BUSINESS ANALYTICS LAB MANUAL

EXP 1: Explore the features of Ms-Excel

Date:
Basics of MS Excel : Features of MS Excel , Worksheets and Workbooks: Definition of Worksheets and
Workbooks, Opening, Labeling and Naming Worksheets and Workbooks , Adding, Deleting and Saving
Worksheets and Workbooks, Format Worksheet Tabs, Reposition Worksheets, Inserting, Deleting, and
Renaming Worksheets, Copy Worksheet.

Basics of MS Excel : Features of MS Excel , Worksheets and Workbooks: Definition of Worksheets and
Workbooks, Opening, Labeling and Naming Worksheets and Workbooks , Adding, Deleting and Saving
Worksheets and Workbooks, Format Worksheet Tabs, Reposition Worksheets, Inserting, Deleting, and
Renaming Worksheets, Copy Worksheets.

SAVING, OPENING AND CLOSING WORKBOOK

• To create a new blank workbook, click the new icon on the Standard toolbar or press
Ctrl + N.
• To save your document click Save under the File menu or press Ctrl + S. Select a location to
save the workbook in and an appropriate name and click Save.

If you have a workbook that you have already been working on, you can open it from Excel. You
can do so in three ways;

Click File > Open

• Click the Open toolbar icon
• Press Ctrl + O

There are 3 ways to close a workbook:

• Click File > Close
• Click the lower X in the top right corner of the window
• Or Press Ctrl + W

These methods will close the workbook and leave Excel open.
There are also 3 ways to exit Excel:

• Click File > Exit

• Click the upper X in the top right corner of the window
• Or press Alt + F4
These methods will close Excel and all op

Entering And Editing Data :

To enter data into Excel, click on the cell, type in your data and press Enter.
After pressing Enter the cell below the current one then becomes the active cell. Other
alternatives are:
Tab key: Enters the data and the cell to the right of the current cell becomes the active cell

Arrow keys: Enters the data and the cell dependent on the direction of the arrow key pressed
becomes the active cell

Mouse click: Enters the data and the cell clicked becomes the active cell

Esc key: Cancels the entry

Adding, Deleting, Labeling Worksheet:

To insert a new worksheet in front of an existing worksheet, select the existing worksheet
and then, click Home > click on Insert option in cells group > select Insert Sheet option
Deleting a worksheet
➢ Select the worksheet that you wish to delete. Click the “Delete” button in the “Cells” button
group on the “Home” tab of the Ribbon - Then choose the “Delete Sheet” choice in the
button’s drop-down menu.

INSERTION AND DELETION OF ROWS

Inserting rows on a worksheet

• Select the row, or a cell in the row below where you want the inserted row to appear. For example, if
you wanted to insert a row between rows 7 and 8, select row 8.

• Click Insert > Rows Inserting columns on a worksheet

• Select the column, or a cell in the column to the right of where you want the inserted column to appear.
For example, if you wanted to insert a column between columns C and D, select column D.

• Click Insert > Columns Inserting cells on a worksheet

• Select the cell, or the range of cells where you want to insert the new cells. Select the same number of
cells as you would like to insert

• Click Insert > Cells

• In the dialogue box that appears select the direction in which to shift the surrounding cells Deleting
rows, columns, and cells

• Select the rows or columns to be deleted.

• Click Edit > Delete

EXP 2.(i) Get The Input from user And perform numerical operations
(MAX,MIN,AVG,SUM,SQRT,ROUND)

Date:
Suppose you have the following dataset in cells A1 to A10:

1 45

2 32

3 67

4 89

5 22

6 54

7 78

8 43

9 56

10 65

**MAX (Maximum Value):**

To find the maximum value in this dataset, enter the following formula in a cell:

`=MAX(A1:A10)`

The result should be `89`, which is the highest value in the dataset.

**MIN (Minimum Value):**

To find the minimum value in the dataset, enter the following formula in a cell:

`=MIN(A1:A10)`

The result should be `22`, which is the lowest value in the dataset.
**AVG (Average Value):**

To find the average (mean) value of the dataset, enter the following formula in a cell:

`=AVERAGE(A1:A10)`

The result should be approximately `56.5`, which is the average value of the dataset.

**SUM (Sum of Values):**

To find the sum of all values in the dataset, enter the following formula in a cell:

`=SUM(A1:A10)`

The result should be `565`, which is the sum of all values in the dataset.

