Chapter 5

Transport in Humans
 Why multicellular organisms – plants & animals need special
transport system?

Unicellular organisms Multicellular organisms

1. Transport of substances into/out 1. Transport of substances into/out

of cell through diffusion, osmosis or of cells through special transport systems.
transport
Plants- xylem & phloem.

Animals- blood system and

lymphatic system.

2. Relatively slow process. 2. Relatively faster than diffusion. More

efficient method of transporting materials
than diffusion, so able to sustain life of
multicellular organisms.
Circulatory system is a system of tubes with a pump and valves to ensure one-
way flow of blood

1. Pump: heart
2. Tubes: blood vessels
3. Medium: blood
Heart

Veins/ Venae Cavae Aorta/ Arteries

Circulatory System
(cardiovascular
system)
Venules Arterioles

Capillaries
“exchange” of
O2/CO2, nutrients/wastes through tissue fluid
CELLS
 Circulatory System of Vertebrates
• Closed system
• Heart: acts as a muscular pump to keep the blood circulating
throughout the body; it fills up with blood when it relaxes and the
blood is squeezed out with great force when it contracts

• Blood vessels: which direct the blood flow round the body
– Arteries: the blood vessels that carry blood away from the
heart ; the large artery that leaves the left side of the heart is
the aorta and it branches to form smaller arteries.

– Arterioles: tiny vessels branched out from arteries; these divide

and ultimately their branches become very tiny blood vessels
called capillaries.
 Circulatory System of Vertebrates
– Blood capillaries: microscopic; found between the cells; walls
are made up of a single layer of flattened epithelial which is
partially permeable;
- they branch out repeatedly providing a large surface area for
the exchange of materials between the blood and the cells;
- blood pressure is also lowered
- the flow of blood is slowed down, giving more time for the
exchange of materials

– Venules: capillaries unite to form small veins called venules

– Veins: Venules in turn join to form bigger veins; carry blood

towards the heart
 Lungs
Differentiate between pulmonary and
systemic circulation in terms of
pressure flow and functions
Double Circulation in Mammals

To Lungs Pulmonary From Lungs

Circulation

RA LA
To various
From
RV LV body
various
parts
body parts
except
except lungs
Systemic lungs
Circulation

Deoxygenated blood
Oxygenated blood
 • blood passes through the heart twice in one complete circuit.
• consists of the Pulmonary circulation & Systemic circulation
Double Circulation in Mammals

Pulmonary Circulation Systemic Circulation

Circulation linking the lungs to the Circulation of blood around the body
heart except the lungs
Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated Aorta and arteries carry oxygenated
blood from the heart to the lungs blood from the left side of the heart to
all parts of the body except the lungs
Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated Veins and venae cavae carry
blood from the lungs to the heart deoxygenated blood from all parts of
the body except the lungs back to the
right side of the heart
Blood leaving the heart to enter the Blood leaving the heart to the rest of
lungs is at a lower pressure the body is at a higher pressure
Function: to transport deoxygenated Function: to transport oxygenated
blood to the lungs for gas exchange and blood to all parts of the body except
to transport oxygenated blood back to lungs and to transport deoxygenated
the left side of the heart blood back to the right side of the
heart
 • blood passes through the heart once in one complete circuit.
Artery that leave
the gills carry
oxygenated
blood to the
Single Circulation in Fish

various parts of
the body

Artery that leave the heart

carry deoxygenated blood to
the gills where the blood
takes up oxygen

Veins carry deoxygenated

blood from the body cells
back to the heart

http://quizlet.com/5020197/bio-test-3-ch-42-flash-cards/
Advantages of Double Circulation in Mammals Advantages of double circulatory system:
• Blood enters the lungs at lower pressure (due to thinner
muscle walls at right ventricle).
– Blood flows slowly through the lungs, allowing sufficient time for the
blood to be well oxygenated before it is returned to the heart

• Left ventricle pumps blood at high pressure to the whole

body (systemic circulation) so that oxygenated blood is sent
to body tissues more quickly.
– This helps to maintain the high metabolic rate in mammals

• Oxygenated & deoxygenated blood do not mix.

1 April 2024
Human Heart • Identify the parts and functions of the
structures of the heart
• Describe the working of the heart in terms
of muscular contraction and opening and
closing of the valves.

