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CHAPTER # 1

Computer & Its History

• The term ‘Computer’ is derived from__________? Latin

• Who is the father of Computer? Charles Babbage
• Who is the father of Internet? Vint Cerf
• If a computer has more than one processor then it is known as__________?
Multiprocessor
• WWW stands for___________? World Wide Web
• A collection of system programs that controls and co-ordinates the overall
operations of a computer system is called____________? Operating system
• What type of operating system MS-DOS is? Command Line Interface
• Which technology is used in compact disks? Laser
• 1 Gigabyte is equal to ____________? 1024 megabytes
• The brain of any computer system is___________? CPU
• Which of the following are components of Central Processing Unit (CPU)?
Arithmetic logic unit, Control unit
• Analog computer works on the supply of ____________? Continuous
electrical pulses
• Which one is Digital device, select from the choices below? Digital Clock
• The computer that processes both analogue and digital is
called____________? Hybrid computer
• CD-ROM stands for____________? Compact Disk Read Only Memory

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• ALU is____________? Arithmetic Logic Unit

• VGA is____________? Video Graphics Array
• MSI stands for___________? Medium Scale Integrated Circuits
• WAN stands for_____________? Wide Area Network
• _________ is called the father of modern digital computer? Allen Turing
• A CPU contains___________? a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit
• Which of the following controls the process of interaction between the user
and the operating system? User interface
• The first computers were programmed using_______? Machine language
• __________is a combination of hardware and software that facilitates the
sharing of information between computing devices. Network
• Coded entries which are used to gain access to a computer system are
called__________? Passwords
• Which of the following statements is true about Minicomputer and
Microcomputer? Minicomputer works faster than Microcomputer.
• You can organize files by storing them in__________? Folders
• What type of resource is most likely to be a shared common resource in a
computer Network? Printers
• Which device is required for the Internet connection? Modem
• What is a light pen? Optical input device
• UNIVAC is___________? Universal Automatic Computer
• The capacity of 3.5-inch floppy disk was__________? 1.44 MB
• MICR stands for_________? Magnetic ink character recognition

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• EBCDIC stands for__________? Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange

Code
• CAD stands for_________? Computer aided design
• Junk e-mail is also called_________? Spam
• Which statement describes “Hackers”? break into other people’s computers
• A computer cannot ‘boot’ if it does not have the__________? Operating
System
• The amount of vertical space between lines of text in a document is
called___________? line spacing.
• Where are data and programme stored when the processor uses them?
Main memory
• __________represents raw facts, where-as__________is data made
meaningful? Data, information
• What do you call the programs that are used to find out possible faults and
their causes? diagnostic software
• Which of the following is not anti- viruses software? Oracle
• What does DMA stand for? Direct Memory Access
• When did John Napier develop logarithm? 1614
• ASCII stands for__________? American Standard Code for Information
Interchange
• Chief component of first-generation computer was__________? Vacuum
Tubes and Valves
• The computer size was very large in__________? First Generation

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• Microprocessors as switching devices are for ___________generation

computers? Fourth Generation
• The output quality of a printer is measured by____________? Dot per inch
• An error in software or hardware is called a bug. What is the alternative
computer jargon for it? Glitch
• Personal computers use a number of chips mounted on a main circuit board.
What is the common name for such boards? Motherboard
• A computer program that converts an entire program into machine language
is called Compiler.
• A fault in a computer program which prevents it from working correctly is
known as___________? Bug
• DOS stands for____________? Disk Operating System
• _____translates and executes program at run timeline by line? Interpreter
• RAM stands for______? Random access memory
• 1 Byte =___________? 8 bits
• BIOS stands for__________? Basic Input Output system
• The instructions that tell a computer how to carry out the processing tasks
are referred to as computer___________? Programs
• The term________designates equipment that might be added to a computer
system to enhance its functionality. peripheral device

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CHAPTER # 2

Generations of Computer
First Generation:
• Main electronic component – vacuum tube.
• Main memory – magnetic drums and magnetic tapes.
• Programming language – machine language.
• Power – consume a lot of electricity and generate a lot of heat.

Second Generation:

• Main electronic component – transistor.

• Memory – magnetic core and magnetic tape / disk.
• Programming language – assembly language.
• Power and size – low power consumption, generated less heat, and
smaller in size

Third Generation:

• Main electronic component – integrated circuits (ICs)

• Memory – large magnetic core, magnetic tape / disk
• Programming language – high level language (FORTRAN, BASIC,
Pascal, COBOL, C, etc.)