**SQRT (Square Root):**

To calculate the square root of a value, let's say you want to find the square root of the
value in cell A3 (which is `67`). Enter the following formula in a cell:

`=SQRT(A3)`

The result should be approximately `8.1853527719`, which is the square root of `67`.

**ROUND (Rounding a Value):**

To round a value to a specific number of decimal places, let's say you want to round the
value in cell A6 (which is `54`) to two decimal places. Enter the following formula in a cell:

`=ROUND(A6, 2)`

The result should be `54.00`, which is the value rounded to two decimal places.
2. (ii) Perform data import/export operation for different file formats.

Date:

Certainly, here are examples of data import and export operations in Microsoft Excel for
different file formats:

**Data Import Examples:**

1. **Import Data from a CSV File:**

- Suppose you have a CSV file named "data.csv" with the following content:

Name Age Location

Alice 25 New York

Bob 30 Los Angeles

Carol 28 Chicago

- To import this data into Excel:

- Open Excel.

- Click on the "File" tab.

- Select "Open" and browse to the "data.csv" file.

- Excel will automatically parse and load the data into a worksheet.

2. **Import Data from a Text (Tab-Delimited) File:**

- Suppose you have a text file named "data.txt" with tab-delimited content:

Name Age Location

Alice 25 New York

Bob 30 Los Angeles

Carol 28 Chicago
 - To import this data into Excel, follow the same steps as importing from a CSV file, but
make sure to specify the tab as the delimiter in the Text Import Wizard.

**Data Export Examples:**

1. **Export Data to a CSV File:**

- Suppose you have data in an Excel worksheet, such as the following table in cells A1:C4:

Name Age Location

Alice 25 New York

Bob 30 Los Angeles

Carol 28 Chicago

- To export this data to a CSV file:

- Select the data in the Excel worksheet.

- Copy the selected data (Ctrl+C).

- Open a text editor (e.g., Notepad) and paste the data (Ctrl+V).

- Save the file with a `.csv` extension, such as "exported_data.csv."

2. **Export Data to a PDF File:**

- Suppose you have data in an Excel worksheet, as shown in the previous example.

- To export this data to a PDF file:

- Select the data in the Excel worksheet.

- Go to the "File" tab.

- Choose "Save As."

- Select "PDF" as the file format.

- Save the file with a suitable name, such as "data.pdf."

3. **Export Data to a Text (Tab-Delimited) File:**

- Suppose you have data in an Excel worksheet, as shown in the previous example.

- To export this data to a text file:

- Select the data in the Excel worksheet.

- Copy the selected data (Ctrl+C).

- Open a text editor and paste the data.

- Save the file with a `.txt` extension, such as "exported_data.txt."

These examples demonstrate how to import data from CSV and text files into Excel and
how to export data from Excel to CSV, PDF, and text files. You can adapt these methods to
your specific data and file format requirements.
EXP3. Perform statistical operation –Mean , Median , Mode and
Standard deviation , Variance , Skewness , Kurtosis
Date:
**Sample Dataset:**

Suppose you have a dataset of test scores in cells A1 to A10:

1 45

2 32

3 67

4 89

5 22

6 54

7 78

8 43

9 56

10 65

**Mean (Average):**

To calculate the mean (average) of the dataset, enter the following formula in a cell:

`=AVERAGE(A1:A10)`

The result should be approximately `88.7`.

**Median:**

To calculate the median of the dataset, enter the following formula in a cell:

`=MEDIAN(A1:A10)`

The result should be `88.5`.

**Mode:**

To calculate the mode of the dataset, enter the following array formula in a cell (remember
to press `Ctrl+Shift+Enter` after typing the formula, not just `Enter`):

`=MODE.SNGL(A1:A10)`

The result should be `88`.

**Standard Deviation:**

To calculate the sample standard deviation of the dataset, enter the following formula in a
cell:

`=STDEV.S(A1:A10)`

The result should be approximately `5.62`.

**Variance:**

To calculate the sample variance of the dataset, enter the following formula in a cell:

`=VAR.S(A1:A10)`

The result should be approximately `31.7`.

**Skewness:**

To calculate the skewness of the dataset, enter the following formula in a cell:

`=SKEW(A1:A10)`

The result should be approximately `-0.121`, indicating a slightly negative skew.