• conical in shape.
• size of your clenched fist.
• made up of muscles
(cardiac muscles)
• The heart is located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs.
• Between chest bone and vertebral column
• The heart is surrounded by the pericardium (2 layers of membrane);
the inner membrane is in contact with the tissues making up the
heart
• The fluid between the pericardial membranes helps reduce friction
when the heart is beating.
 • Four chambered
Chambers of the heart
• Two upper chambers: atria or
auricles
• Atria have thinner muscular
walls since they only force
blood into the ventricles and
this does not require high
pressure

• Two lower chambers:

ventricles
• With thicker muscular walls
since they pump blood out of
the heart and this require
high pressure
Chambers of the heart • The right ventricle has
thinner wall than the left
ventricle since it only pumps
blood to the lungs, which is
close to the heart

• The left ventricle has much

thicker wall than the right
ventricle since it pumps
blood to the whole body and
this require higher pressure

• Median septum: the muscular

wall between the right and left
sides of the heart; to prevent the
mixing of deoxygenated blood in
the right side and oxygenated
blood in the left side
 From head, neck,
arms

To right lung To left lung

From other parts

of the body superior= anterior
excluding lungs inferior = posterior
Pulmonary
artery Aorta

Left
atrium
Vena
cava

Right Left
atrium ventricle

Coronary
arteries

Right ventricle Copyright © 2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish

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Valves in the heart

Mitral valve

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Valves in the heart (Bicuspid Valve)

Semi-lunar Valves
AV (atrioventricular) valves-
 point downwards to permit easy flow of blood from the
atria to the ventricles

 Open when the pressure in the atrium is higher than

the pressure in the ventricle (during atrial contraction)

 Close when the pressure in the ventricle is higher than

the pressure in the atrium (during ventricular
contraction) to prevent back flow of blood into the atria
 tricuspid valve [tri- due to 3 flaps]:
between right atrium & right ventricle;

 bicuspid or mitral valve [bi- due to 2 flaps]: between left

atrium & left ventricle
AV (atrioventricular) valves-
 Chordae tendineae (tendons) is attached to the valve flaps to the
respective ventricle walls.

Semi-lunar valves (in aorta & pulmonary arch)

 Ensures blood flows in the right direction
 (prevents backflow of blood into the ventricles)
 Coronary Blood Vessels:
• Two small coronary arteries emerge from the aorta
• supply the heart muscles with nutrients and oxygen.
• The coronary veins remove CO2 and waste products from the heart
muscles.
• These will return blood to coronary sinus which in turn directly
opens into the right atrium
• Arteriosclerosis (stiffening of arteries/ loss of elasticity) 3.13
– General term for degeneration changes in arteries making
them less elastic

• Atherosclerosis (a specific form of arteriosclerosis caused by

the build up of fatty plaques in the artery)
– Deposition of plaque on walls

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• Blood supply to the heart
muscles can be greatly
reduced due to the occlusion
or blockage of the coronary
arteries
• This can cause a heart attack

Due to the blockage, part of the

heart does not receive sufficient
oxygen and nutrients; muscle cells
in this region die; extensive
damage is often fatal

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Causes of Coronary heart disease - Atherosclerosis
• Fatty substances (cholesterol; saturated fats) are deposited on
the inner surface of the coronary arteries

• This narrows the lumen of the arteries and increases the blood
pressure

• The inner surface of this artery becomes a rough surface;

increases the risk of a blood clot being trapped in the artery

• This blood clot is called thrombosis

• Blood flow decreases resulting in insufficient supply of oxygen

and nutrients to the heart muscles

• Tissue death may result

 Coronary heart disease
- Atherosclerosis
• Risk Factors:
– Smoking (nicotine and CO) Prevention
– A diet rich in cholesterol and • Proper diet
saturated animal fat (polyunsaturated plant fats;
lowered cholesterol)
– Obesity
• Proper stress management
– Emotional stress • Avoid smoking
– Diabetes • Regular physical exercise
– Genes
• Diseases:
– Hypertension
– Stroke / Heart Attack
– Angina
Interpret graphical representation of the cardiac cycle.

