg;G
81. default values වේප්රරනිමි අ්ය ,ay;Gepiy kjpg;G
82. defragmentation ප්රeතිඛණ්ඩනය Jzpf;if ePf;fy;
83. demodulation විමූර්ඡනය gz;gpwf;fk;
84. device උප්රවං්ය / උප්රක්රාමය rhjdk;
85. device driver උප්රවං් ධ්යව ක මෘදුකවං් rhjdr;; nrYj;jp
86. digital අංකිත ,yf;f Kiw
87. digital camera අංකිත කැමරව ,yf;fKiwg; glf;fUtp
88. digital economy අංකිත ආර්ථිකය ,yf;fKiwg;
nghUshjhuk;
89. digitizer සංඛcවංකකය ,yf;fkhf;fp
90. direct සෘෛුස්රවප්රනය Neub mKyhf;fk;
implementation
91. disk formatting තැටි/ඩිසක හණැඩසශ ්ැන්ීම tl;L tbtikg;G
92. distortion විකෘතිය jpupG
93. distributive law විඝටන නcවය gq;fl P ;L tpjp
94. document flow වේල්ය්ඛන ්ැල්යීේ සටහණන Mtzg; gha;r;ry;
diagram tiuglk;
95. domain සම Ms;fsk;
96. domain name server සේ නවම වේස් වදවයකය Ms;fsg; ngau;
(DNS) Nritafk;
97. domain name system සේ නවම ප්රද්ධ්යතිය Ms;fsg; ngau;
(DNS) Kiwik
98. dynamic host ්තික ධ්යවරක ප්රවල්යන නියමව ල්යිය khWk; tpUe;Njhk;gp
configuration cs;sikT newpKiw
protocol (DHCP)
99. dynamic web page ්තික වේ බ් ප්රිටු ,af;Fepiy
tiyg;gf;fk;
100. e-commerce විදfත් වනිෛcය kpd; tu;j;jfk;
101. economical ආර්ථික වකcතව nghUshjhur;
feasibility rhj;jpag;ghL
102. elementary process මුල්යික ක්රිeයව ල්යි විස්තරය mbg;gilr; nra;Kiw
description(EPD) tpgupg;G
103. e-market place ඉ-වේ ළඳ වේප්රවළ ,yj;jpudpay; re;ij
,lk;

105
104. encryption ්ුප්ර්ත වේක්තනය kiwFwpahf;fk;
105. enterprise resource c සවය සේප්රත් සැල්යසුේ epWtd %yts
planning system ප්රද්ධ්යතිය jpl;lkply; Kiwik
(ERPS)
106. entity භූතවර්රය/අභිභූතත් ය/සත්තව epiynghUs;
107. entity identifier භූතවර්ර/අභිභූතත් ය epiynghUs;;
හණඳුන් නය milahsq;fhl;b
108. entity භූතවර්ර සේබන්ධ්යතව epiynghUs;
relationship(ER) රූප්රසටහණන cwTKiw ml;ltiz
diagram
109. executable ක්රිeයවත්මක කළ හණැකි ,af;fj;jF
110. executive support විධ්යවයක සහණවය ප්රද්ධ්යතිය epiwNtw;W cjT
system (ESS) Kiwik
111. expert system විවේව්ාඥ ප්රද්ධ්යතිය epGzj;Jt Kiwik
112. extended binary විස්තෘත ද්ීමය වේක්තක දවම ePbj;j Jtpj FwpKiw
coded decimal jrk ,lkhw;wf; Fwp
interchange cod
(EBCDIC)
113. extended entity විස්තෘත භූතවර්ර සේබන්ධ්යතව tpupthf;fg;gl;l
relationship (ER) රූප්ර සටහණන epiynghUs;
cwTKiw ml;ltiz
diagram
114. feasibility study වකcතව අධ්යcයනය rhj;jpag;ghL fw;if
115. feedback loop ප්රeතිවේප්රගා ලුප්රය gpd;D}l;ly; tisak;
116. fetch-execute cycle ආහණර -ක්රිeයවකර ුේ චක්රාය jUtpg;G epiwNtw;Wr;
Row;rp
117. fiber optic ප්රeකවව තන්තු ,io xspapay;
118. file වේ්වනු Nfhg;G
119. file hierarchy වේ්වනු ධ්යුරව ල්යිය Nfhg;G gbepiy
120. firewall ්ිනි ප්ර ුර jPr;Rtu;