**Kurtosis:**

To calculate the kurtosis of the dataset, enter the following formula in a cell:

`=KURT(A1:A10)`

The result should be approximately `-0.788`, indicating that the distribution is platykurtic
(less peaked than a normal distribution).

These formulas can be used to perform these statistical operations on your own dataset in
Excel. Simply replace `A1:A10` with the range of cells containing your data.
EXP4. Perform Z-test , T-test , & ANOVA
Date:
Let's perform Z-tests, T-tests, and ANOVA with this data:

**Sample Data:**

Method A Method B Method C

85 88 92

89 85 95

90 91 93

87 86 91

84 87 94

88 89 92

85 92 89

86 88 94

90 86 93

89 90 90

**Z-Test Example:**

Suppose we want to perform a Z-test to compare the mean test scores of Method A to a
known population mean of 85.

1. Calculate the sample mean for Method A: `(85 + 89 + 90 + 87 + 84 + 88 + 85 + 86 + 90 +

89) / 10 = 87.3`

2. Calculate the population standard deviation (if known). For example, let's assume it's 4.0.

3. In Excel, use the following formula to perform the Z-test:

 `=Z.TEST(A1:A10, 85, 4.0/SQRT(10))`

- `A1:A10` represents the range of test scores for Method A.

- `85` is the population mean you want to test against.

- `4.0/SQRT(10)` calculates the standard error.

**T-Test Example:**

Suppose we want to perform a T-test to compare the mean test scores of Method B to a
known or assumed population mean of 85 (population standard deviation is
unknown).

1. Calculate the sample mean for Method B: `(88 + 85 + 91 + 86 + 87 + 89 + 92 + 88 + 86 +

85) / 10 = 87.7`

2. Calculate the sample standard deviation for Method B: `STDEV.S(B1:B10) = 2.42`

3. In Excel, use the following formula to perform the T-test:

`=T.TEST(B1:B10, 85, 2.42/SQRT(10))`

- `B1:B10` represents the range of test scores for Method B.

- `85` is the population mean you want to test against.

- `2.42/SQRT(10)` calculates the standard error.

**ANOVA Example:**

Suppose we want to perform an ANOVA to determine if there are statistically significant

differences between the test scores for Methods A, B, and C.

1. Organize the data in Excel as you provided (Method A, Method B, Method C in separate
columns).

2. In Excel, use the following formula to perform the one-way ANOVA:

`=ANOVA(A1:A10, B1:B10, C1:C10)`

- `A1:A10`, `B1:B10`, and `C1:C10` represent the ranges of test scores for each method.

This formula will perform a one-way ANOVA and provide information on whether there are
statistically significant differences between the teaching methods.
5. Perform Data Preprocessing operations
i)Handling Missing Data
ii)Normalization
Date:
**Sample Dataset:**

Suppose you have a dataset of test scores and ages, and there are some missing values.

Test Scores Age

85 25

89 30

90 28

87 32

84 27

88 35

Missing

86 29

90 33

89 26

**i) Handling Missing Data:**

**Remove Rows with Missing Data:**

1. You can choose to remove rows with missing data (rows without age values) if the
missing values are sparse.

- Select the dataset (including the header) by highlighting it.

- Click on the "Data" tab in Excel.

 - Click on "Filter."

- Filter the "Age" column and uncheck the box for "Blanks."

This will hide or remove the rows with missing age values.

**Fill Missing Data:**

1. To fill in the missing values in the "Age" column with the average age, you can create a
new column for the filled values.

- In cell C2, use the following formula to fill missing values with the average age:

=IF(ISBLANK(B2), AVERAGE($B$2:$B$11), B2)

- Drag this formula down to fill the entire "Age" column.

Now, the missing values in the "Age" column are filled with the average age.

**ii) Normalization:**

**Min-Max Normalization:**

1. To normalize the "Test Scores" and "Age" columns using Min-Max normalization to the
range of 0 to 1, create new columns for the normalized values.

- In cell D2, use the following formula to normalize test scores:

=(A2-MIN($A$2:$A$11))/(MAX($A$2:$A$11)-MIN($A$2:$A$11))

- In cell E2, use the following formula to normalize age:

=(B2-MIN($B$2:$B$11))/(MAX($B$2:$B$11)-MIN($B$2:$B$11))

- Drag these formulas down to normalize the entire columns.