• Cardiac Cycle: sequence of events taking place in one heart beat

• One cycle lasts for about 0.8 second
• There is a short pause between two heart beats
• The rate of heart beat varies with the age and size of the
individual: average in an adult is 72 beats per minute

• Atria and ventricles work alternately: when the atria contract, the
ventricles relax and vice versa

• Diastole: atrial diastole + ventricular diastole

= relaxation of heart chamber

• Systole: atrial systole + ventricular systole

= contraction of heart chamber
 The Cardiac Cycle
pulmonary
1 1
vein • Both the atria and
left
atrium the ventricles are
vena
cava left relaxed.
ventricle
right
atrium
2
• The right atrium
right
ventricle receives blood from
aortic arch
3 the venae cavae
while the left
pulmonary atrium receives
arch bicuspid right left
tricuspid
valve ventricle ventricle blood from the
valve
pulmonary veins.
 The Cardiac Cycle
pulmonary vein 2
1 • The atria contract,
left atrium
forcing blood into the
vena left
cava ventricle
ventricles.
right atrium

right
ventricle 2

aortic arch
3

pulmonary
arch bicuspid left
valve
tricuspid ventricle
valve
right
ventricle
 3 • After a short pause, the
The Cardiac Cycle ventricles contract. This is called
ventricular systole.
pulmonary vein
1 • The increase in blood pressure
left atrium
forces the bicuspid and tricuspid
vena
cava
left valves to close, preventing
ventricle
backflow of blood into the atria.
right atrium
This produces a loud ‘lub’
right sound.
ventricle 2
aortic arch
• When the pressure in the
ventricles becomes higher than
3
the pressure in the arteries, the
semi-lunar valves in the
bicuspid pulmonary and aortic arches are
valve right left forced open.
pulmonary
ventricle ventricle
arch
• Blood flows from the ventricle
tricuspid into the arteries. As the
valve
ventricles contract, the atria
relax.
 4
The Cardiac Cycle • The ventricles then relax.
This is ventricular diastole.
4 pulmonary
1
vein • The drop in pressure in the
left ventricles causes the semi-
atrium
vena lunar valves in the two
cava left
ventricle
arches to close.
right This produces a soft ‘dub’
atrium
sound.
right 2
ventricle
This prevents the backflow
aortic arch of blood into the ventricles.
3

• The drop in pressure in the

pulmonary ventricles also causes the
bicuspid
arch
valve
right left bicuspid and tricuspid
tricuspid ventricle ventricle
valve valves to open.

• The whole cycle (1-4) then

repeats.
The Cardiac Cycle Active filling stage

This produces a soft ‘dub’

sound.

Passive fill
stage

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The Cardiac Cycle
1. Atrial and Ventricular diastole:
all chambers relax, AV valves open;
all chambers filling with blood.

2. Atrial systole (but ventricular diastole):

atria contract, add 20% more blood to the relaxed ventricles
A very short pause

3. Ventricular systole:
builds pressure;
closes AV valves to prevent back flow of blood ("lub“ sound),
pushes open semi lunar valves,
blood forced out from the right ventricle and left ventricle into
the pulmonary arch and aortic arch respectively

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The Cardiac Cycle
Atrial diastole:
the right atrium receives blood from the venae cavae;
the left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary veins

4. Atrial and Ventricular diastole:

Fall in pressure causes semi-lunar valves shut (“dub”sound)
to prevent backflow of blood from the two arches into the
ventricles,
AV valves open;
refilling starts – back to start of the cycle

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 Pressure changes in the left side of heart

5. LV begins to
relax;
semilunar
valve closes

4. Pressure in LV
becomes higher than
in aorta; semilunar
valves open
6. Ventricular pressure 9. Cycle repeats
3. Pressure in LV continues to decrease
continues to rise 8. Ventricular
pressure gradually
2. LV systole; bicuspid increases as blood
valves close; pressure enters the ventricle
increases from the atrium

1. Slight increase due

to the left atrial systole 7. Ventricular
pressure lower than
atrial pressure;
bicuspid valve opens
Pressure changes in the
right side of heart

• Pressure changes are similar to that in the left side

• Increase in pressure in the right ventricle is lower than that in the left ventricle
• Sinoatrial node (SA node)
– Acts as the pacemaker

– Located in the right atrium

– Sends out an ‘electrical’

signal to initiate the
contraction of both atria

– For a person with a resting

heart rate of 72 beats a
minute, the signal from SA
node is sent out every 0.8
seconds
1 Pacemaker 2 Signals are 3 Signals pass 4 Signals spread
generates wave of delayed at to heart apex. throughout
signals to contract. AV node. ventricles.