121. normal form ප්රeරම ප්රeමත අ ස්රව ,ay;ghf;fy; tbtk;
122. fixed internal hard අචල්ය අභcන්තර දෘඪ තැටි epiyahd cs;sf
disk td;jl;L
123. flash memory සැ / ක්ාණික මතකය gspr;rPl;L epidtfk;
124. flash memory card සැ / ක්ාණික මතක ප්රත gsPr;rpl;L epidtf
ml;il
125. flat file system ඒක වේ්වනු ප්රද්ධ්යතිය rkjsf; Nfhg;G
Kiwik
126. flip-flop ප්රිළි-වේප්රවළ vO-tpO
127. float ඉප්රුල්යිම/ඉප්රිල්යීම kpjit
128. floppy disk නමc තැටිය nefpo; tl;L
129. flow chart ්ැල්යීේ සටහණන gha;r;rw; Nfhl;Lg;glk;
130. folder වේ්වනු බහණලුම Nfhg;Giw
131. foreign key ආ්න්තුක යතුර me;epar;rhtp
132. formatting හණැඩසශ ්ැන්ීම tbtikj;jy;
133. frame රවමු rl;lfk;
134. frequency සංඛcවත මූර්ඡනය mjpu;ntz; gz;Ngw;wy;
modulation
135. full adder ප්රූර් වකල්යකය KOikf; $l;b
136. function වeත ි ය / කවර්යය rhu;G

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137. functional කවර්ය බද්ධ්ය ප්රරවයත්තතව nray; rhu;Gepiy
dependency
138. functional කවර්ය බද්ධ්ය අ වcතව nray;gL Njit
requirement
139. quantum computing ක්වේ වන්ටේ ප්රරි් නය nrhl;L fzpg;G
mbg;gil
140. gateway වේදවරටු මඟ / වසල්ය් ද් වරය Eiothapy;
/ වහණල්ය්වේදවර
141. genetic algorithm සහණෛ ඇල්ය්වේ්වරිදමය kugZ topKiw
142. geographical භූවේ්ගල්යීය වේතවරතුරු ප්රද්ධ්යතිය Gtpapay; jfty;
information /මිහණිතැන් වේතවරතුරු ප්රද්ධ්යතිය Kiwik
system(GIS)
143. graph plotter ප්රeස්තවර ල්යකු ුකර ය gltiuap
144. graphic tablet චිතeකඵල්යකය tiutpay; tptukhf;fp
145. grid computing ෛවල්යක ප්රරි් නය Nfhl;Lr;rl;lff;
fzpik
146. guided media නියමු මවධ්යc topgLj;jg;gl;l Clfk;
147. half adder අර්ධ්යවකල්යකය miu $l;b
148. hand trace හණස්තවනුවේර්ඛනය ifr; RtLfs;
149. hard disk දැඩි තැටිය / දෘඪ ඩිස්කය td;jl;L
150. hardware දෘඪවං් td;nghUs;
151. hexadecimal ාඩ් දවමය gjpdWkk;
152. hierarchical model ධ්යූරව ල්යි ආකෘතිය gbepiy khjpup
153. host සත්කවරකය tpUe;Njhk;gp
154. hub නවභිය Ftpad;
155. human operator මිනිස්ක්රිeයවකරුවේ ග kdpj ,af;Fgtu;
156. hybrid approach වේදමුහණුන් ප්රeවේශවය fyg;G mZfy;
157. hyperlink අධිසේබන්ධ්යකය kP ,izg;G
158. Integrated circuits ( අනුකල්යිත ප්රරිප්රර xUq;fpize;j Rw;W
IC)
159. icon නිරූප්රකය rpW glk;
160. identity සර් සවමc milahsk;
161. image රූප්රය gbkk;
162. imperative විධ්යවනවත්මක fl;lis
163. incremental ර්ධ්යනවත්මක VWkhd> mjpfupg;G
164. indexed allocation අනුක්රාමික විභවෛනය Rl;b xJf;fPL
165. information වේතවරතුරු jfty;
166. inkjet printer තීන්ත විදුේ මුද්රයකය ikj;-jhiumr;Rg;nghwp
167. instant messaging ක්ානික ප්රණි ුඩ යැීම cldbr; nra;jpaply;
168. integrated සවේමගධ්යවනික xUq;fpize;j tpUj;jp
development සං ර්ධ්යන ප්රරිසරය R+oy;