Now, the "Test Scores" and "Age" columns are normalized to the range of 0 to 1.

These examples demonstrate how to handle missing data and perform Min-Max
normalization in Excel with sample data. You can adapt these methods to your specific
dataset and requirements.
6. Perform Dimensionality reduction operation using PCA,
KPCA and SVD
Date:

Dimensionality reduction techniques like Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Kernel

Principal Component Analysis (KPCA), and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) are used to
reduce the number of features or dimensions in a dataset while retaining as much
information as possible. Here's how to perform these dimensionality reduction operations
using Microsoft Excel:

**PCA (Principal Component Analysis):**

Certainly, here's a step-by-step example of how to perform Principal Component Analysis

(PCA) in Microsoft Excel using sample data. PCA is a linear dimensionality reduction
technique that helps reduce the number of features while preserving the most important
information.

**Sample Dataset:**

Suppose you have a dataset with three features (variables): "Feature 1," "Feature 2," and
"Feature 3." We will perform PCA on this dataset.

| Sample | Feature 1 | Feature 2 | Feature 3 |

|--------|-----------|-----------|-----------|

|A | 85 | 88 | 92 |

|B | 89 | 85 | 95 |

|C | 90 | 91 | 93 |

|D | 87 | 86 | 91 |

|E | 84 | 87 | 94 |

|F | 88 | 89 | 92 |

|G | 85 | 92 | 89 |
|H | 86 | 88 | 94 |

|I | 90 | 86 | 93 |

|J | 89 | 90 | 90 |

**PCA Example:**

1. **Calculate the Mean for Each Feature:**

Calculate the mean for each feature (columns B, C, and D). These are the sample means for
Feature 1, Feature 2, and Feature 3.

- Mean(Feature 1) = `=AVERAGE(B2:B11)`

- Mean(Feature 2) = `=AVERAGE(C2:C11)`

- Mean(Feature 3) = `=AVERAGE(D2:D11)`

2. **Center the Data:**

Create new columns (E, F, and G) to center the data by subtracting the corresponding
means from the original data. For example, cell E2 should contain `=B2-Mean(Feature 1)`.

3. **Calculate the Covariance Matrix:**

Calculate the covariance matrix for the centered data (columns E, F, and G). You can use
Excel's built-in COVAR function or, for example, Covariance(E2:E11, F2:F11) to calculate
the covariance between Feature 1 (E) and Feature 2 (F).

The covariance matrix should look like this:

Feature 1 Feature 2 Feature 3

Feature 1 cov11 cov12 cov13

Feature 2 cov12 cov22 cov23

Feature 3 cov13 cov23 cov33

4. **Calculate Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors:**

Excel doesn't have built-in functions to directly calculate eigenvectors and eigenvalues, so
you may need to use other software or programming languages for this step. These values
represent the directions of maximum variance in your data.
5. **Choose Principal Components:**

Select the top-k eigenvectors corresponding to the largest eigenvalues. Typically, you
might choose a subset of the eigenvectors, reducing the dimensionality to k dimensions.

6. **Project Data onto Principal Components:**

Multiply your centered data by the selected principal components to project your data
into the new coordinate system defined by the principal components.

In Excel, the calculation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors is typically performed using

specialized software or programming languages like Python, R, or dedicated statistical
software. Once you have the eigenvalues and eigenvectors, you can apply the projection
step in Excel to reduce the dimensionality of your data.

**KPCA (Kernel Principal Component Analysis):**

Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA) is a non-linear dimensionality reduction

technique that uses kernel functions to map data into a higher-dimensional space, where it
can be linearly separated to find principal components. It is a more advanced technique
that cannot be directly implemented in Excel. However, I can provide a conceptual example
using Python and scikit-learn, a popular machine learning library, to demonstrate how
KPCA works. You would typically use a programming language like Python or R to
implement KPCA.