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• Size – smaller, cheaper, and more efficient than second generation

computers

Fourth Generation:

• Main electronic component – very large-scale integration (VLSI) and

microprocessor.
• Memory – semiconductor memory (such as RAM, ROM, etc.)
• Programming language – high level language (Python, C#, Java,
JavaScript, Rust, Kotlin, etc.).
• Size – smaller, cheaper and more efficient than third generation
computers.

Fifth Generation:

• Main electronic component: based on artificial intelligence, uses

the Ultra Large-Scale Integration (ULSI) technology and parallel
processing method.
• Language – understand natural language (human language).
• Power – consume less power and generate less heat.
• Speed – remarkable improvement of speed, accuracy and reliability

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CHAPTER # 3

Hardware & Software

• Set of instructions is called Software.

• Hardware refers to the computer's tangible components or delivery systems
that store and run the written instructions provided by the software.
• Keyboard is an input device used to enter characters and functions into the
computer system by pressing buttons, or keys.
• Devices that are utilised to receive data from the central processing unit are
known as? Output devices
• Information moves from components to Motherboard via CMOS/Busses or
Flash memory? Buses
• The data bus follows a bidirectional/multi-directional or single directional
path. Bi-directional path
• What is the full form of DASD? Direct-Access Storage Device
• For comparison and calculations, the computer utilises. ALU
• The number of bits used in the data bus is 7, 8 or 9? 8
• What component amplifies sound signals for speakers? Sound card
• Technology allows wireless data transfer over short distances? Bluetooth
• Device convert video signals for display on external devices? Video card
• What specialized hardware accelerates graphics processing for tasks like
gaming? GPU (Graphics Processing Unit)
• Where is data initially loaded before being processed by the CPU? Cache

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• Software protects against malicious programs? Antivirus software

• What application allows you to browse the internet and access websites?
Web browser
• Which software automates repetitive tasks or manages system resources?
Utility software
• What program helps you manage and organize digital files on your
computer? File Manager
• What specialized software is used for creating or editing graphic design
elements? Vector graphics editor
• What term refers to the software that manages hardware devices and
provides a platform for other applications? Operating system
• How is data measured in terms of storage capacity? Bytes
• What technology allows multiple devices to share a single internet
connection? Router
• What is the process of installing and configuring software for the first time?
Software installation
• What component ensures secure communication by encrypting data
transmission? Firewall

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CHAPTER # 4

Storage Devices

• A storage device is an integral part of the computer hardware which

stores information/data to process the result of any computational
work.
• Types of Computer Memory:
- Primary Memory: It is also known as internal memory and main
memory. This is a section of the CPU that holds program instructions,
input data, and intermediate results. It is generally smaller in size. RAM
(Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read Only Memory) are
examples of primary storage.
- Secondary Memory: Secondary storage is a memory that is stored
external to the computer. It is mainly used for the permanent and
long-term storage of programs and data. Hard Disks, CDs, DVDs,
Pen/Flash drives, SSD, etc, are examples of secondary storage.
- Tertiary Memory: Tertiary Memory is a type of Memory that is rarely
used in personal computers and due to this, tertiary memory is not
considered to be an important one. Tertiary memory works
automatically without human intervention.

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RAM ROM

Definition of RAM is Random Definition of ROM is Read-only Memory

Access Memory

Random Access Memory (RAM) ROM is cheaper when compared to RAM.

is expensive when compared to
ROM

The speed of Random Access The speed of Read-only Memory (ROM) is

Memory (RAM) is higher when slower when compared to RAM.
compared to ROM

Random Access Memory (RAM) ROM has a lower capacity compared to

has a higher capacity when RAM
compared to ROM

Data in RAM can be modified, Data in ROM can only be read, it cannot be
erased, or read. modified or erased.

The data stored in RAM is used The data stored in ROM is used to
by the Central Processing Unit bootstrap the computer.
(CPU) to process current
instructions

Data stored on RAM can be If the Central Processing Unit (CPU) needs
accessed by the Central to access the data on ROM, first the data
Processing Unit. must be transferred to RAM, and then the
Central Processing Unit (CPU) will be able
to access the data.