SA node AV
(pacemaker) node
Bundle Purkinje
branches Heart fibers
apex

ECG

Impulses that travel during the cardiac cycle can be recorded as an

electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

37
 Control of Heart Beat
• The pacemaker is influenced by nerves, hormones,
body temperature, and exercise

• Basic heart rate is controlled by the SA node,

demands on the blood system are constantly
changing and the heart rate has to be adjusted
accordingly

• Achieved by: Nervous control system and non-

nervous control system

38
• During exercise
– Increased demand for oxygen for cell respiration

– Need to get rid of increased level of carbon dioxide that

accumulates in the bloodstream

– Medulla (area in brainstem) chemically senses the increase

in carbon dioxide

– The medulla sends a signal to a cardiac nerve (a cranial

nerve) to increase heart rate to an appropriate level.

– This signal is sent to the SA node ( it does not change the

mechanism of how the heart beats, just the timing)
• After exercise
– The level of carbon dioxide begins to decrease

– Another signal is sent from the medulla by the vagus nerve

(another cranial nerve)

– Results in SA node to return the timing of the heart rate back

to normal levels

• Chemical (Adrenaline)
– During periods of high stress or excitement, adrenal glands
secrete adrenaline into the bloodstream

– Adrenaline causes the SA node to ‘fire’ more frequently and

this increases the heart rate
1 April 2024
 Artery Vein
Receive blood directly from the heart; Carry blood towards the heart
Carry blood away from heart
Thick elastic muscular wall Thin, less muscular and less elastic wall;
to withstand high arterial blood pressure Lower venous blood pressure;
Elasticity enables the wall to stretch and Blood flows more slowly and smoothly;
recoil back to help to push the blood in Blood flow is assisted by the action of
spurts (give rise to the pulse); skeletal muscles on the veins (refer to the
Muscles bring about constriction (lumen next slide)
narrow; less blood flow) and dilation
(lumen wider; more blood flow) of the
artery
No valves (except semi lunar valves at the Semi-lunar valves prevent back flow
start of aorta & pulmonary artery)
Small lumen (due to thicker artery wall) Larger lumen (due to thinner vein wall)
Carries oxygenated blood (except for Carries deoxygenated blood (except for
pulmonary artery) pulmonary vein)
• Blood is moved through veins by
– smooth muscle contraction,
– skeletal muscle contraction, and
– expansion of the vena cava with inhalation
• One-way valves in veins prevent backflow of blood

Direction of blood flow

in vein (toward heart)
Valve (open)

Skeletal muscle

Valve (closed)
 Capillaries are microscopic that are found
Blood Capillaries
between the cells of almost all the tissues.

They have walls made up of only a single layer

of greatly flattened cells endothelium.
letting certain substances to diffuse quickly
through the capillary walls.
cut end of capillary showing single
layer of endothelial cells Capillaries branch repeatedly. The numerous
branches provide a large surface area for the
exchange of substances between the blood and
the tissue cells.

When an arteriole branches into capillaries, the

total cross-sectional area increases
low blood pressure slow blood flow more
time for the exchange of substances

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Tissue Fluid/ Intercellular fluid/ Interstitial fluid

• Arterial blood pressure is higher

than venous

• High blood pressure in capillaries

at the arterial end forces the
blood plasma out through the
capillary wall

• This plasma becomes tissue fluid

Blood
around the cells
(Plasma)
• RBC, platelets and large
molecules (proteins) remain in
the capillaries

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 Exchange of materials between blood and cells through tissue fluid

• Phagocytic WBC squeeze out through the capillary walls into the tissue
fluid
• RBCs move through capillary lumen in a single file and change their
shape into bell-shape
• Dissolved food substances and oxygen diffuse from the blood into the
tissue fluid and then into cells
• Metabolic waste products diffuse from the cells into the tissue fluid and
then into the blood
Blood Components

• List the components of blood as red blood cells, white blood

cells (phagocytes and lymphocytes), platelets and plasma
and state their functions
• Identify red and white blood cells as seen under the LM on
prepared slides and in diagrams and photomicrographs
• State the functions of blood in defence, transport and
buffering