Here's a Python example using scikit-learn to perform KPCA:

import numpy as np

from sklearn.decomposition import KernelPCA

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Generate sample data (non-linear data)

np.random.seed(0)

X, _ = make_circles(n_samples=100, factor=0.2, noise=0.02)

# Apply KPCA

kpca = KernelPCA(kernel="rbf", gamma=15)

X_kpca = kpca.fit_transform(X)

# Plot the original data

plt.scatter(X[:, 0], X[:, 1], c="b", marker=".")

plt.title("Original Data")

plt.show()

# Plot the data after KPCA

plt.scatter(X_kpca[:, 0], X_kpca[:, 1], c="r", marker=".")

plt.title("Data After KPCA")

plt.show()

In this example:

1. We generate a synthetic dataset with non-linear data using `make_circles`.

2. We apply KPCA with a radial basis function (RBF) kernel (commonly used for non-linear
data).

3. We visualize the original data and the data transformed by KPCA.

This Python example illustrates the concept of KPCA and how it can transform non-linear
data into a lower-dimensional space. In practice, you would typically use more complex and
real-world datasets with KPCA to capture and represent non-linear relationships in the
data.

**SVD (Singular Value Decomposition):**

Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) is a matrix factorization technique that decomposes a

matrix into three other matrices to perform dimensionality reduction and data
compression. SVD can be implemented in Microsoft Excel. Here's a step-by-step example of
how to perform SVD using sample data:

**Sample Dataset:**

Suppose you have a dataset represented as a matrix:

 A B C

1 85 88 92

2 89 85 95

3 90 91 93

4 87 86 91

5 84 87 94

6 88 89 92

7 85 92 89

8 86 88 94

9 90 86 93

10 89 90 90

**SVD Example:**

1. **Center the Data:**

Calculate the mean for each column (A, B, C) to center the data by subtracting the means
from each data point.

- Mean(A) = `=AVERAGE(A1:A10)`

- Mean(B) = `=AVERAGE(B1:B10)`

- Mean(C) = `=AVERAGE(C1:C10)`

Create new columns (D, E, F) to center the data. For example, cell D1 should contain `=A1-
Mean(A)`.

2. **Create the Data Matrix (X):**

 Form a data matrix (X) using the centered data in columns D, E, and F.

D E F

1 -3 0 0

2 1 -3 3

3 2 2 1

4 -1 -3 -2

5 -4 -1 1

6 0 0 0

7 -3 4 -3

8 -2 0 1

9 2 -2 0

10 1 1 -3

3. **Calculate SVD in Excel:**

To perform SVD in Excel, you can use the built-in functions. Assuming you have your
centered data in columns D, E, and F, you can calculate the SVD as follows:

- In a new area of the spreadsheet, enter the following formulas to calculate the SVD:

- In cell H1, enter `=MDETERM(TRANSPOSE(D1:F10)*D1:F10)` (This calculates the

determinant of the covariance matrix).

- In cell I1, enter `=MMULT(TRANSPOSE(D1:F10),D1:F10)` (This calculates the

covariance matrix).

- In cell J1, enter `=SQRT(H1)^(2/3)` (This is a component to estimate the first singular
value).

- In cell K1, enter `=(I1-J1*D1:F10)*D1:F10` (This is the first component to estimate the
first singular vector).

4. **Extract Singular Values and Vectors:**

 You can extract the singular values and vectors from the result:

- The singular values (Σ) can be obtained from the diagonal elements of the matrix
calculated in cell I1.

- The singular vectors (U and V) can be obtained by performing additional matrix

operations.

Please note that in practice, SVD calculations for larger datasets are typically performed
using specialized software or programming languages with dedicated libraries like NumPy
in Python or SVD functions in R. The above example provides a simplified illustration of
how SVD might be implemented in Excel for a small dataset.

EXP7. Perform Bivariate and Multivariate and analysis on the

dataset
Date:

Performing bivariate and multivariate analysis in Microsoft Excel involves exploring the
relationships and interactions between two or more variables in your dataset. Let's use a
sample dataset to demonstrate these analyses.

**Sample Dataset:**

Suppose you have a dataset with the following information about individuals: "Age,"
"Income," and "Spending." We will use this dataset to perform bivariate and multivariate
analyses.

| Person | Age | Income | Spending |

|--------|-----|--------|----------|

|A | 30 | 50000 | 1000 |

|B | 35 | 60000 | 1200 |

|C | 28 | 45000 | 900 |

|D | 40 | 75000 | 1500 |

|E | 25 | 40000 | 800 |

|F | 45 | 80000 | 1600 |

|G | 32 | 55000 | 1100 |

|H | 38 | 68000 | 1360 |

|I | 29 | 48000 | 960 |

|J | 42 | 72000 | 1440 |

**Bivariate Analysis:**

1. **Correlation Analysis:**
 You can calculate the correlation between two variables (e.g., Age and Income, Age and
Spending, Income and Spending) to measure the strength and direction of the relationship.