Data of RAM is very volatile, it Data present in Read-Only Memory

will exist as long as there is no (ROM) is not volatile, it is permanent. Data
interruption in power. will remain unchanged even when there is
a disruption in the power supply.

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CHAPTER # 5

Printers
• Printer is a hardware output device that is used to generate hard
copy and print any document.
- Inkjet Printers - LED Printers
- Laser Printers - Solid Ink Printers
- 3D Printers - Dot Matrix Printers
Inkjet Printers
- Widely used by home and business computer users
- Prints characters by spraying the ink using magnetic plates on the
paper.
- Contains a paper feed assembly, ink cartridge, print head, stabilizer
bar, and belt.
- produce high-quality output
Laser printers
- The laser printer contains dry ink, while an inkjet contains wet ink.
- An inkjet printer is approximately ten times more expensive than
the laser printer
- If a paper is wet, the inkjet printer will print the document with blur,
but the laser printer will print clear.
3D Printers
- There are many applications where 3D printers are used, such as
archaeology, aerospace engineering, information systems,
dentistry, and biotechnology.

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- It might be used to reconstruct ancient artifacts of archaeology

physically, which have been destroyed with time.
LED Printers
- The manufacturing of LED printers is cheaper than laser printers.
- These types of printers mostly contain free warranty extensions.
- These printers are capable of printing on thick 3D items.
Solid Ink Printers
- Unique type of ink technology that is melted into a liquid before
being used.
- They do not spill or leak
- The solid ink printers are easy to handle because these are made by
non-toxic vegetable oils
Dot Matrix Printers
- A dot matrix printer is less expensive as compared to most of the
printers, and it is easily available in the market.
- It has the ability to print carbon copies of a particular print out,
unlike non-impact printers.
- Its printing cost is lowest than the other printers.
- Furthermore, its maintenance cost is less expensive than the other
printers.

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CHAPTER # 6

Plotters

• A plotter is a hardware device or a printer, which was first invented by

Remington-Rand in 1953. It is developed to print vector graphics and
uses a pencil, pen, marker, or other writing tools for drawing
continuous lines instead of using ink or tonner.
- Drum plotter: It is also known as roller plotter. It turns the paperback
and forth on a drum while pens move left and right. With the help of
combining these two directions, the line can be drawn in any
direction.
- Flatbed plotter: In flatbed plotter, a paper is placed on a large
horizontal surface.A traveling bar moves across the surface and
draws the lines.
- Electrostatic plotter: It draws on paper that is charged negatively
with positively charged ink or tonner.
- Inkjet Plotter: It is a type of Pinch Roller Plotter, which produces an
image with the help of showering little drops of ink on the paper.
- Cutting Plotter: It is a new generation device that allows users to cut
different shapes. It is mainly used for advertising, sign-making, bill
board, and vehicle graphics.
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CHAPTER # 7

Buses

• A Bus CPU refers to a system of communication paths used to connect

various components within a computer, including the CPU, memory,
and input/output devices.
• Buses enable the transfer of data, address, and control signals
between these components, ensuring smooth operation and efficient
use of resources.
• Three main types of buses:
- Data Bus: Carries data between the CPU, memory, and I/O devices.
- Address Bus: Transmits the physical location (address) of data to be
accessed or written by the CPU.
- Control Bus: Transfers control signals for coordinating the overall
system's operation.
- System Bus: Connects the CPU to main memory and other critical
components.
- I/O Bus: Connects the CPU to peripheral devices like printers and
scanners.
- Expansion Bus: Provides additional slots for adding new
components like graphics cards or sound cards.
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CHAPTER # 8

Registers
• Registers are a type of computer memory used to quickly accept,
store, and transfer data and instructions that are being used
immediately by the CPU.
• The registers used by the CPU are often termed as Processor
Registers.
Types and Functions of Registers

Register Syb No. of bits Function

Data register DR 16 Holds memory operand
Holds address for the
Address register AR 12
memory
Accumulator AC 16 Processor register
Instruction
IR 16 Holds instruction code
register
Holds address of the
Program counter PC 12
instruction
Temporary
TR 16 Holds temporary data
register
Input register INPR 8 Carries input character
Output register OUTR 8 Carries output character

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CHAPTER # 9

Optical Fiber

• Optical fibre is the technology associated with data transmission

using light pulses travelling along with a long fibre which is usually
made of plastic or glass.
• Types of Optical Fibers
• The classification based on the refractive index is as follows:
- Step Index Fibres: It consists of a core surrounded by the
cladding, which has a single uniform index of refraction.
- Graded Index Fibres: The refractive index of the optical fibre
decreases as the radial distance from the fibre axis increases.
• The classification based on the materials used is as follows:
- Plastic Optical Fibres: The polymethylmethacrylate is used as
a core material for the transmission of light.
- Glass Fibres: It consists of extremely fine glass fibres.
• The classification based on the mode of propagation of light is as
follows:
- Single-Mode Fibres: These fibres are used for long-distance
transmission of signals.