55%
Blood is a fluid that has
different types of cells
(RBC, WBC, platelets)
suspended in its fluid 45%
plasma 3.01
 Plasma

• Pale yellow liquid

• 90% water,
• 10% transported dissolved
substances
– Soluble proteins (fibrinogen,
prothrombin, antibodies)
– Dissolved mineral salts (HCO3,
Cl, SO4, PO4 of Ca, Na and K) in
ion states
– Food substances (glucose,
amino acids, fats, vitamins)
– Gases: O2 & CO2 (very little in
dissolved states)
– Excretory products (nitrogen
wastes eg urea, uric acid,
creatinine)
– Hormones
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 Blood Cells

• Erythrocytes / Red
Blood Cells (RBC)
– Transports O2
with
haemoglobin
– & CO2 transport

• Leucocytes / White
Blood Cells (WBC)
– Immune defense
(lymphocytes
produces
antibodies)
– Phagocytosis

• Platelets /
Thrombocytes
– Blood clotting
Red Blood Cell

• 5 million RBC in each mm3 of blood

• circular, flattened, biconcave shape (to increase surface area to

volume ratio for faster rate of release and absorption of oxygen)

• contain haemoglobin (iron- containing protein)

• no nucleus (more space for more haemoglobin to carry more

oxygen)

• elastic and can turn bell-shaped in order to squeeze through

capillaries
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Red Blood Cell

•Mitochondria are absent: Transported oxygen will not

be used up

• produced by bone marrow

• life-span: 3-4 months

• worn out RBC are destroyed in the spleen; released Hb

is transported to the liver to be broken down
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Red Blood Cell

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Oxygen transport in RBC

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Red Blood Cell and Blood Groups
3.13 3.1

Explain the ABO blood grouping, blood transfusion and antigen-antibody in

tissue rejection

• Antigens (special proteins) on RBCs surface membranes (antigen

A and antigen B)

• Antibodies (natural) in plasma (antibody a, antibody b)

• Natural antibodies will not react with the antigens on your RBC
but they may react with the antigens on the RBC of another
person; this causes clumping of RBCs

• the same type of antibodies & antigens will agglutinate

(coagulate / clump together)

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• When a transfusion is carried out, we only consider the effect the
recipient’s plasma has on the donor’s red blood cells.

• Hence, when group O blood (donor) is transferred into a person

of blood group A (recipient),
– the recipient’s antibodies b will not agglutinate with the
donor’s red blood cells since the donor’s red blood cells have
no antigens.

• At the same time, the donor’s antibodies a and b will be so

diluted by the recipient’s blood that they do not have any effect
on the recipient’s red blood cells.

• Thus, blood group O is called universal donor.

Red Blood Cell and Blood Groups

antibody a and
antibody b

antibody b

antibody a

No antibody a or
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Red Blood Cell and Blood Groups

• the same type of antibodies & antigens (antigen A with antibody a; or

antigen B with antibody b) will agglutinate (coagulate / clump together)

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Red Blood Cell and Blood Groups

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Blood transfusion

Who can give you blood?

Universal
People with TYPE O blood are called Donor
Universal Donors, because they can give
blood to persons of any blood type.

People with TYPE AB blood are called

Universal Recipients, because they can
receive blood of any blood type.

Universal
Recipient
1 April 2024
 White blood cells

• Larger than RBC but fewer

• RBC:WBC = 700:1

• Only 5000- 10,000 WBC per 1 mm3 blood

• Produced by stem cells in bone marrow

• Lifespan is only a few days

• Fight diseases
White blood cells

• Features:
• Colourless
• Does not contain haemoglobin
• Irregular in shape
• Contains a nucleus
• Can move, change shape and squeeze through
the walls of blood capillaries into tissue fluid

• Two types:
• Lymphocytes and phagocytes
 Lymphocytes Phagocytes

With a large round nucleus and a With a lobed nucleus and relative large
relatively small amount of cytoplasm amount of cytoplasm
Non granular cytoplasm Granular cytoplasm
Round in shape Irregular in shape
Movement is very limited Mobile
Produce antibodies which act by Approach and ingest foreign particles
- destroying bacteria (their surface (bacteria etc) and digest them
membrane ruptures) intracellularly;
- clumping bacteria together so that they In the process of “fighting”, some
can be easily engulfed by phagocytes phagocytes are killed. These dead
- neutralizing the toxins produced by phagocytes, together with dead bacteria
bacteria form pus.
Platelets