environment(IDE)
169. integration test අනුකල්යන ප්රීකක්ා ය xUq;fpize;j Nrhjpg;G
170. intelligent and බුද්ධිමත් සහණ චිත්තවේශ්ී Ez;zwpTk;
emotional ප්රරි් නය czu;jpwDkpf;f
fzpj;jy;
computing
171. interface අතුරු මුහණු ,ilKfk;
172. internet service අන්තර්ෛවල්ය වේස් ය සප්රයන්නව ,izar; Nrit
toq;Fdu;
107
 provider( ISP)
173. interpreter අර්රවිනcවසකය nkhopkhw;wp
174. interrupt අතුරු බිඳුම ,ilA+W
175. intranet අන්ත:ෛවල්යය/ අන්වේතගෛවල්ය mftpizak;
176. internet of things සවර් ද්රය c අන්තර්ෛවල්යය/ nghUl;fspd; ,izak;
(IoT) සබැඳි ද්රය c අන්තර්ෛවල්යය
177. iteration ප්රුනර්කර ය kPs; nray;
178. karnaugh map කවවේනග සිතියම fhNdh tiuglk;
179. knowledge දැනුේ කළමනවකර ප්රද්ධ්යතිය mwpT Kfhikj;Jt
management system( Kiwik
KMS)
180. large scale විවවල්ය ප්රරිමව වේය් අ ුකල්යනය ghupa msT
integration (LSI) xUq;fpizg;G
181. latency ප්රමව /්ුප්ර්තතව kiwepiy
182. least significant අඩුමවේ වේසසි rpWk kjpg;G
183. legend විස්තර ප්රවඨය Fwp tpsf;fk;
184. life cycle of data දත්ත ජී න චක්රාය juT tho;f;if tl;lk;
185. light emitting ආවේල්යගක විවේමගචක දිවේයගඩ xspfhYk; ,Uthapj;
diode(LED) display සන්දර්වකය jpiu / xsp ckpOk;
,U Kidak;
186. linked allocation සබැඳි විභවෛනය ,izg;G xJf;fPL
187. linker සන්ධ්යවරකය ,izg;gp
188. liquid crystal ද්රය ස්ඵටික සන්දර්වකය jputg;gspq;Ff; fzpdpj;
display( LCD) jpiu
189. list ල්යැයිස්තු gl;bay;
190. liveware ජී වං් capu; nghUs;
191. local publishing ස්රවනීය ප්රeසිද්ධ්ය කිීකම cs;sf ntspaPL
192. local area network ස්රවනීය ප්රeවේද්ව ෛවල්යය ,lj;Jup tiyaikg;G
(LAN)
193. logic gate තවර්කික ද් වරය ju;f;fg; gliy
194. Logical Data තවර්කික දත්ත ආකෘතිකර ය ju;f;fj; juT
Modeling( LDM) khjpupAUthf;fy;
195. logical data structure තවර්කික දත්ත fහණය ju;;ff
; j; juTf;
fl;likg;G
196. logical design tools තවර්කික සැල්යසුේ වේම ල්යේ ju;f;f tbtikg;Gf;
fUtp
197. looping ලූප්රනය tisa tuy;
198. machine code යන්තe වේක්තය ,ae;jpuf; FwpaPL
199. machine-machine යන්තe-යන්තe සහණප්රැ ැත්ම ,ae;jpu- ,ae;jpu
coexistence xUq;fpUj;jy;;
200. magnetic ink චුේබකිත තීන්ත අනු ල්යකු ු fhe;j ik vOj;JU
character reader( කිය නය thrpg;ghd;;
MICR)
201. magnetic stripe චුේබක තීරු කිය නය fhe;jg;gl;b thrpg;ghd;
reader
202. magnetic tape චුේභක ප්රටිය fhe;j ehlh
203. malware අනිව්ඨ මවදුකවං් jPk;nghUs;
204. management කළමනවකර වේතවරතුරු Kfhikj;Jt jfty;
information system ප්රද්ධ්යතිය Kiwik

108
 (MIS)
205. man-machine මිනිස්-යන්තe සහණප්රැ ැත්ම kdpjd; - ,ae;jpuk;
coexistence xUq;fpUj;jy;;
206. media access control මවධ්යc ප්රeවේශව ප්රවල්යක Clf mZfy;
(MAC) fl;Lg;ghL