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- Multimode Fibres: These fibres are used for short-distance

transmission of signals.
• A Fibre Optic Relay System consists of the following components:
- The Transmitter – It produces the light signals and encodes
them to fit to transmit.
- The Optical Fibre – The medium for transmitting the light pulse
(signal).
- The Optical Receiver – It receives the transmitted light pulse
(signal) and decodes them to be fit to use.
- The Optical Regenerator – Necessary for long-distance data
transmission.

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CHAPTER # 10

Windows

• Disk Defragmenter is a Window utility program that locates and

eliminates unnecessary fragments and rearranges files and unused
disk space to optimize operations.
• Which of the following operating systems is not owned and licensed
by a company? Windows
• File Compression shrinks the size of a file so it requires less storage
space.
• Help Menu is available at which button? Start
• Different applications and documents of windows desktop are
represented by Icon
• In Windows operating system start button is a very important part
of Windows, clicking on it opens up what is called the start menu.
• In Windows operating system the desktop is the main screen area
that one sees after he turn on a computer and log on to Windows.
• Word Processors that is the part of Windows operating system?
Wordpad
• Microsoft Windows provides a graphics application named paint

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• In Windows operating system task bar is the long horizontal bar at

the bottom of a screen.
• In Windows operating system the clock in windows xp sits on the
taskbar and displays the system time.
• Windows is developed and sold by Microsoft and is the most
popular desktop operating system.
• The Windows Registry stores configuration settings and options for
the operating system.
• Windows Explorer provides a graphical interface to access files,
folders, drives and networks.
• The Control Panel allows configuring system settings like display,
hardware, network etc.
• Windows Defender provides built-in antivirus and anti-malware
protection.
• ALT + TAB allows switching between open programs and windows.
• The Recycle Bin stores deleted files which can be restored if
needed.
• Windows has built-in support for ZIP compression to create
compressed folders.

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• The Boot Menu provides options for booting into Safe Mode for
troubleshooting.
• Windows includes accessibility features like the on-screen keyboard
and Magnifier.
• Windows Explorer shows drives and folders in a hierarchical tree
format in the left pane.
• Right-clicking on elements provides access to context menus for
actions.

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CHAPTER # 11

Microsoft Word

• Who is the father of MS Word? Charles Simonyi and Richard Brodie

• What is a shortcut key of “Change the font’ in MS Word? Ctrl + Shift
+F
• What is the smallest and largest font size available in Font Size tool
on formatting toolbar? 8 and 72
• Which of the following can be used to navigate documents?
Hyperlinks
• Ctrl + Z Shortcut is used in Microsoft Word to_____________?
Undo the last action
• Ctrl + W Shortcut is used in Microsoft Word to_____________?
Save and Close document
• What is the function of CTRL+N in Microsoft Word? New Document
• Ctrl + M Shortcut is used in Microsoft Word to____________? Left
Indent
• Which shortcut key is used to switch from one MS Word document
to another MS Word document? Ctrl + Shift + F6

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• Ctrl + F Shortcut key is used in Ms Word to____________? Open

Find and Replace Dialog box with activating Find Tab
• Ctrl + H Shortcut key is used in Microsoft Word to____________?
Open Find and Replace Dialog box with activating Replace Tab
• Default name of a newly created MS Word File is ___________?
Document1
• Microsoft word is __________ software? Application
• Which of the following helps to reduce spelling error in the
document? Auto Correct
• Thesaurus tool in MS Word is used for____________? Synonyms
and Antonyms words
• Which shortcut key is used to spell check in Microsoft Word? F7
• In Microsoft Word shortcut key CTRL+W is used for___________?
close the current window
• Which file is responsible to start MS word? Winword.exe
• Which short cut key is used to insert copyright © symbol?
Ctrl+Alt+C
• What is shortcut key of Mark Citation in MS Word? Alt + Shift + I
• What is the maximum font size you can apply for any character in
MS Word? 1638
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• Which is Shortcut key to apply the Normal style? Ctrl + Shift + N

