‫‪Lecture No.

: 10‬‬ ‫المحاضرة العاشرة‬ ‫‪1‬‬

 Introduction to Shells
Shapes
Spherical Shells

2
 Introduction to Shells
Shapes

3
 Introduction to Shells
Shapes
Conical Shells

4
 Introduction to Shells
Shapes
Cylindrical Shells

5
 Introduction to Shells
Shapes
Hyperbolic paraboloid shell

6
 Introduction to Shells
Shapes
Shells of revolution

7
 Introduction to Shells
Drawings

8
 Introduction to Shells
Drawings

9
 Introduction to Shells
Types
Closed

Opened

10
 Introduction to Shells
Symmetry

Un-symmetry

11
 Introduction to Shells
Symmetry

Axis-symmetry Axi-symmetry

12
 Introduction to Shells
Supports

13
 Introduction to Shells
Loads
Concentrated load

14
 Introduction to Shells
Loads
Line load

15
 Introduction to Shells
Loads
Uniform load (Dead Load)

16
 Introduction to Shells
Loads
Uniform load (Live Load)

17
 Live Load

Dead Load

18
Structural Analysis
of
Shells

19
Loads
Pr

P

20
Pr

P
r1

21
 Pr
A

r2
O1
P r1

O
Sign of loads
22
Internal forces
N
N

N

N

23
Coordinate systems

Cartesian
coordinate
Spherical
system
coordinate
system

Cylindrical
coordinate
system

24
 N N
Pr
r2
N
P
r1
N

N N
+ = - pr
r1 r2

25
 Pr
r2

P 
r1


1 r2 (Pr cos + P sin) sin d
N = -
r2 sin2

26


 cosd= sin

 sind= - cos



cos sind= - cos  =
2

 

27
 Boundary conditions
Closed
N = 0 N
N
N N


 


1 r2 (Pr cos + P sin) sin d
N = -
r2 sin2 28

Opened N
N

N = 0 

G G
N N
-G 
N =
sin 
29
 W
W = 2r N sin 
W = 2r2sin) N sin 
W = 2r2 N sin2  r

 r2
 N
N

N sin  N sin 
-W
N =
2r2 sin2  30
Examples
31
Example 1 :
Calculate and draw the internal forces
diagrams for the shown closed semi-
spherical shell with radius (a) due to
uniform dead load g t/m2

a a

32

Pr = g cos g sin g cos
 
P = g sin
At first, calculate N g a


1 r2 (Pr cos + P sin) sin d
N = -
r2 sin2

g
Pr cos + P sin= =


1
N = - g sin d
a sin2
33
 
1
N = - g sin d
a sin2

a sin  
ga 2
N = -
2
sin d

ga
N = - ( -cos + c)
sin 
2

B.C. 
  c =1

ga
N = - ( 1 - cos)
sin2
34
 ga
N = - ( 1 - cos)
sin2
g a ( 1 - cos)
N = -
(1- cos2 )

g a ( 1 - cos)
N = -
(1- cos) 1+ cos
-ga
N =
(1+ cos )

35
Second, calculate N

N N
+ = - pr 
r1 r2

N N
+ = - pr
a a
N + N = - pr a

N = - pr a - N 

36
N = - pr a - N 
-ga
Pr = g cos N =
(1+ cos )

ga
N = - g a cos +
(1+ cos )

37
 -ga
N =
(1+ cos )
ga
N = - g a cos +
(1+ cos )

at
=0 cos = 1
-ga ga -ga
N = N = - g a + =
2 2 2
 = 90 cos = 0
N = - g a N = g a
38
at -ga -ga
=0 N = N =
2 2
 = 90 N = - g a N = g a

ga ga
2 2
_
_

+
ga ga
N N

39
Location of zero N ga
2
ga _
N = - g a cos +
(1+ cos )
ga
0 = - g a cos + +
(1+ cos )
ga ga
g a cos =
(1+ cos ) N
1
cos = cos 2
 + cos - 1 =0
(1+ cos )
x2 + x - 1 =0 cos = x
x = 0.618
 = 51.83 40
Numerical example :
Calculate and draw the internal forces
diagrams for the shown closed semi-
spherical shell with radius 10m due to
dead load where the expected shell
thickness is 8 cm
Solution :
a = 10
ts = 8 cm o.w. = 0.08 x 2.5 = 0.2 t/m2
cover = 0.1 t/m2
g = 0.3 t/m2
41
 a = 10 g = 0.3 t/m2
at -ga -ga
=0 N = = - 1.5 N = = - 1.5
2 2
 = 90 N = - g a = - 3 N = g a = 3