207. memory මතක කළමනවකර ඒකකය epidtf Kfhikj;Jt
management unit( myF
MMU)
208. mesh topology බැඳි ස්රල්යකය fz;zp ,lj;jpay;
209. microprocessor ක්ාුද්රය සකසනය Ez;nrayp
210. microwave ක්ාුද්රය තරං් Ez;ziy
211. mini disk කුඩව තැටිය rpW tl;L
212. mobile computing ෛං්ම ප්රරි් නය nry;yplf; fzpik
213. mobile marketing ෛං්ම අවේළවිකර ය nry;yplr;
re;ijg;gLj;jy;
214. modularization වේමවඩියුල්යකර ය $W epiyahf;fk;
215. modulation මූර්ෛනය gz;Ngw;wk;
216. most significant ැඩිම වේ වේසසි mjpAau; kjpg;G
217. mother board ම ු ප්රු රු jha;g;gyif
218. multi agent systems බහණු කවරක ප්රද්ධ්යති gy;Kftu; Kiwik
219. multi user-multi task බහණු ප්රරිවීල්යක - බහණු කවර්යය gw;gadu;-gw;gzp
220. multi-core බහණු හණර සකසන gy;fU nrayp
processors
221. multimedia objects බහණු මවධ්යc ස්තු gy;Y}lf nghUs;
222. multiplexer බහණු ප්රරකවරකය gy;Nru;g;gp
223. multiplexing බහණු ප්රරකර ය gy;Nru;g;G
224. multiprocessing බහණු සැකසුම gd;Kiwtopahf;fp
225. multitasking බහණුකවර්ය කිරිම gw;gzp
226. multi-threading බහණු-අනුක්රිeයවයනය gy; nray;$W
227. nature inspired ප්රeකෘති වේප්රe්රිත ප්රරි් නය/ ,aw;if cs;sPu;g;Gf;
computing ප්රeකෘති අනුවේප්රe්රිත ප්රරි් නය fzpg;G
228. nested loop නීඩිත ලූප්රය ePbj;j tisak;
229. network addresses ෛවල්ය වේයවමු ප්රරි ර්තනය tiyaikg;G Kftup
translating (NAT) ngau;g;G
230. network architecture ෛවල්ය නිර්මිතය tiyaikg;Gf;
fl;likg;G
231. network layer ෛවල්ය ස්රරය tiyaikg;G mLf;F
232. network model ෛවල්ය ආකෘතිය tiyaikg;G khjpup
233. neural network ස්නවයුක ෛවල්යය euk;gpay; tiyaikg;G
234. non-functional කවර්යබද්ධ්ය වේනව න අ වcතව nray;rhuhj; Njitfs;
requirement
235. normalization ප්රeමතකර ය ,ay;ghf;fy;
236. null අභිවූනc ntw;W
237. object code ස්තු වේක්ත/ nghUs; Fwp
238. object oriented ස්තු නැඹුරු / ප්රවදක nghUs; Nehf;Fila
239. object- relational ස්තු-සේබන්ධ්යක ආකෘතිය nghUs; cwTepiy
model khjpup
240. octal අා්ටමය vz;kk;

109
241. office automation කවර්යවල්ය ස් යංකර ප්රද්ධ්යතිය mYtyfj; jd;dpaf;f
system (OAS) Kiwik
242. offline මවර්් අප්ර්ත/ මවර්්්ත njhluW epiy
වේනව න
243. one’s compliment එවේකහණි අනුප්රූරකය Xd;wpd; epug;gp
244. online මවර්්්ත njhluwh epiy
245. open source වි ෘත මූල්යවවe jpwe;j %yk;
246. operational වේමවේහණයුේ වකcතව nraw;ghl;Lr;
feasibility rhj;jpag;ghL
247. operator category කවරක ප්රe ර්්ය nrayp tif
248. operator precedence කවරක ප්රeමුඛතව nrayp Kd;Dupik
249. optical character ප්රeකවව අ ු ල්යකු ු කිය නය xspapay; vOj;JU
reader (OCR) thrpg;ghd;;
250. optical mark reader ප්රeකවව ල්යකු ු කිය නය fhe;j ik vOj;JU
(OMR) thrpg;ghd;
251. output ප්රeතිදවනය ntspaP;L