• Which Shortcut key is used for Bold Command? Ctrl + B
• To go to a specific location in a document we use Bookmark
• In MS Word, a master document contains _______ of
subdocument? Links
• Text-styling feature of MS word is? Word Art
• Spell check highlights misspelled words in red and grammar check
in green.
• Tracking changes allows collaborators to review and accept/reject
edits.
• Sections allow applying different page layouts to parts of a
document.
• Headers and footers repeat content like page numbers on
tops/bottoms of pages.
• Bibliography feature inserts citations and generates reference lists.
• Equations can be inserted using the built-in equation editor.
• SmartArt helps create diagrams like flowcharts, diagrams fast.
• Mail merge generates personalized mass documents using data
source.
• Macro records and automates repetitive tasks to save time.
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• Templates provide pre-formatted document designs to quick start

drafting.
• Outline view shows document overview for easy navigation.
• Word Count tool reports statistics like character/word/page count.
• Autosave automatically saves document revisions periodically to
prevent data loss.
• Restrict Editing allows selectively locking document parts for
editing.
• Digital signatures authenticate document changes and validity.

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CHAPTER # 12

Microsoft Excel

• Maximum zoom percentage in Excel is _________? 400

• Default file name in MS Excel is? Book1
• To insert chart in MS Excel, which shortcut key used? Alt+F1
• What is the intersection of a column and row called in Excel? A cell
• What is the function of the SUM function in Excel? To add up a
range of cells
• Title bar in MS-Excel displays name of the __________? Workbook
• In MS-Excel__________ short cut key is used for hiding rows. Ctrl+9
• What is a cell in Excel? A unit of data
• In excel columns are labelled as____________? A, B, C, etc.
• User developed instruction for excel are called__________?
Macros
• Which function calculates the largest value in a set of numbers in
Excel? Maximum
• What displays the content of active cell? Formula bar
• In a computer spreadsheet, block of cells is called __________?
Range

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• Microsoft Excel 2019 files have a default extension of___________?

Xlsx
• In a computer spreadsheet, SUM, AVERAGE, MIN and MAX are
examples of __________? Functions
• In Ms Excel, which of the following special function keys allow the
content in cell? Space
• Ctrl+Shift+1 shortcut Keys in excel are used to __________? Format
number in comma format
• Which Shortcut keys are used to strikethrough highlighted selection
in Excel? Ctrl+5
• In MS Excel, Conditional Formatting is in ______ tab? Home
• Excel displays the current cells address in the __________? Name
box
• The first cell in excel worksheet is labelled as _________? A1
• Getting data from a cell located in a different sheet is called
___________? Referencing
• You can edit existing Excel data by pressing the_______ key? F2 Key
• When you insert an Excel file into a word document, the data are?
Linked

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• Which function displays row data into column or column data into
row? Transpose
• Move to Next Sheet in Ms Excel: Ctrl + Page Down
• Move to next cell in row in Ms Excel: Tab
• Which key is used for help in Ms Excel? F1
• Which one is example of spreadsheet software? MS EXCEL
• With which of the following all formulas in excel starts? =

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CHAPTER # 14

Microsoft PowerPoint

• __________ is a presentation program? MS PowerPoint

• Slide show options available to the presenter include all of the
following except_____________? Transitions command
• In PowerPoint If you select Insert >> Picture >> From File? You can
insert pictures only
• The effect applied to display when slides changes in slide show view
is_____________? Slide Transition
• The slide that is used to introduce a topic and set the tone for the
presentation is called title slide
• What are lines, curve, free form, and scribble in PowerPoint? Types
of custom motion paths
• In Microsoft PowerPoint the entry effect as one slide replaces
another in a show is called __________? slide transition
• Which option on the custom animation task pane allows you to
apply a preset or custom motion path? Add effect
• To exit the PowerPoint? click the document close button