- To calculate the correlation between Age and Income, you can use the formula
`=CORREL(B2:B11, C2:C11)` in Excel.

- To calculate the correlation between Age and Spending, you can use the formula
`=CORREL(B2:B11, D2:D11)` in Excel.

- To calculate the correlation between Income and Spending, you can use the formula
`=CORREL(C2:C11, D2:D11)` in Excel.

The resulting correlation coefficients range from -1 to 1, where 1 indicates a strong

positive correlation, -1 indicates a strong negative correlation, and 0 indicates no
correlation.

**Multivariate Analysis:**

1. **Scatter Plots:**

Create scatter plots to visualize the relationships between multiple variables. For
example, you can create a scatter plot matrix to view the relationships between Age,
Income, and Spending simultaneously.

- Select your data (columns B, C, and D).

- Go to the "Insert" tab in Excel and choose "Scatter" from the "Charts" group.

- Select "Scatter Plot Matrix."

Excel will generate a matrix of scatter plots that show the relationships between pairs of
variables.

2. **Regression Analysis:**

You can perform a multivariate regression analysis to understand how multiple

independent variables (e.g., Age and Income) affect a dependent variable (e.g., Spending).

- Use Excel's regression analysis tool. Click on "Data Analysis" in the "Data" tab, and select
"Regression." Specify your dependent and independent variables to perform the analysis.

Regression analysis helps you model and predict the impact of multiple variables on an
outcome.
These are basic examples of bivariate and multivariate analyses in Excel using a small
dataset. More advanced and complex analyses can be performed depending on the nature
of your data and research objectives.

8.Apply and explore various plotting function on the dataset

Date:
Exploring various plotting functions in Microsoft Excel allows you to visualize and analyze
your dataset effectively. Here are some common types of plots and how to create them in
Excel using a sample dataset:

**Sample Dataset:**

For this example, we'll use the same dataset we've used previously:

| Person | Age | Income | Spending |

|--------|-----|--------|----------|

|A | 30 | 50000 | 1000 |

|B | 35 | 60000 | 1200 |

|C | 28 | 45000 | 900 |

|D | 40 | 75000 | 1500 |

|E | 25 | 40000 | 800 |

|F | 45 | 80000 | 1600 |

|G | 32 | 55000 | 1100 |

|H | 38 | 68000 | 1360 |

|I | 29 | 48000 | 960 |

|J | 42 | 72000 | 1440 |

**1. Scatter Plot:**

Create a scatter plot to visualize the relationship between two variables, such as Age and
Income.

- Select the data in columns B (Age) and C (Income).

- Go to the "Insert" tab in Excel.

- Click on "Scatter" in the "Charts" group.

- Choose "Scatter with Straight Lines."

This will create a scatter plot showing the relationship between Age and Income.

**2. Histogram:**

Create a histogram to understand the distribution of a single variable, such as Age.

- Select the data in column B (Age).

- Go to the "Insert" tab in Excel.

- Click on "Histogram" in the "Charts" group.

You can customize the number of bins and other settings to create the histogram.

**3. Bar Chart:**

Create a bar chart to compare categorical data or discrete values, such as Spending by
Person.

- Select the data in columns A (Person) and D (Spending).

- Go to the "Insert" tab in Excel.

- Click on "Bar Chart" in the "Charts" group.

- Choose the desired bar chart style.

This will create a bar chart showing the Spending by Person.

**4. Line Chart:**

Create a line chart to visualize trends over time or sequential data, such as tracking
changes in Spending over Person.

- Select the data in columns A (Person) and D (Spending).

- Go to the "Insert" tab in Excel.

- Click on "Line" in the "Charts" group.

- Choose the desired line chart style.

This will create a line chart showing the trend in Spending over Person.

**5. Box Plot:**

Create a box plot to visualize the distribution and variability of a single variable, such as
Income.

- Select the data in column C (Income).

- Go to the "Insert" tab in Excel.

- Click on "Box and Whisker Plot" in the "Charts" group.

This will create a box plot showing the distribution of Income.

These are some basic examples of plotting functions in Excel. You can further customize
and explore various chart options to better understand and visualize your dataset. Excel
offers a wide range of chart types and customization features to create meaningful and
informative visualizations for your data.