252. packet switching වේප්රවදි හණු මවරු nghjp kilkhw;wy;
253. paging ප්රිටුකරනය gf;fkply;
254. paradigm සුසමවදර්වය/ Nfhl;ghl;Lr; rl;lfk;
ප්රeතිමවනය/ප්රeතිරූප්රය
255. parallel සමවන්තර ස්රවප්රනය rkhe;ju mKyhf;fk;
implementation
256. parameter passing ප්රරවමිති යැීම gukhdf; flj;jy;
257. parity සමතව rkepiy
258. password මුර ප්රදය flTr;nrhy;
259. payment gateway වේ් ුේ වසල්ය් ද් වරය gzf; nfhLg;gdT
Eiothapy;
260. periodic refreshing ආ ර්ත ප්රeවේබගධ්යකර ය fhyKiw GJg;gpj;jy;
261. peripheral device ප්රර්යන්ත උප්රවං්ය / උප්රක්රාමය Gwr; rhjdk;
262. phablet ෆැබ්ල්යට් ngg;yl;
263. phased අ ධිස්රවප්රනය / ප්රිය ර fl;l mKyhf;fy;
implementation ක්රිeයවත්මකකිීකම
264. phase modulation කල්යව මුර්ඡනය epiy gz;Ngw;wk;
265. phishing තතුබෑම topg;gwpj;jy;
266. physical layer වේභෞතික ස්රරය ngsjPf mLf;F
267. physical memory වේභෞතික මතකය ngsjPf epidtfk;
268. pilot implementation නියවමක ස්රවප්රනය / නියවමක Kd;Ndhb mKyhf;fy;
ක්රිeයවත්මක කිීකම
269. piracy වේචෞරත් ය/ ලුණ්ඨනය fsT
270. pirated software වේචෞර/ලුණ්ඨිත මෘදුකවං් jpUl;L nkd;nghUs;
271. plagiarism ්eන්ර/රචනව වේචෞර්යය fUj;Jj; jpUl;L
272. point to point ඍෛු ල්යක්ාc සේබන්ධ්යතව Xd;Wlndhd;W
connection ,izg;G
273. pointing device දැක් ුේ උප්රවං්ය Rl;b rhjdk;
274. port වේකවේ නිය thapy;> Jiw
275. portable external ෛං්ම/සු හණනීය බවහණිර දෘඪ fhtj;jF Gw td;jl;L
hard disk තැටිය
276. portal ද් වරය/ ආමුඛද් වරය tiythry;

110
277. Point of sale (POS) විකු ුේ වේප්රවල්ය යන්තe tpw;gid ,l ,ae;jpuk;
machine
278. postulate උප්රකල්ය්ප්රනය vLNfhs;
279. power supply විදුල්යි සැප්රයුම/ෛ සැප්රයුම kpd; toq;fp
280. presence check තරcතව ප්රීකක්ාව ,Uj;jy; rupghu;j;jy;
281. presentation layer සමර්ප්ර /ඉදිරිප්රත් කිරිේ ස්රරය Kd;itg;G mLf;F
282. primary key ප්රeවරමික/මුල්ය් යතුර Kjd;ikr; rhtp
283. primitive data type ප්රeවරමික දත්ත ර්්ය G+u;tPfj; juT tif
284. privacy වේප්රෞද්්ල්යිකත් ය me;juq;fk;
285. private key වේප්රෞද්්ල්යික යතුර gpuj;jpNafr; rhtp
286. process ක්රිeයව ල්යිය/ක්රිeයවයනය/ සැකසුම nray;/
Kiwtopahf;fy
287. process control ක්රිeයවයන ප්රවල්යන ඛණ්ඩය nray; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj;
block(PCB) njhFjp
288. process management ක්රිeයවයන කළමනවකර ය nray; Kfhikj;Jtk;
289. process states ක්රිeයවයන තත්ත් nray; epiy
290. process transition ක්රිeයවයන සංක්රාම ය nray; epiykhwy;
291. product නිා්ප්රවදන වණිෛcකර ය jahupg;G
commercialization tu;j;jfkakhf;fy;
292. product of sum ඓකcයන්වේ්් ්ුණිතය $l;Lj;njhifapd;
(POS) ngUf;fk;
293. program translator ක්රාමවේල්ය්ඛ ප්රරි ර්තක nra;epuy;
nkhopngau;g;ghd;
