IP Address

 IP stands for internet protocol address. An ip address is a unique number

provided to each and every device with in a network.
 It is in the form of integer number which is separated by dot (●)
Example:- 192.168.10.26
 IP address can be divided into 2 parts. They are IPV4 and IPV6.
 IPV4 address is 32 bit long.
 Two devices on the internet can never have the same address at the same
time.
 The address space of IPV4 is 232 (more than 4 billion).
Notation:-
 There are 2 types of notations to show an IPV4 address: binary notation and
dotted decimal notation.
 Binary notation: 01110101 10010101 00011101 00000010 [32 bits or 4
bytes].
 Dotted decimal notation: 117.147.29.2
 Starting IPV4 addressing is 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 is last.

Classes of IPV4 address:-

Basically we have 5 classes in IPV4 addressing. They are class A, class B,
class C, class D and class E.
Find the class of the following dotted decimal IPV4 address.

IP Address Class
192.168.1.10 C
10.10.200.6 A
172.15.165.1 B
230.10.65.30 D [Multi Cast]

Every octal ( byte ) may have 0 to 255 range.

1st No.of
octal 1st octal Network (n) possible
Address Default
range bits(blue dots and host (H) Network and
Class subnet mask
in don't change) position host per
decimal network

00000000 - N-> 27
A 0 -127 N.H.H.H 255.0.0.0
01111111 H-> 224-2

128 - 10000000 - N-> 214

B N.N.H.H 255.255.0.0
191 10111111 H-> 216-2
192 - 11000000 - N-> 221
C N.N.N.H 255.255.255.0
223 11011111 H-> 28-2
224 - 11100000 - NA
D --- ---
239 11101111 (Multicast)
240 - 11110000 - NA(
E --- ---
255 11111111 Experimental)

IPV4 address having 2 portions. Network portion and host portion. The subnet
mask tells the neighbours in the network. Every class has its own subnet mask.
Subnet mask:-
To define the network and host portion of an address, a device use a separate
32-bit pattern called a subnet mask.
The subnet mask does not actually contain the network or host portion of an
IPV4 address , If just says where to look for these portions in a given IPV4
address .
Example 1:-
Let us assume Device A use address 10.10.10.1 and
Device B use address 10.10.20.16.can these two devices are
communicated with each other with the help of switch or same network. We can
predict this without subnet mask.
If Device A use class A subnet mask like 255.0.0.0 then both devices are in the
same network because 1st byte match for both devices.

Example 2:-
Let us assume Device A use address 10.10.10.1 and
Device B use address 10.10.20.16.can these two devices are
communicated with each other with the help of switch or same network. We can
predict this without subnet mask.
If Device A use class C subnet mask like 255.255.255.0 then both devices are
not in the same network because 3rd octa didn’t match for both devices.
Note:- for class A,B subnet mask are used in Class C, but Class C subnet mask
can’t use for Class B and A.

Example 3:-
Let us assume Device A use address 172.16.200.1 and
Device B use address 172.16.165.2 can these two devices are
communicated with each other with the help of switch or same network. We can
predict this without subnet mask.
If Device A use class B subnet mask like 255.255.0.0 then both devices are in
the same network because 1 and 2rd octa match for both devices.
 Subnetting & Supernetting
Subnetting:-
It is the procedure to divide the network into sub-networks or small
networks. i.e A network inside a network. It makes networks more efficient. It
can travel a shorter distance without passing through unnecessary routers to
reach its destination.
 It is a logical sub division of an IP network.
 The process of dividing a network into two or more networks is called
subnetting.
 An internal address is made up of a combination of the small networks
segment and host segment.

 In the above diagram we can’t mention 192.168.14.127 because the first IP

address represents network address and last IP address represents broadcast
address.
 In the first subnet network address as 192.168.14.0 and broadcast address
as 192.168.14.127 and next subnet starting IP address 192.168.14.128 and
last IP address as 192.168.14.254.
 The two subnets will communticate by using router.
 It allows the administrator to divide the single class A, class B and class C
into small segments.
 Subnetting makes use of VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask) and FLSM
(Fixed Length Subnet Mask).
 The process of partitioning the IP address space into a subnet of different
size is called a Variable Length Subnet Mask. It reduces the wastage of
memory.
 The process of partitioning the IP address space into a subnet of the same
size is called a Fixed Length Subnet Mask.
Steps for generating subnet:-

1. Identify the class of the ip address and note the default subnet mask.
2. Convert default subnet mask into binary
3. Note the no.of hosts required per subnet and find the subnet generator (SG)
and octet position
4. Generate new subnet mask
5. Use the SG and generate the network range in the appropriate octet position.