• Not true cells

• Membrane-bound fragments of
cytoplasm from certain bone
marrow cells

• Lifespan- 6 days

• Essential for blood clotting

process
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Platelets and Blood clotting wall of blood wound RBC
capillary damaged tissue blood platelet
Describe the process of blood clotting
When blood vessels are damaged,
damaged tissues and blood platelets
release an enzyme known as
thrombokinase.
Damaged blood vessel

Thrombokinase converts the soluble

protein prothrombin, normally present in
the plasma, into thrombin. Calcium ions
must be present before this can take place. n molecules of fibrinogen (soluble)

Thrombin is also an enzyme. It catalyses thrombin

the conversion of the soluble protein
fibrinogen to insoluble threads of fibrin.

Fibrin threads entangle blood cells and the long fibrin thread (insoluble)
whole mass forms a blood clot.
Platelets and Blood clotting
The clotting process can be summarized in the three reactions shown below:

Damaged tissue produce

1 Thrombokinase (enzyme)
and platelets

Prothrombin thrombokinase
Thrombin (active)
2 (inactive) and calcium ions

thrombin Insoluble fibrin threads form

3 Fibrinogen a mesh to trap blood cells

Fibrin threads (yellow) forms a

mesh or net-like structure.

Red blood cells trapped in the

fibrin forms the blood clot.

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Protective functions of blood
State the functions of blood in defence, transport and buffering

• Blood clotting (prevent foreign particles from entering the

blood stream)

• Phagocytosis

• Antibody production- when disease-causing organisms

(pathogens) e.g. bacteria, viruses enter the bloodstream, they
stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies

Haemophilia: Hereditary disease; normal blood clotting

mechanism is greatly impaired; Even slight injury may
cause such a person to bleed to death
 Immunisation
• Immune system: includes WBC and their products (e.g. antibodies)

• Antibodies stay in the blood long after the disease has been
overcome. Thus a person who has just recovered becomes immune
or resistant to that infection

• In the past, some types of dead bacteria are sometimes injected

into the bodies of certain animals (e.g. horse) to induce the
formation of antibodies in the blood.

• These antibodies are extracted from the animal’s serum and

injected into human beings to protect them from certain disease
 Immunisation
• Antibody production can also be directly induced in the human
body by injecting dead or weakened forms of the pathogen into a
person.

• This process is known as immunization or vaccination’ the dead or

weakened form of pathogen stimulates the person’s immune
system to produce antibodies against the pathogen
 Organ/Tissue Transplant
Transplanted organ/tissue may be rejected by immune system of
recipient as it may be considered as an alien or foreign body

Lymphocytes produce antibodies to destroy transplanted organ/tissue

Prevention: genetic match of tissue/organ

immuno-suppressive drugs for rest of life
X-ray radiation of bone marrow & lymphatic system.

1 April 2024
 Lymphatic System
State the function of lymphatic system as a drainage system for tissue fluid
State the use of lymphatic system as pathway for absorption and transport of fats.

Osmotic pressure >

Hydrostatic pressure >
Hydrostatic pressure
Osmotic pressure
• Re-entry of fluid into the blood
capillaries
• But not all the fluid returns to
the blood capillary
• 10% of this fluid enters a
separate microscopic lymph
capillaries
Lymphatic System

Lymph capillary
10%
Lymphatic System

• Fluid in the blood is called plasma

• Fluid surrounding the cells is called tissue fluid

• Fluid in the lymphatic system is called lymph

 Functions of Lymphatic System

1 Lymph returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood

circulation.
2 Returns plasma proteins to maintain a low interstitial fluid
protein concentration and maintain the osmotic pressure
gradient across the capillary membrane
3 To transport wastes from tissue cells

4 Immunological role : Lymph nodes act as filters or traps for

foreign particles and kill bacteria

5 Role in absorption and transport of fat from the small

intestine.
 How lymph can flow?

Flow of lymph is very slow

No pumping system

Flow depends on movement of skeletal muscles, valves

Flow is only in one direction, towards the heart