294. proprietary හණිමිකේ සහණිත jdpAupik
295. protocol නියමව ල්යිය elg;nghOq;F
296. prototyping මූල්යවකෘතිකර ය %ytif khjpup
297. proxy server නිවේයගෛන වේස් වදවයකය gjpyhs; Nritafk;
298. pseudo code cවෛ වේක්තය Nghypf;Fwp
299. public switch වේප්රවදු ස්ීච දූරකරන ෛවල්යය nghJ Mspaplg;gl;l
telephone network njhiyNgrp
tiyaikg;G
(PSTN)
300. public key වේප්රවදු යතුර nghJr; rhtp
301. pulse code ස්ප්රන්ද වේක්ත මූර්ෛනය Jbg;Gf;Fwp gz;Ngw;wk;
modulation
302. pulse width ස්ප්රන්ද විතර මුර්ෛනය Jbg;G mfyg;
modulation gz;Ngw;wk;
303. radio button විකල්ය්ප්ර වේත්ීකම NubNah nghj;jhd;
304. random access සසේභවී ප්රeවේශව මතකය jw;Nghf;F mZfy;
memory (RAM) epidtfk;
305. range check ප්රරවස ප්රීකක්ාව tPr;R rupghu;j;jy;
306. rapid application වීඝe වේයද ුේ සං ර්ධ්යනය Jupj gpuNahf tpUj;jp
development (RAD)
307. read only memory ප්රඨන මවතe මතකය thrpg;G kl;Lk;
(ROM) epidtfk;
308. real time තරc කවල්යික epfo;Neuk;
309. record උප්රල්යැකියවන gjpT
310. redo නැ ත කිීකම kPsr; nra;

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311. redundancy සමතිරික්තතව kpifik
312. reference model වේයවමු ආකෘතිය tiyaikg;gpd;
fl;likg;G
313. refreshing ප්රුබුදු කිීකම Gj;Japu;g;gpj;jy;
314. register memory වේරජිස්තර මතකය gjptfk;
315. relational සේබන්ධ්යක njhlu;G> cwTepiy
316. relational model සේබන්ධ්යක ආකෘතිය cwTepiy khjpup
317. relational database සේබන්ධ්යක දත්ත සමුදවය cwTepiy juTj;jsk;
318. relational instance සේබන්ධ්යතව නිදර්වනය njhlu;G Kiw
vLj;Jf;fhl;L
319. relational schema සේබන්ධ්යතව ප්රරිප්රවටික සටහණන njhlu;G Kiwj; jpl;lk;
320. relationship සේබන්ධ්යතව ය njhlu;GKiw
321. remote දූරස්ර njhiy> J}u
322. render විදැහණු toq;F
323. repeater ප්රුනර්කරකය kPsp> kPl;b
324. repetition ප්රුනරුක්තිය kPs; nray;
325. reset button ප්රeතcවරේභ වේබවත්තම kPsikg;Gg; nghj;jhd;
326. retrieve සමුද්ධ්යර kPsg;ngW
327. return value ප්රeතcව්මන අ්ය jpUk;gy; ngWkhdk;
328. reverse auction ප්රeතිවේ න්වේද්සිය vjpu;khw;W Vyk;
329. ring topology මුදු ස්රල්යකය tisa ,lj;jpay;
330. router මං හණසුරු topg;gLj;jp>
topr;nrYj;jp
331. routing මං හණැසිරවිම topr;nrYj;jy;
332. scanner සුප්රිරික්සකය EZF Nehf;fp
333. scheduler නියමකර ය xOq;FgLj;jp
334. scope of variable විචල්යc ප්රරවසය khwp nraw;gug;G
335. query විමසුම tpdty;
336. selection වේත්ීකම njupT
337. selector රකය Nju;tp> Nju;e;njLg;gp
338. sensor සංවේශදකය czup
339. sequence අනුක්රාමය njhlu;
340. sequential circuit අනුක්රාමික ප්රරිප්රරය njhlu;r; Rw;W
341. sequential search අනුක්රාමික වේස ුම tupirKiwj; Njly;
342. server වේස් වදවයකය / අනු්eවහණකය Nritafk;
