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Chapter 1 - Introduction

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Chapter 1 - Introduction

Uploaded by

Mihir Maisuria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Machine

Learning
By,
Prof. Vivek C. Joshi,
Head,
Information Technology (IT),
R. N. G. Patel Institute of Technology - RNGPIT, Bardoli
E-mail: [email protected]
Agenda

● Introduction
● Evaluation of Machine Learning
● What is Human Learning ? Types of Human Learning
● Machine Learning - Definitions
● Types of Machine Learning
● Problems to be solved using machine learning
● Framework to solve well-posed machine learning problems
● Application of machine learning
● Tools used for machine learning
● Issues with machine learning
2
Introduction

● Basic Machine Learning Application


○ Traders to predict future market
○ Oncologist to find tumor is malignant or benign
○ Optimizing energy consumption
○ Google a front runner
■ Google self driving car
■ Google brain
● Foundation of ML stated during 18th or 19th century

3
Evaluation of Machine Learning

4
Human Learning

● Learning is typically referred to as the process of gaining


information through observation.
● Why do we learn?
○ To do task in proper way
○ To increase efficiency in doing task
○ To reduce error

5
Types of Human Learning

1. Either somebody who is an expert in the subject directly teaches


us
2. We build our own notion indirectly based on what we have learnt
from the expert in the past
3. We do it ourselves, may be after multiple attempts, some being
unsuccessful

6
Difference between traditional programming and Machine Learning

7
AI vs ML vs DL

8
Ref.: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9RWTMNnvi4

In the 1950s, we see the first


computer game program
claiming to be able to beat the
checkers world champion. This
program helped checkers
players a lot in improving their
skills! Around the same time,
Frank Rosenblatt invented the
Perceptron which was a very,
very simple classifier but when
it was combined in large
numbers, in a network, it
became a powerful monster.

9
What is Machine Learning ?

Machine Learning algorithms enable the computers


to learn from data, and even improve themselves,
without being explicitly programmed. ..
Arthur Samuel

10
What is Machine Learning ?

A computer program is said to learn from experience E


with respect to some class of tasks T and performance
measure P, if its performance at tasks in T, as measured
by P, improves with experience E. … Tom M. Mitchell

● A machine can be considered to learn if it is able to gather


experience by doing a certain task and improve its performance
in doing the similar tasks in the future. 11
● Case Study: Checker game
○ E: The experience of playing the game
○ T: The task of playing checkers
○ P: The performance measure indicated by the percentage of games
won by the player
● Case Study: Image Classification Problem (Dog vs Cat)
○ E: The past data with images having labels or assigned classes
○ T: The task of assigning class to new, unlabelled images
○ P: The performance measure indicated by the percentage of images
correctly classified.

12
How do Machine Learn ???

● Machine Learning Process

1. Data Input: Past data or information is utilized as a


basis for future decision-making
13
How do Machine Learn ???

● Machine Learning Process

2. Abstraction: The input data is represented in a


broader way through the underlying algorithm
14
How do Machine Learn ???

● Machine Learning Process

3. Generalization: The abstracted representation is


generalized to form a framework for making decisions
15
Framework to Well-posed learning problem

● Every problem can be solve using Machine Learning → Foolish


Thought
● Framework helps in deciding whether the problem is a right candidate
to be solved using machine learning.
● The framework involves answering three questions:
1. What is the problem?
2. Why does the problem need to be solved?
3. How to solve the problem?
Framework to well-posed learning problem

16
Chapter 1: Assignment

● Using framework identify whether specific problem can be solved using


machine learning.
○ Consider any problem or problem taken during internship
○ Prepare document to answer all questions mentioned in framework
○ Top of document mention subject name, student name, PEN and problem
definition
○ At last include conclusion contains your decision regarding acceptability.
○ Upload it on google classroom → Activated Soon
○ Last date of Submission: Valentine’s Day

17
Types of Machine Learning

1. Supervised Learning
● Also called predictive learning.
● A machine predicts the class of unknown objects based on
prior class-related information of similar objects
1. Un supervised Learning
● Also called descriptive learning.
● A machine finds patterns in unknown objects by grouping
similar objects together.
1. Reinforcement Learning
● A machine learns to act on its own to achieve the given goals.

18
Machine Learning Algorithms

19
Machine
Learning
Applications

20
Supervised Learning

● Learn from past information (Training Data)

21
Examples of Supervised Learning

● Predicting the results of a


game
● Predicting whether a tumour
is malignant or benign
● Predicting the price of
domains like real estate,
stocks, etc.
● Classifying texts such as
classifying a set of emails as
spam or non-spam

22
Imp to Note:

Supervised machine learning is as good as the


data used to train it. If the training data is of poor
quality, the prediction will also be far from being
precise.

23
Supervised Learning → Classification

Classification is a type of supervised learning where a target feature, which is


of type categorical, is predicted for test data based on the information
imparted by training data. The target categorical feature is known as class.

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Supervised Learning → Classification (Contd ..)

● Classification Algorithms

○ Naïve Bayes

○ Decision tree

○ k-Nearest Neighbour
● Classification problems include:

● Image classification
● Prediction of disease
● Win–loss prediction of games
● Prediction of natural calamity like earthquake, flood, etc.
● Recognition of handwriting
Case Study: Classification of Bank Fraudulent Transaction
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Did you know ??

● Machine learning saves life – ML can spot 52% of breast cancer


cells, a year before patients are diagnosed.
● US Postal Service uses machine learning for handwriting
recognition.
● Facebook’s news feed uses machine learning to personalize each
member’s feed.

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Supervised Learning → Regression

X=Patel Length -> Predictor Variable


Y=Sepal Length -> Target Variable

Types of Regression:
1. Single Regression
2. Multiple Regression

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Supervised Learning → Regression (Contd ..)

● Objective is to predict numerical features like real estate or stock


price, temperature, marks in an examination, sales revenue, etc
● underlying predictor variable and the target variable are
continuous in nature.
Typical applications of regression can be seen in
● Demand forecasting in retails
● Sales prediction for managers
● Price prediction in real estate
● Weather forecast
● Skill demand forecast in job market
28

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