1.5 1.5
_
_

+
3 3
N N
42
Example 2 :
Calculate and draw the internal forces
diagrams for the shown closed semi-
spherical shell with radius (a) due to
uniform live load p t/m2

a a
43
 p
p cos 

p cos sin p cos2

 
Pr = p cos2
P = p cos sin p cos 


1 r2 (Pr cos + P sin) sin d
N = -
r2 sin2

r cos + P  sin= 

cos  

Pr cos + P sin= p cos ()
Pr cos + P sin= p cos
44
 Pr cos + P sin= p cos


1 r2 (Pr cos + P sin) sin d
N = -
r2 sin2



1
N = - p cos sin d
a sin2

a sin  
pa 2
N = -
2
cos sin d

pa 1
N = - ( - cos 2
 + c)
sin 
2 2
45
 pa 1
N = - ( - cos 2
 + c)
sin2 2


1
B.C.   c=
2
pa 1 1
N = - ( - cos 2
 + )
sin2 2 2
pa
N = - ( 1 – cos 2
)
2 sin 
2

pa
N = - ( sin2)
2 sin2
-pa
N =
2
46
 W
p
W = ro2 p
ro= a sin  ro
W = a2 sin2 p a 

-W
N =
2r2 sin2 
- a2 sin2 p
N =
2a sin2
-pa
N =
2 47
N N 
+ = - pr
r1 r2
N N
+ = - pr
a a
N + N = - pr a
Pr = p cos2
N = - pr a - N  -pa
N =
2
pa
N = - p a cos  + 2
2
48
 -pa
N =
2
pa
N = - p a cos2 +
2
at -pa
=0 cos = 1 N =
2
N = p a
 = 90 cos = 0
2

49
at -pa -pa
 = 0 N = N =
2 2
-pa N = p a
 = 90 N =
2 2
pa pa
2 2
_
_

+ pa
2
N N

50
Numerical example :
Calculate and draw the internal forces
diagrams for the shown closed semi-
spherical shell with radius 10m due to
uniform live load 100 kg /m2
Solution :
a = 10
p = 0.1 t/m2

51
 a = 10 p = 0.1 t/m2
at -pa -pa
 = 0 N = = - 0.5 N = = - 0.5
2 2
-pa p a
 = 90 N = = - 0.5 N = = 0.5
2 2

0.5 0.5
_
_

+ 0.5

N N
52
Example 3 :
Calculate and draw the internal forces
diagrams for the shown spherical shell
due to uniform dead load 0.3 t/m2

4 4

53
As in example 1
-ga
N =
(1+ cos )
ga
N = - g a cos +
(1+ cos )

4 2
a
4 4
a-2
a

a2 = (a-2)2+42 a2 = a2-4a+4+16 4a= 20

a= 5
54
 2

o 3
5
4 4

a= 5 sin o = 0.8 o = 53o

55
 -ga
N =
(1+ cos )
ga
N = - g a cos +
(1+ cos )
at
=0 cos = 1
-ga ga -ga
N = N = - g a + =
2 2 2
 = 53 cos = 0.6
-ga
N = N = - 0.625 g a
1 + 0.6
ga N = 0.025 g a
N = - 0.6 g a +
(1+ 0.6 ) 56
 -ga -ga
 = 0 N = N =
2 2
 = 53 N = - 0.625 g a N = 0.025 g a

ga ga
2 2
_ _
0.025ga 0.625ga
N N

57
Ring Beam

N N
N
N N sino
o
N coso

o

58
59
N sino

N coso

60
61
N sino

62
63
N coso

64
65
 w r

T T
T=wr

66
In other cases

C C
C=wr 67
 T=wr N
N N sino
w = N cos o o
N coso
r=4m
T = 4 N cos o o
T = 4x0.625ga x0.6
T = 4x0.625gx5x0.6= 7.5 g
Design as Tie
_

0.625ga
N 68
Example 4 :
Calculate and draw the internal forces
diagrams for the shown opened semi-
spherical shell with radius 5 m due to
uniform dead load 0.3 t/m2 and line load (G) 3
t/m
G G