343. session layer සැසි ස්රරය mku;T mLf;F
344. sharable pool හණු මවරු ප්රුංෛය gfpujF nghJ ,lk;
345. sign-magnitude ල්යකු ු ත් ප්රeමව ය / සංල්යක්ාිත FwpAila tPr;rsT
ප්රරිමව නය / අංකිත
ප්රරිමව නය
346. single user-multi task ඒක ප්රරිවීල්යක-බහණු කවර්යය jdpg;gadu;-gw;gzp
347. single user-single ඒක ප්රරිවීල්යක-ඒක කවර්යය jdpg;gadu;-jdpg;gzp
task
348. smart card සුහණුරු කවඩ්ප්රත #l;bif ml;il
349. smart phone සු හණරු
ු දුරකරනය #l;bifj; njhiyNgrp
350. smart system සුහණුරු ප්රද්ධ්යතිය #l;bif Kiwik
351. social networking සමවෛ ෛවල්යකර ය r%f
tiyaikg;ghf;fy;

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352. software මෘදුකවං් nkd;nghUs;
353. software agent මෘදුකවං් කවරක nkd;nghUs; Kftu;
354. sort වේත්ීකම tupirg;gLj;J
355. source ප්රeභ %yk;
356. spiral model සර්ප්රිල්ය ආකෘතිය RUsp khjpup
357. spooling එතීම Rw;Wjy;
358. Star topology තවරකව ස්රල්යකය tpd;kdP ; ,lj;jpay;
359. stepwise refinement ප්රිය රවකවර ප්රිරිප්රහණදු gbKiw ePf;fy;;
360. storage ආචයනය Nrkpg;G
361. storage allocation ආචයන විභවෛනය Nrkpg;G xJf;fy;
362. stored program ආචිත ක්රාමවේල්ය්ඛ සංකල්ය්ප්රය Nrkpf;fg;gl;;l nra;epuy;;
concept vz;zf;fU
363. structure fහණය fl;likg;G
364. structure chart fහණ සටහණන fl;likg;G tiuG
365. structured fහණ්ත fl;likg;Gila
366. structured query fහණ්ත විමසුේ බස fl;likg;G tpdty;
language( SQL) nkhop
367. submit button වේයවමු වේබවත්තම rku;g;gpj;jy; nghj;jhd;
368. subnet mask උප්ර ෛවල්ය ආ ර ය cgtiy kiwKfk;
369. sub-netting උප්ර-ෛවල්යනය cgtiyaikg;G
370. sub-program උප්ර-ක්රාමවේල්ය්ඛය Jizr; nra;epuy;
371. sum of products ්ුණිතයන්වේ්් ඓකcය ngUf;fq;fspd;
(SOP) $l;Lj;njhif
372. supply chain සැප්රයුේ දවම කළමනවකර ය tpepNahf
management rq;fpypj;njhlu;
Kfhikj;Jtk;
373. swapping ප්රeතිහණර ය ,lkhw;wy;
374. switch ස්විචය Msp
375. syntax කවරක ීකති njhlupay;
376. system development ප්රද්ධ්යති සං ර්ධ්යන ජී න චක්රාය Kiwik tpUj;jp
life cycle(SDLC) tho;f;if tl;lk;
377. table ්ු ml;ltiz
378. table check ්ු ප්රීකක්ාව සංවේරගධ්යකය ml;ltiz rupghu;j;jy;
constraint fl;Lg;ghL
379. tag උසුල්යනය Xl;L
380. Technical feasibility තවක්ාණික වකcතව njhopDl;gr; rhj;jpaf;
fw;if
381. telecommuting දුරස්ර සං වදය / දුර njhiynray;
සන්නිවේශදනය
382. testing strategy ප්රීකක්ා උප්රක්රාමය guPl;rpj;jy; cghak;
383. text and font ප්රවඨ සහණ අක්ාර thrfKk; vOj;JUTk;
384. text formatting ප්රවඨ හණැඩසශ ්ැන්ීම thrf tbtikg;G
385. text input ප්රවඨ ආදවන thrf cs;sPL
386. normal form ප්රeමත අ ස්රව ,ay;ghf;fy; tbtk;
387. thumbnail සැවේකවි රූ FWk;glk;
388. time division කවල්ය වේබදුේ මූර්ඡනය Neug; gpup;Tg; gz;ghf;fk;