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• What Power point feature will you use to apply motion effects to
different objects of a slide? Animation Scheme
• Which file is responsible to start MS Power point? Powerpnt.exe
• To center the selected text, the shortcut key is ___________ Ctrl+ E
• How can you stop a slide show? Press Escape
• Which of pane is not in Task Pane of Power Point? Word Art
• shortcut key inserts a New Slide in Current Presentation? Ctrl + M
• Objects on the slide that hold text are called______? Place Holder
• Rehearse Timings option is available in_______? Slide Show Tab
• What is default font size in MS PowerPoint? 18
• In MS PowerPoint, on mouse click option can be used by? Transition
& on mouse click
• Which PowerPoint feature allows the user to create a simple
presentation quickly _______? AutoContent Wizard
• Which PowerPoint view works best for adding slide transitions
________? Slide sorter view
• MS Power Point is a/an example of Multimedia software
• Which is the best view for getting your thoughts for a presentation
out on the computer? Outline view

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• A chart can be put as a part of the presentation

using_______________ in Ms PowerPoint? Insert -> Chart
• Which key on the keyboard can be used to view slide show in Ms
PowerPoint? F5
• Which of the following are types of sound files? WAV files
• Master slides hold templates for font, layout to apply uniform
design.
• Notes view adds speaker notes for slides unseen by audience.
• Morph transition makes one slide photo/text animate into another.
• Hyperlinks can connect to webpages, files, slides, email etc.
• Presenter view shows notes, next slide preview for speakers.
• Action buttons can link slides to external files or webpages.
• Zoom and pen tools add dynamic impact during presentations.
• Record narrations or import audio to make talking slides.
• SmartArt converts bulleted text to visual diagrams automatically.
• Themes apply pre-designed slide color schemes and font styles.
• Charts turn data into graphs, tables dynamically linked to sources.
• Video tools insert, trim and edit videos right within presentations.

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CHAPTER # 14

Web Browsers

• Google Chrome
- Founded in September 2004
- Founders: Sergey Brin and Larry Page
- Headquarter: Amphitheatre Parkway in Mountain View,
California
• Opera
- Headquarter: Oslo, Norway
- Founded: 1995, Norway
- Founders: Jon Stephenson von Tetzchner, Geir Ivarsoy
• Firefox
- Founder: Blake Aaron Ross
- Founded in 2002
- Headquarter: San Francisco, California
• Yahoo
- Founders: Jerry Yang, David Filo
- Headquarter: Sunnyvale, California, United States
- Founded: January 1994
• Hot mail
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- Founded in 2012
- Owner: Microsoft Corporation
- Founder: Sabeer Bhatia
- Headquarter: Sunnyvale, California
• Gmail
- Founder: Paul Buchheit
- Founded in 2004
- Headquarter: Amphitheatre Parkway Mountain View

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CHAPTER # 15

Email

• Email stands for electronic mail

• Email was invented in the early 1970s and has become an
indispensable communication tool.
• The first email was sent by Ray Tomlinson to himself in 1971
• The @ symbol in email addresses is called the "at sign" or
"commercial at."
• Email uses protocols like SMTP, POP3, IMAP to send, receive and
manage messages.
• Spam filters help block unwanted junk emails and phishing
attempts.
• User name, @ and domain name are the 3 parts of an email
• Inbox is a folder in email that stores incoming messages in a list
• BCC stands for Blind Carbon Copy
• POP stands for Post Office Protocol
• Save as draft option helps to save an unfinished email without
sending it
• Deleted items in the email are saved in trash.

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• CC stands for Carbon Copy

• Paper clip icon is used to add an attachment to an email.
• Sender email id is necessary to send an email
• User name followed by domain name is included in an email
address
• To send a received email to another person you need to forward
the message.
• Email spoofing is forging the sender address to disguise the origin
of an email.
• Phishing is an attempt to steal sensitive data via fake emails
disguising as trustworthy senders.
• Email threads allow organizing related back-and-forth
conversations.
• Email marketing is used by companies to advertise
products/services to list subscribers.

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CHAPTER # 16

Social Media Platforms

• Facebook
- Founder: Mark Zuckerberg, Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum,
Dustin Moskovitz, Chris Hughes
- Founded in 2004
- Headquarter: Menlo Park, California, United States
• Instagram
- Founder: Kevin Systrom
- Founded in 2010
- Headquarter: Menlo Park, California.
• WhatsApp
- Founder: Brian Acton and Jan Koum
- Founded in 2009
- Headquarter: Menlo Park, California.
• YouTube
- Founder: Jawed Karim, Chad Hurley, Steve Chen
- Founded in 2005
- Headquarter: San Bruno, California, United States

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