5 5 69
As in example 1
ga
N = - ( -cos + c)
sin2

B.C. G G
N N
at  = o
-G 
N =
sin 

70
sin o = 0.8 G 4 G
cos o = 0.6
o 3

-G
N = 5 5
sin 
ga
N = - ( -cos + c)
sin2
-G ga
=- ( -cos + c)
sin  sin 
2 o
o
71
 -G ga
=- ( -cos + c)
sin  sin 
2 o
o

G
sin  = -cos + c
ga o

G
sin  + cos = c
ga o

sin o = 0.8 cos o = 0.6

g = 0.3 G=3 a=5

3
x 0.8 + 0.6 = c c = 2.2
x 5 0.3 72
 ga
N = - ( -cos + c) c = 2.2
sin 
2

ga
N = - (2.2 - cos)
sin2
N N
+ = - pr 
r1 r2
N N
+ = - pr
a a
N + N = - pr a

N = - pr a - N 
73
N = - pr a - N 
ga
N = - (2.2 - cos)
sin2
As in example 1

Pr = g cos
ga
N = - g a cos + (2.2 - cos)
sin 
2

74
 ga
N = - (2.2 - cos)
sin 
2
ga
N = - g a cos + (2.2 - cos)
sin2
at
 = 53 cos = 0.6 sin = 0.8
ga
N = - (2.2 – 0.6) g a 2.5 - =
0.82 ga
N = - g a x0.6 + (2.2 – 0.6) = 1.9 g a
0.82
 = 90 cos = 0 sin = 1
ga
N = - (2.2 – 0) g a 2.2- =
12 ga
N = - g a x0 + (2.2 – 0) = 2.2 g a
12 75
  = 53 N g a 2.5- = N = 1.9 g a
 = 90 N g a 2.2- = N = 2.2 g a

1.9ga 2.5ga
_ _
2.2ga 2.2ga
N N

76
Upper ring beam

N coso G G

N o N


o

N sino

77
2.5ga

_ w=N coso
2.2ga
N

C C

C = w r = 2.5 ga x 0.6 x 4 = 6 ga
78
Spherical
Tank
79
Example 5 :
Calculate and draw the internal forces
diagrams for the shown spherical tank with
radius (a) due to own weight g



80
Upper part
g sin g cos
0 <  < 180 - o  

As in example 1
Pr = g cos g

P = g sin

-ga
N =
(1+ cos )
ga
N = - g a cos +
(1+ cos )
81
Lower part

0 <  < o
As in example 1 
Pr = - g cos
P = - g sin g cos
 g sin
g

82
 Pr = - g cos P = - g sin


1 r2 (Pr cos + P sin) sin d
N = -
r2 sin2

-=
Pr cos + P sin= g


1
N =  
g sin d
a sin 
2

ga
N = ( -cos + c)
sin2

83
 ga
N = ( -cos + c)
sin 
2

B.C.

ga

  c =1

N = (1 - cos)
sin 
2

g a ( 1 - cos)
N =
(1- cos2 )
g a ( 1 - cos)
N =
(1- cos) 1+ cos
ga
N =
(1+ cos ) 84
 ga
N =
(1+ cos )

N + N = - pr a

N = - pr a - N  Pr = - g cos
ga
N = g a cos -
(1+ cos )

85
 -ga ga
N = N = - g a cos +
(1+ cos ) (1+ cos )

ga
N =
(1+ cos )
ga
N = g a cos -
(1+ cos ) 86
Example 6 :
Calculate and draw the internal forces
diagrams for the shown spherical tank with
radius (a) when full filled with liquid



87
 Upper part h
h
0 <  < 180 - o a
 a cos
h = a - a cos a
h = a (1 - cos )

Pr = -  a ( 1 - cos)
P = 0


1 r2 (Pr cos + P sin) sin d
N = -
r2 sin2
Pr cos + P sin= -  a (1 – cos) cos
88
 Pr cos + P sin= -  a (1 – cos) cos


1 r2 (Pr cos + P sin) sin d
N = -
r2 sin2



1
N = -  
 a (1 – cos) cos sin d
a sin 
2


 a3
N = (cos sin – cos  sin) d
2
a sin2
 a2 1 1
N = (- cos  + cos3 + c)
2

sin2 2 3
89
  a2 1 1
N = (- cos  + cos3 + c)
2

sin2 2 3

B.C.