modulation (TDM)
389. time sharing කවල්ය විභෛනය Neug;gfpu;T

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390. timing කවල්ය ් නය Neuf;fzpg;G
391. top down design මුදුන් බිේ සැල්යසුම NkypUe;J fPohd
tbtikg;G
392. touch pad ස්ප්රර්වක උප්රධ්යවනය / ප්රවදකය njhL ml;il
393. touch screen ස්ප්රර්වක තිරය njhLjpiu
394. transaction ්නුවේදනු සැකසුේ ප්රද්ධ්යතිය gupkhw;wr; nrayhf;f
processing system( Kiwik
TPS)

395. transitive සංක්රාවන්ති ප්රරවයත්තතව khWk; rhu;G epiy

dependency
396. transport layer ප්රe වහණන ස්රරය Nghf;Ftuj;J mLf;F
397. transport protocol ප්රe වහණන නියමව ල්යිය Nghf;Ftuj;J
elg;nghOq;F
398. tuple උප්රල්යැකියවන/වේප්ර්ල්යිය gjpT/epiu
399. twisted pair ඇඹරි යු්ල්ය KWf;fpa Nrhb
400. two’s compliment වේදවේකහණි අනුප්රූරකය ,uz;bd; epug;gp
401. type check ප්රeරූප්ර ප්රීකක්ාව tif rupghu;j;jy;
402. constraint සංවේරගධ්යනය fl;Lg;ghL tif
403. ubiquitous සර් ර්ති ආ් නය vq;Fk; tpahgpj;j
computing fzpik
404. undo අවේහණගසි කිීකම nray;jtpu;
405. unguided media නියමු වේනව න මවධ්යc topgLj;jg;glhj Clfk;
406. uni-casting සෘෛු සේවේප්රe්ා ය jdpg;gug;gy;
407. unicode යුනිවේකගඩ්/ ඒකවේක්ත Xw;iwf;Fwp Kiw
408. unique constraint අනනc සංවේරගධ්යකය jdpj;Jtf; fl;Lg;ghL
409. unit testing ඒකක ප්රීකක්ා ය myFr; Nrhjid
410. universal සවර් තe nghJ
411. updating යව ත්කවල්යීන කිීකම jw;fhyg;gLj;jy;
412. user ප්රරිවීල්යක gadu;
413. user defined ප්රරිවිල්යක නිර් වචිත gadu; tiuaiw
414. validation ල්යං්ු කිීකම nry;Ygbahf;fy;
415. variable විචල්යcය khwp
416. very large scale ඉතව විවවල්ය ප්රරිමව වේය් kpfg; ngupastpyhd
integration (VLSI) අනුකල්යිත xUq;fpizg;G
417. video graphic ද්රයවc චිතeක අනුහණුරුකුරු fhnzhsp tiuap
adapter (VGA) nghUj;jp
418. virtual community අතරc ප්රeෛව nka;epfu; r%fk;
419. virtual memory අතරc මතකය nka;epfu; epidtfk;
420. virtual storefront අතරc වේ ළඳ ප්රeදර්වනව්වරය nka;epfu; filKfg;G
421. waterfall model දියඇල්යි ආකෘතිය ePu; tPo;r;rp khjpup
422. wave length තරං් ආයවමය miy ePsk;
423. web portal වේ බ් ද් වරය tiy thry;
424. web server වේ බ් වේස් වදවයකය ,iza Nritafk;
425. web service provider වේ බ් වේස් ව සැප්රයුේකරු ,iza Nrit
toq;Fdu;
426. white box testing ස්වේශත මංෛුසව ප්රීකක්ාව ntz;ngl;br; Nrhjpg;G
427. world wide වේල්යගක විසිරි වියමන cyfshtpa tiy

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 web(WWW)
428. uniform resource ඒකවකවරි සේප්රත් නිව්චවයකය rPu;ik ts
locator (URL) ,Ug;gplq;fhl;b
429. uniform resource ඒකවකවරි සේප්රත් හණඳුන් නය rPu;ik ts
identifier(URI) milahsq;fhl;b

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