Example:- Let us assume Device A use address 10.10.10.1 and

Device B use address 10.10.10.9 can these two
devices are communicated with each other use subnet mask as 255.255.255.0
or 255.255.0.0 or 255.0.0.0 .two devices are in the same network.

Q) Subnet the IP address 216.21.5.0 into 30 hosts in each subnet.

Ans)
Step 1:- Class C – default IP address is 255.255.255.0
Step 2:- Convert decimal IP address into binary.
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Step 3:- No.of host/subnet : 30(11110) -5 bits
11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
SG : 32
Octet position: 4
Step 4:-New subnet mask 255.255.255.224 / 27 (27 1’s in the list)
Step5:- Network range 216.21.5.0 next subnet is 216.21.5.32 etc…

Advantages:

 It increases the number of allowed hosts in the local area network.

 It decreases the volume of broadcast; hence minimize the number of network
traffic.
 These are easy to maintain and manage.
 It increases the flexibility of address
Disadvantages:
 The process of subnetting is quite expensive.
 To perform subnetting process, we need a trained administrator.
Supernetting:-
It is the procedure to combine multiple smaller network addresses into
a single larger network address.

 It allows more efficient routing and reduces the size of the routing table.
 It is to improve the efficiency of routing in large-scale networks.
 The process of dividing a network into subnetwork is called as subnetting,
and the process of combining small networks into a large network is called
supernetting.
 The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method for sending data from one computer
to another over the internet.
 In subnetting, the numbers of bits of network addresses are increased, and in
supernetting the number of bits of host addresses is increased.

Advantages: -
 It reduces the traffic of the network over the internet.
 It increases the speed of routing table lookup.
 As it is summarized the number of routing information entries into a single
entry, the size of the router’s memory table decreased, hence saving the
memory space.
 It Provides the router to separate the topology changes from the other
routers.

Disadvantages: -
 The combination of blocks should be made in power 2 alternatively; if the
three blocks are required, and then there must be assigned four blocks.
 While merging several entries into one, it lacks covering different areas.
 The whole network must exist in the same class.
Difference between Subnetting and Supernetting

Subnetting Supernetting
It is the procedure to divide the Itis the procedure of combining small
network into sub-networks. networks.
Network addresses’ bits are increased. Host addresses’ bits are increased.
The mask bits are moved towards the The mask bits are moved towards the
right. left.
It is implemented via Variable-length It is implemented via Class less
subnet masking. interdomain routing.
Address depletion is reduced or It is used for simplifying the routing
removed. process.

NAT ( Network Address Translation):-

NAT stands for network address translation. It's a way to map multiple local
private addresses to a public one before transferring the information.
Organizations that want multiple devices to employ a single IP address use NAT,
as do most home routers.
Network Address Translation (NAT) is a process in which one or more local IP
address is translated into one or more Global IP address and vice versa in order
to provide Internet access to the local hosts. NAT generally operates on a router
or firewall.

1. Inside local address – An IP address that is assigned to a host on the Inside

(local) network. The address is probably not an IP address assigned by the
service provider i.e., these are private IP addresses. This is the inside host
seen from the inside network.

2. Inside global address – IP address that represents one or more inside local
IP addresses to the outside world. This is the inside host as seen from the
outside network.

3. Outside local address – This is the actual IP address of the destination host
in the local network aftertranslation.

4. Outside global address – This is the outside host as seen from the outside
network. It is the IP address of the outside destination host before
translation.
For example a computer on an internal address of 192.168. 1.10 wanted to
communicate with a web server somewhere on the internet, NAT would translate
the address 192.168. 1.10 to the company's public address, lets call this 1.1.