1

1
 
1
(- cos 0 +
2
cos 0 + c) = 0
3 c=
2 3 6
 a2 1 1 1
N = (- cos  + cos  + 6 )
2 3

sin2 2 3
 a2
N = ( - 3 cos2 + 2 cos3 + 1)
6 sin2
 a2
N = (2 cos3 - 3 cos2 + 1)
6 sin2 90
  a2
N = (2 cos 3
 - 3 cos 2
 + 1)
6 sin2
N N 
+ = - pr
r1 r2
N N N + N = - pr a
+ = - pr
a a
N = - pr a - N  Pr = -  a ( 1 - cos)

N =  a2 ( 1 - cos) -
 a2
(2 cos3 - 3 cos2 + 1)
6 sin2
91
  a2
N = (2 cos 3
 - 3 cos 2
 + 1)
6 sin2
N =  a2 ( 1 - cos) -
 a2
(2 cos3 - 3 cos2 + 1)
6 sin2
at  = 0
0 a2(-6 cos 2
 sin + 6 cos sin)
N =
0 12 sincos
 a2 (-6 cos + 6)
N = 0
12
N = 0 92
  a2
N = (2 cos 3
 - 3 cos 2
 + 1)
6 sin2
N =  a2 ( 1 - cos) -
 a2
(2 cos3 - 3 cos2 + 1)
6 sin2
 a2
at  = 90 N =
6
5 a2
N =
6

93
  a2
N = (2 cos 3
 - 3 cos 2
 + 1)
6 sin2
N =  a2 ( 1 - cos) -
 a2
(2 cos3 - 3 cos2 + 1)
6 sin2
at  = 180 - o
 a2
N = (- 2 cos3 - 3 cos2 + 1)
6 sin2
N =  a2 ( 1 + cos) -
 a2
(- 2 cos3 - 3 cos2 + 1)
6 sin2 94
5 a2 +  a2
6
6

+ -
N=0
N N N
N
N
N sino N

N coso

95
  a2
N = (2 cos 3
 - 3 cos 2
 + 1)
6 sin2
Angle of zero N
(2 cos3 - 3 cos2 + 1) = 0
By trail & error method
(2 cos3 - 3 cos2 + 1) = U
 U
1 90
100 0.89
110 0.57
120 0
96
 Lower part
180 - o <  < 180

h = a - a cos
h
h = a (1 - cos )

Pr = -  a ( 1 - cos) a
P = 0

h


1 r2 (Pr cos + P sin) sin d
N = -
r2 sin2
Pr cos + P sin= -  a (1 – cos) cos 97
 Pr cos + P sin= -  a (1 – cos) cos


1 r2 (Pr cos + P sin) sin d
N = -
r2 sin2



1
N = -  
 a (1 – cos) cos sin d
a sin 
2


 a3
N = (cos sin – cos  sin) d
2
a sin2
 a2 1 1
N = (- cos  + cos3 + c)
2

sin2 2 3
98
  a2 1 1
N = (- cos  + cos3 + c)
2

sin2 2 3

B.C.

1
 = 180
1
 
5
(- cos 180 +
2
cos 180 + c) = 0 c =
3
2 3 6
 a2 1 1 5
N = (- cos  + cos  + 6 )
2 3

sin2 2 3
 a2
N = ( - 3 cos2 + 2 cos3 + 5)
6 sin2
 a2
N = (2 cos3 - 3 cos2 + 5)
6 sin2 99
  a2
N = (2 cos 3
 - 3 cos 2
 + 5)
6 sin2
N N 
+ = - pr
r1 r2
N N N + N = - pr a
+ = - pr
a a
N = - pr a - N  Pr = -  a ( 1 - cos)

N =  a2 ( 1 - cos) -
 a2
(2 cos3 - 3 cos2 + 5)
6 sin2
100
  a2
N = (2 cos 3
 - 3 cos 2
 + 5)
6 sin2
N =  a2 ( 1 - cos) -
 a2
(2 cos3 - 3 cos2 + 5)
6 sin2
at  = 180
0 a2(- 6 cos 2
 sin + 6 cos sin)
N =
0 12 sincos
 a2 (- 6 cos + 6) N =  a2
12
N =  a2
101
  a2
N = (2 cos 3
 - 3 cos 2
 + 5)
6 sin2
N =  a2 ( 1 - cos) -
 a2
(2 cos3 - 3 cos2 + 5)
6 sin2
at  = 180 - o
 a2
N = (- 2 cos3 - 3 cos2 + 5)
6 sin2
N =  a2 ( 1 + cos) -
 a2
(- 2 cos3 - 3 cos2 + 5)
6 sin2 102
 N  N
+
+
a 2  a2
N N

N N sino N

N coso
103
Example 7 :
Calculate and draw the internal forces
diagrams for the shown spherical tank with
radius (a) when half filled with liquid



104
Upper part (1)
0 <  < 90

Pr = 0
P = 0


N = 0
N = 0

105
 Upper part (2)
o <  < 90
h = a cos
a h
Pr = -  a cos  a cos

P = 0 h


1 r2 (Pr cos + P sin) sin d
N = -
r2 sin2
Pr cos + P sin= -  a cos cos= -  a cos2
106
 Pr cos + P sin= -  a cos2


1 r2 (Pr cos + P sin) sin d
N = -
r2 sin2



1
N = -  
 a cos 2
 sin d
a sin 
2


 a3
N = cos  sin d
2
a sin2
 a2 1
N = (- cos3 + c)
sin2 3
107
  a2
N = (- 1 cos3 + c)
sin2 3

B.C.  N= 0 As open shell c=0

 a2 -cos3
N =
3 sin2
N + N = - pr a
N = - pr a - N  Pr = -  a cos

 a2
cos 3

N =  a cos +
2
3 sin2
108
  a2 -cos3
N =
3 sin2
 a2
cos 3

N =  a cos +
2
3 sin2
at  = 90 N = 0 N = 0
at  = o  a2- cos3
N =
3 sin2
 a2
cos 3

N =  a cos+
2
3 sin2

109
 
+ -

N N N
N

N N sino N

N coso

110
 Lower part
0 <  < o

h = a cos
Pr = -  a cos a  h a cos
P = 0 

h


1 r2 (Pr cos + P sin) sin d
N = -
r2 sin2
Pr cos + P sin= -  a cos cos= -  a cos2
111
 Pr cos + P sin= -  a cos2


1 r2 (Pr cos + P sin) sin d
N = -
r2 sin2



1
N = -  a cos2 sin d
a sin2


 a3
N = cos  sin d
2
a sin2
 a2 1
= N )cos3 + c -(
sin2 3
112
  a2 1 3 + c
= N )cos -(
sin2 3


1
B.C. =0  c=
3
 a2 (1 - cos3)
N =
3 sin2
N + N = - pr a
N = - pr a - N  Pr = -  a cos

 a2 (1- cos3)
N =  a2
cos -
3 sin2
113
  a2 (1 - cos3)
N =
3 sin2
 a 2
(1- cos 3
)
N =  a cos -
2
3 sin2
0  a2 (3 cos2 sin )
at  = 0 N =
0 6 sincos
 a2  a2
N = N =
2 2
at  = o
 a2 (1 - cos3)
N =
3 sin2o
 a2
(1- cos 3
 )
N =  a cos -
2
3 sin2 114
 N  N
+
+
a 2  a2
N N

N N sino N

N coso
115
Other simplification for the lower part
 a2 (1 - cos3)
N =
3 sin2
 a2 (1 - cos3)
N =
3 (1 - cos2)
 a2 (1 - cos)(1+cos+cos2)
N =
3 (1 - cos) (1 + cos)
 a2 (1+cos+cos2)
N =
3 (1 + cos)
 a2 (1+cos(1+cos))
N =
3 (1 + cos) 116
  a2 (1+cos(1+cos))
N =
3 (1 + cos)
 a2 1
N = (cos+)
3 1 + cos

 a 2
(1- cos 3
)
N =  a cos -
2
3 sin2
 a2 1
N =  a cos - (cos+)
2
3 1 + cos
 a2 1
N = (2cos-)
3 1 + cos
117
Summary
118
 N N
Pr
r2
N
P
r1
N
At first, calculate N


1 r2 (Pr cos + P sin) sin d
N = -
r2 sin2

-W
N =
2r2 sin2  119


 cosd= sin

 sind= - cos



cos sind= - cos  =
2

 

120
Boundary conditions
Closed
N = 0 N
N
N N


 

121

Opened N
N

N = 0 

G G
N N
-G 
N =
sin 
122
Second, calculate N

N N
+ = - pr
r1 r2

123
Ring Beam

N N
N
N N sino
o
N coso

o

124
125
 w r

T T
T=wr

126
In other cases

C C
C=wr 127
Questions
128